Support for the acutely failing liver: A comprehensive review of historic and contemporary strategies

Journal of the American College of Surgeons

Volumn 201, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 458-476

  Barshes, Neal R ^a   Gay, A Nicholas ^a   Williams, Brian ^a   Patel, Akash J ^a   Awad, Samir S ^a  

^a BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMMONIA; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; PARACETAMOL; PHENYTOIN; PROSTAGLANDIN E1; ROFECOXIB; STEROID;

BIOREACTOR DESIGN; BRAIN EDEMA; CLINICAL TRIAL; EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION; HEMODIALYSIS; HEMOPERFUSION; HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; HEPATITIS C; HEPATOCYTE TRANSPLANTATION; HEPATORENAL SYNDROME; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER GRAFT; LIVER INJURY; LIVER RESECTION; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MOLECULAR ABSORBENT RECIRCULATING SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN RESTRICTION; PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; PRURITUS; REVIEW;

ALBUMINS; ANIMALS; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CROSS CIRCULATION; DIALYSIS; EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION; GRAFT REJECTION; HEMODIAFILTRATION; HEMOPERFUSION; HEPATECTOMY; HEPATOCYTES; HUMANS; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER FAILURE, ACUTE; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; LIVER, ARTIFICIAL; PERFUSION; PLASMAPHERESIS; PRIMATES; RENAL DIALYSIS; SWINE; TRANSPLANTATION, HETEROLOGOUS; TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS;

EID: 23944477892     PISSN: 10727515     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2005.04.007     Document Type: Review

References (210)

1. W.M. Lee Acute liver failure in the United States Semin Liver Dis 23 2003 217 226
2. D.G. Farmer, D.M. Anselmo, R.M. Ghobrial Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure experience with more than 200 patients over a 17-year period Ann Surg 237 2003 666 675
3. N.L. Sussman, J.H. Kelly Artificial liver support Clin Invest Med 19 1996 393 399
4. G. Kircheis, D. Haussinger Management of hepatic encephalopathy J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17 Suppl 3 2002 S260 S267
5. J. Bustamante, A. Rimola, P.J. Ventura Prognostic significance of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis J Hepatol 30 1999 890 895
6. J. Cordoba, A.T. Blei Brain edema and hepatic encephalopathy Semin Liver Dis 16 1996 271 280
7. D. Haussinger, G. Kircheis, R. Fischer Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease a clinical manifestation of astrocyte swelling and low-grade cerebral edema? J Hepatol 32 2000 1035 1038
8. A.T. Blei, F.S. Larsen Pathophysiology of cerebral edema in fulminant hepatic failure J Hepatol 31 1999 771 776
9. A.J. Ware, A.N. D'Agostino, B. Combes Cerebral edema a major complication of massive hepatic necrosis Gastroenterology 61 1971 877 884
10. A.T. Blei, S. Olafsson, G. Therrien, R.F. Butterworth Ammonia-induced brain edema and intracranial hypertension in rats after portacaval anastomosis Hepatology 19 1994 1437 1444
11. B.A. Vogels, B. van Steynen, M.A. Maas The effects of ammonia and portal-systemic shunting on brain metabolism, neurotransmission and intracranial hypertension in hyperammonaemia-induced encephalopathy J Hepatol 26 1997 387 395
12. J. Laubenberger, D. Haussinger, S. Bayer Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with liver cirrhosis Gastroenterology 112 1997 1610 1616
13. F.S. Larsen, J. Gottstein, A.T. Blei Cerebral hyperemia and nitric oxide synthase in rats with ammonia-induced brain edema J Hepatol 34 2001 548 554
14. C.J. Chu, S.S. Wang, F.Y. Lee Detrimental effects of nitric oxide inhibition on hepatic encephalopathy in rats with thioacetamide-induced fulminant hepatic failure Eur J Clin Invest 31 2001 156 163
15. R.J. Ede, R.W. Williams Hepatic encephalopathy and cerebral edema Semin Liver Dis 6 1986 107 118
16. D.B. Silk, P.N. Trewby, R.A. Chase Treatment of fulminant hepatic failure by polyacrylonitrile-membrane haemodialysis Lancet 2 1977 1 3
17. R.F. Butterworth Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy update on molecular mechanisms Indian J Gastroenterol 22 Suppl 2 2003 S11 S16
18. C. Cangiano, P. Cardelli-Cangiano, J.H. James Brain microvessels take up large neutral amino acids in exchange for glutamine Cooperative role of Na+-dependent and Na+-independent systems J Biol Chem 258 1983 8949 8954
19. P. Grippon, L.M. Le Poncin, M. Boschat Evidence for the role of ammonia in the intracerebral transfer and metabolism of tryptophan Hepatology 6 1986 682 686
20. J.H. James, J. Escourrou, J.E. Fischer Blood-brain neutral amino acid transport activity is increased after portacaval anastomosis Science 200 1978 1395 1397
21. J.H. James, V. Ziparo, B. Jeppsson, J.E. Fischer Hyperammonaemia, plasma amino acid imbalance, and blood-brain amino acid transport a unified theory of portal-systemic encephalopathy Lancet 2 1979 772 775
22. J.E. Fischer, R.J. Baldessarini False neurotransmitters and hepatic failure Lancet 2 1971 75 80
23. D.F. Schafer, E.A. Jones Hepatic encephalopathy and the gamma-aminobutyric-acid neurotransmitter system Lancet 1 1982 18 20
24. R.F. Butterworth The astrocytic ("peripheral-type") benzodiazepine receptor role in the pathogenesis of portal-systemic encephalopathy Neurochem Int 36 2000 411 416
25. R.F. Butterworth Complications of cirrhosis III Hepatic encephalopathy J Hepatol 32 2000 171 180
26. S.S. Awad, P.B. Rich, S. Kolla Characteristics of an albumin dialysate hemodiafiltration system for the clearance of unconjugated bilirubin ASAIO J 43 1997 M745 M749
27. H.O. Jauregui, K.L. Gann Mammalian hepatocytes as a foundation for treatment in human liver failure J Cell Biochem 45 1991 359 365
28. C. Trey, D.G. Burns, S.J. Saunders Treatment of hepatic coma by exchange blood transfusion N Engl J Med 274 1966 473 481
29. C. Trey, D.G. Burns, S.J. Saunders The treatment of hepatic coma Experience with seven cases treated by exchange transfusion S African Med J 39 1965 858
30. E.A. Jones, D. Clain, H.M. Clink Hepatic coma due to acute hepatic necrosis treated by exchange blood-transfusion Lancet 2 1967 169 172
31. M.J. Lepore, A.J. Martel Plasmapheresis in hepatic coma Lancet 2 1967 771 772
32. S.J. Saunders, J. Terblanche, S.C. Bosman Acute hepatic coma treated by cross-circulation with a baboon and by repeated exchange transfusions Lancet 2 1968 585 588
33. S.C. Bosman, J. Terblanche, S.J. Saunders Cross-circulation between man and baboon Lancet 2 1968 583 585
34. S.J. Saunders, J. Terblanche, S.C. Bosman Cross-circulation between man and baboon in hepatic coma Lancet 19 2 1968 869 870
35. D.M. Hume, W.E. Gayle Jr, G.M. Williams Cross circulation of patients in hepatic coma with baboon partners having human blood Surg Gynecol Obstet 128 1969 495 517
36. G.N. Cooper Jr, K.E. Karlson, G.H. Clowes Total blood washout and exchange A valuable tool in acute hepatic coma and Reye's syndrome Am J Surg 133 1977 522 530
37. L.L. Lansky, S.M. Kalavsky, C.E. Brackett Hypothermic total body washout and intracranial pressure monitoring in Stage IV Reye syndrome J Pediatr 90 1977 639 640
38. R.E. Cline, G. Klebanoff, R.G. Armstrong, W. Stanford Extracorporal circulation in hypothermia as used for total-body washout in stage IV hepatic coma Ann Thorac Surg 16 1973 44 51
39. J.M. Burnell, J.K. Dawborn, R.B. Epstein Acute hepatic coma treated by cross-circulation or exchange transfusion N Engl J Med 276 1967 935 943
40. J.M. Burnell, C. Runge, F.C. Saunders Acute hepatic failure treated by cross circulation Arch Intern Med 132 1973 493 498
41. C.D. Buckner, R.A. Clift, W. Volwiler Plasma exchange in patients with fulminant hepatic failure Arch Intern Med 132 1973 487 492
42. P.S. Malchesky Nonbiological liver support historic overview Artif Organs 18 1994 342 347
43. Y. Nose Historical perspectives of hybrid hepatic assist devices tissue sourcing, immunoisolation, and clinical trial Ann NY Acad Sci 944 2001 18 34
44. J.O. Clemmesen, A.L. Gerbes, V. Gulberg Hepatic blood flow and splanchnic oxygen consumption in patients with liver failure Effect of high-volume plasmapheresis Hepatology 29 1999 347 355
45. F.S. Larsen, B.A. Hansen, L.G. Jorgensen High-volume plasmapheresis and acute liver transplantation in fulminant hepatic failure Transplant Proc 26 1994 1788
46. W.M. Keynes Haemodialysis in the treatment of liver failure Lancet 2 1968 1236 1238
47. E.O. Atillasoy, P.D. Berk Extracorporeal liver support historical background and critical analysis W.M. Lee W. Rogers Acute liver failure 1997 Cambridge University Press New York: UK
48. S.L. Nyberg, S.P. Misra Hepatocyte liver-assist systems-a clinical update Mayo Clin Proc 73 1998 765 771
49. L.H. Toledo-Pereyra Role of activated carbon hemoperfusion in the recovery of livers exposed to ischemic damage Arch Surg 120 1985 462 465
50. J.G. O'Grady, A.E. Gimson, C.J. O'Brien Controlled trials of charcoal hemoperfusion and prognostic factors in fulminant hepatic failure Gastroenterology 94 1988 1186 1192
51. A.H. Wilkinson, S.R. Ash, A.R. Nissenson Hemodiabsorption in treatment of hepatic failure J Transpl Coord 8 1998 43 50
52. R.D. Hughes, A. Pucknell, D. Routley Evaluation of the BioLogic-DT sorbent-suspension dialyser in patients with fulminant hepatic failure Int J Artif Organs 17 1994 657 662
53. A.J. Ellis, R.D. Hughes, D. Nicholl Temporary extracorporeal liver support for severe acute alcoholic hepatitis using the BioLogic-DT Int J Artif Organs 22 1999 27 34
54. HemoCleanse 2005 http://www.hemocleanse.com/home.shtml Accessed May 20
55. S. Sen, R. Jalan, R. Williams Extracorporeal albumin dialysis in acute-on-chronic liver failure will it stand the test of time? Hepatology 36 2002 1014 1016
56. S.S. Awad, F. Swaniker, J. Magee Results of a phase I trial evaluating a liver support device utilizing albumin dialysis Surgery 130 2001 354 362
57. J. Stange, S.R. Mitzner, T. Risler Molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS) clinical results of a new membrane-based blood purification system for bioartificial liver support Artif Organs 23 1999 319 330
58. C.D. Campli, R. Gaspari, V. Mignani Successful MARS treatment in severe cholestatic patients with acute on chronic liver failure Artif Organs 27 2003 565 569
59. L.E. Schmidt, L.P. Wang, B.A. Hansen, F.S. Larsen Systemic hemodynamic effects of treatment with the molecular adsorbents recirculating system in patients with hyperacute liver failure a prospective controlled trial Liver Transpl 9 2003 290 297
60. P. Sorkine, R. Ben Abraham, O. Szold Role of the molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS) in the treatment of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic liver failure Crit Care Med 29 2001 1332 1336
61. S. Sen, N.A. Davies, R.P. Mookerjee Pathophysiological effects of albumin dialysis in acute-on-chronic liver failure A randomized controlled study Liver Transpl 10 2004 1109 1119
62. U. Heemann, U. Treichel, J. Loock Albumin dialysis in cirrhosis with superimposed acute liver injury a prospective, controlled study Hepatology 36 2002 949 958
63. S.R. Mitzner, J. Stange, S. Klammt Improvement of hepatorenal syndrome with extracorporeal albumin dialysis MARS results of a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial Liver Transpl 6 2000 277 286
64. C. Doria, L. Mandala, J. Smith Effect of molecular adsorbent recirculating system in hepatitis C virus-related intractable pruritus Liver Transpl 9 2003 437 443
65. B. Mullhaupt, G.A. Kullak-Ublick, P.M. Ambuhl Successful use of the Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS) in a patient with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and treatment refractory pruritus Hepatol Res 25 2003 442 446
66. S. Sen, M. Felldin, C. Steiner Albumin dialysis and Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System (MARS) for acute Wilson's disease Liver Transpl 8 2002 962 967
67. E. Sturm, C.F. Franssen, A. Gouw Extracorporal albumin dialysis (MARS) improves cholestasis and normalizes low apo A-I levels in a patient with benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) Liver 22 Suppl 2 2002 72 75
68. D. Huster, C. Schubert, F. Berr Rofecoxib-induced cholestatic hepatitis treatment with molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS) J Hepatol 37 2002 413 414
69. C.W. McIntyre, R.J. Fluck, J.G. Freeman, S.H. Lambie Use of albumin dialysis in the treatment of hepatic and renal dysfunction due to paracetamol intoxication Nephrol Dial Transplant 17 2002 316 317
70. R. Kellersmann, H.J. Gassel, C. Buhler Application of Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System in patients with severe liver failure after hepatic resection or transplantation initial single-centre experiences Liver 22 Suppl 2 2002 56 58
71. Y. Shi, J. He, S. Chen MARS optimistic therapy method in fulminant hepatic failure secondary to cytotoxic mushroom poisoning-a case report Liver 22 Suppl 2 2002 78 80
72. S. Prokurat, R. Grenda, D. Lipowski MARS procedure as a bridge to combined liver-kidney transplantation in severe chromium-copper acute intoxication a paediatric case report Liver 22 Suppl 2 2002 76 77
73. B. Mullhaupt, G.A. Kullak-Ublick, P. Ambuhl First clinical experience with Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS) in six patients with severe acute on chronic liver failure Liver 22 Suppl 2 2002 59 62
74. J. Stange, T.I. Hassanein, R. Mehta The molecular adsorbents recycling system as a liver support system based on albumin dialysis a summary of preclinical investigations, prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial, and clinical experience from 19 centers Artif Organs 26 2002 103 110
75. C. Steiner, S. Mitzner Experiences with MARS liver support therapy in liver failure analysis of 176 patients of the International MARS Registry Liver 22 Suppl 2 2002 20 25
76. M.S. Khuroo, M.S. Khuroo, K.L. Farahat Molecular adsorbent recirculating system for acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure A meta-analysis Liver Transpl 10 2004 1099 1106
77. A. El Banayosy, L. Kizner, V. Schueler First use of the Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System technique on patients with hypoxic liver failure after cardiogenic shock ASAIO J 50 2004 332 337
78. F.P. Hessel, S.R. Mitzner, J. Rief Economic evaluation and 1-year survival analysis of MARS in patients with alcoholic liver disease Liver Int 23 Suppl 3 2003 66 72
79. S. Chen, L. Zhang, Y. Shi Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System clinical experience in patients with liver failure based on hepatitis B in China Liver 22 Suppl 2 2002 48 51
80. D. Falkenhagen, W. Strobl, G. Vogt Fractionated plasma separation and adsorption system a novel system for blood purification to remove albumin bound substances Artif Organs 23 1999 81 86
81. K. Rifai, T. Ernst, U. Kretschmer Prometheus-a new extracorporeal system for the treatment of liver failure J Hepatol 39 2003 984 990
82. United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS). Available at www.unos.org. Accessed May 20, 2005.
83. J.G. O'Grady, G.J. Alexander, K.M. Hayllar, R. Williams Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure Gastroenterology 97 1989 439 445
84. R. Pichlmayr, B. Ringe, G. Gubernatis [Transplantation of a donor liver to 2 recipients (splitting transplantation)-a new method in the further development of segmental liver transplantation] Langenbecks Arch Chir 373 1988 127 130
85. H. Bismuth, M. Morino, D. Castaing Emergency orthotopic liver transplantation in two patients using one donor liver Br J Surg 76 1989 722 724
86. H. Yersiz, J.F. Renz, G.M. Hisatake The conventional technique in in-situ split-liver transplantation J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 10 2003 11 15
87. R.W. Busuttil, J.A. Goss Split liver transplantation Ann Surg 229 1999 313 321
88. M. Rela, V. Vougas, P. Muiesan Split liver transplantation King's College Hospital experience Ann Surg 227 1998 282 288
89. I.M. Sauer, A. Pascher, T. Steinmuller Split liver and living donation liver transplantation the Berlin experience Transplant Proc 33 2001 1459 1460
90. H. Yersiz, J.F. Renz, D.G. Farmer One hundred in situ split-liver transplantations a single-center experience Ann Surg 238 2003 496 505
91. H. Hattori, Y. Higuchi, M. Tsuji Living-related liver transplantation and neurological outcome in children with fulminant hepatic failure Transplantation 65 1998 686 692
92. S. Emre, M.E. Schwartz, B. Shneider Living related liver transplantation for acute liver failure in children Liver Transpl Surg 5 1999 161 165
93. S. Miwa, Y. Hashikura, A. Mita Living-related liver transplantation for patients with fulminant and subfulminant hepatic failure Hepatology 30 1999 1521 1526
94. D.C. Broering, L. Mueller, R. Ganschow Is there still a need for living-related liver transplantation in children? Ann Surg 234 2001 713 721
95. K.L. Beavers, R.S. Sandler, R. Shrestha Donor morbidity associated with right lobectomy for living donor liver transplantation to adult recipients a systematic review Liver Transpl 8 2002 110 117
96. M. Malago, X. Rogiers, M. Burdelski, C.E. Broelsch Living related liver transplantation 36 cases at the University of Hamburg Transplant Proc 26 1994 3620 3621
97. T. Kitai, H. Higashiyama, Y. Takada Pulmonary embolism in a donor of living-related liver transplantation estimation of donor's operative risk Surgery 120 1996 570 573
98. R.S. Gaston, D.E. Eckhoff Whither living donors? Am J Transplant 4 2004 2 3
99. R.W. Busuttil How safe are donors in adult-to-adult living related liver transplantation? Liver Transpl 8 2002 121 122
100. I.R. Marino, H.R. Doyle Living donor in urgent cases ethical hazard? Liver Transpl 8 2002 859 860
101. D.C. Cronin, J.M. Millis, M. Siegler Transplantation of liver grafts from living donors into adults-too much, too soon N Engl J Med 344 2001 1633 1637
102. H.J. Metselaar, E.J. Hesselink, S. de Rave Recovery of failing liver after auxiliary heterotopic transplantation Lancet 335 1990 1156 1157
103. M.J. Moritz, B.E. Jarrell, S.J. Munoz, W.C. Maddrey Regeneration of the native liver after heterotopic liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure Transplantation 55 1993 952 954
104. D.A. Stampfl, S.J. Munoz, M.J. Moritz Heterotopic liver transplantation for fulminant Wilson's disease Gastroenterology 99 1990 1834 1836
105. M.J. Moritz, B.E. Jarrell, V. Armenti Heterotopic liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure-a bridge to recovery Transplantation 50 1990 524 526
106. O.T. Terpstra, S.W. Schalm, W. Weimar Auxiliary partial liver transplantation for end-stage chronic liver disease N Engl J Med 319 1988 1507 1511
107. K. Boudjema, P. Bachellier, P. Wolf Auxiliary liver transplantation and bioartificial bridging procedures in treatment of acute liver failure World J Surg 26 2002 264 274
108. A. Henderson, I. Webb, S. Lynch Total hepatectomy and liver transplantation as a two-stage procedure in fulminant hepatic failure Med J Aust 161 1994 318 319
109. B. Ringe, N. Lubbe, E. Kuse Total hepatectomy and liver transplantation as two-stage procedure Ann Surg 218 1993 3 9
110. S.K. So, J.A. Barteau, G.A. Perdrizet, J.W. Marsh Successful retransplantation after a 48-hour anhepatic state Transplant Proc 25 1993 1962 1963
111. B. Ringe, R. Pichlmayr, N. Lubbe Total hepatectomy as temporary approach to acute hepatic or primary graft failure Transplant Proc 20 1988 552 557
112. B. Ringe, R. Pichlmayr, H. Ziegler Management of severe hepatic trauma by two-stage total hepatectomy and subsequent liver transplantation Surgery 109 1991 792 795
113. M.J. Guirl, J.S. Weinstein, R.M. Goldstein Two-stage total hepatectomy and liver transplantation for acute deterioration of chronic liver disease a new bridge to transplantation Liver Transpl 10 2004 564 570
114. J. Erhard, R. Lange, W. Niebel Acute liver necrosis in the HELLP syndrome successful outcome after orthotopic liver transplantation A case report. Transpl Int 6 1993 179 181
115. D.J. Bihari, A.E. Gimson, R. Williams Cardiovascular, pulmonary and renal complications of fulminant hepatic failure Semin Liver Dis 6 1986 119 128
116. J. Rozga, L. Podesta, E. LePage Control of cerebral oedema by total hepatectomy and extracorporeal liver support in fulminant hepatic failure Lancet 342 1993 898 899
117. P.K. Sen, R.A. Bhalerao, G.P. Parulkar Use of isolated perfused cadaveric liver in the management of hepatic failure Surgery 59 1966 774 781
118. I.J. Fox, A.N. Langnas, L.W. Fristoe Successful application of extracorporeal liver perfusion a technology whose time has come Am J Gastroenterol 88 1993 1876 1881
119. G.R. Cameron, C.L. Oakley Transplantation of liver J Path Bacteriol 38 1934 17 28
120. K. Ohashi, F. Park, M.A. Kay Hepatocyte transplantation clinical and experimental application J Mol Med 79 2001 617 630
121. K.J. Allen, H.E. Soriano Liver cell transplantation the road to clinical application J Lab Clin Med 138 2001 298 312
122. J.S. Rhim Development of human cell lines from multiple organs Ann N Y Acad Sci 919 2000 16 25
123. M. Grossman, D.J. Rader, D.W. Muller A pilot study of ex vivo gene therapy for homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia Nat Med 1 1995 1148 1154
124. M.H. Dahlke, F.C. Popp, S. Larsen Stem cell therapy of the liver-fusion or fiction? Liver Transpl 10 2004 471 479
125. M.R. Alison, R. Poulsom, R. Jeffery Hepatocytes from non-hepatic adult stem cells Nature 406 2000 257
126. S. Forbes, P. Vig, R. Poulsom Hepatic stem cells J Pathol 197 2002 510 518
127. I. Avital, D. Inderbitzin, T. Aoki Isolation, characterization, and transplantation of bone marrow-derived hepatocyte stem cells Biochem Biophys Res Commun 288 2001 156 164
128. B.M. Bilir, D. Guinette, F. Karrer Hepatocyte transplantation in acute liver failure Liver Transpl 6 2000 32 40
129. E. Lagasse, H. Connors, M. Al Dhalimy Purified hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into hepatocytes in vivo Nat Med 6 2000 1229 1234
130. J. Reyes, W.S. Rubinstein, L. Mieles The use of cultured hepatocyte infusion via the portal vein for the treatment of ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency by transplantation of enzymatically competent ABO/Rh-matched cells Hepatology 24 1996 308A
131. I.J. Fox, J.R. Chowdhury, S.S. Kaufman Treatment of the Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I with hepatocyte transplantation N Engl J Med 338 1998 1422 1426
132. S.C. Strom, R.A. Fisher, W.S. Rubinstein Transplantation of human hepatocytes Transplant Proc 29 1997 2103 2106
133. B.M. Bilir, D. Guinette, F. Karrer Hepatocyte transplantation in acute liver failure Liver Transpl 6 2000 32 40
134. R.A. Fisher, D. Bu, M. Thompson Defining hepatocellular chimerism in a liver failure patient bridged with hepatocyte infusion Transplantation 69 2000 303 307
135. B.M. Bilir, D. Guinette, F. Karrer Hepatocyte transplantation in acute liver failure Liver Transpl 6 2000 32 40
136. S.C. Strom, R.A. Fisher, M.T. Thompson Hepatocyte transplantation as a bridge to orthotopic liver transplantation in terminal liver failure Transplantation 63 1997 559 569
137. Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER). Source animal, product, preclinical and clinical issues concerning the use of xenotransplantation products in humans. Available at www.fda.gov/cber/ gdlns/xenoprim.pdf. Accessed May 20, 2005.
138. D. Butler FDA warns on primate xenotransplants Nature 398 1999 549
139. M.D. Dooldeniya, A.N. Warrens Xenotransplantation where are we today? J R Soc Med 96 2003 111 117
140. S.L. Nyberg, R.P. Remmel, H.J. Mann Primary hepatocytes outperform Hep G2 cells as the source of biotransformation functions in a bioartificial liver Ann Surg 220 1994 59 67
141. A. Kanazawa, J.L. Platt Prospects for xenotransplantation of the liver Semin Liver Dis 20 2000 511 522
142. B. Soin, C.M. Vial, P.J. Friend Xenotransplantation Br J Surg 87 2000 138 148
143. E. Cozzi, D.J. White The generation of transgenic pigs as potential organ donors for humans Nat Med 1 1995 964 966
144. U. Galili, E.A. Rachmilewitz, A. Peleg, I. Flechner A unique natural human IgG antibody with anti-alpha-galactosyl specificity J Exp Med 160 1984 1519 1531
145. U. Galili, R.E. Mandrell, R.M. Hamadeh Interaction between human natural anti-alpha-galactosyl immunoglobulin G and bacteria of the human flora Infect Immun 56 1988 1730 1737
146. A. Baquerizo, A. Mhoyan, M. Kearns-Jonker Characterization of human xenoreactive antibodies in liver failure patients exposed to pig hepatocytes after bioartificial liver treatment an ex vivo model of pig to human xenotransplantation Transplantation 67 1999 5 18
147. L. Lai, D. Kolber-Simonds, K.W. Park Production of alpha-1,3- galactosyltransferase knockout pigs by nuclear transfer cloning Science 295 2002 1089 1092 S
148. C.J. Phelps, C. Koike, T.D. Vaught Production of alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase-deficient pigs Science 299 2003 411 414
149. D.K. Cooper Clinical xenotransplantion-how close are we? Lancet 362 2003 557 559
150. Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER). Guidance for industry: Public health issues posed by the use of nonhuman primate xenografts in humans. Available at www.fda.gov/cber/gdlns/ clinxeno.pdf. Accessed May 20, 2005.
151. T.A. Grimm, B.E. Beer, V.M. Hirsch, K.A. Clouse Simian immunodeficiency viruses from multiple lineages infect human macrophages implications for cross-species transmission J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 32 2003 362 369
152. F. Gao, E. Bailes, D.L. Robertson Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes Nature 397 1999 436 441
153. M.G. Michaels, F.J. Jenkins, K. St George Detection of infectious baboon cytomegalovirus after baboon-to-human liver xenotransplantation J Virol 75 2001 2825 2828
154. D. Butler UK accused over risk of CJD in plasma and latest BSE beef ban 'comes too late' Nature 390 1997 541
155. G.J. Ebrahim Avian flu and influenza pandemics in human populations J Trop Pediatr 50 2004 192 194
156. C. Patience, Y. Takeuchi, R.A. Weiss Infection of human cells by an endogenous retrovirus of pigs Nat Med 3 1997 282 286
157. L.J. van der Laan, C. Lockey, B.C. Griffeth Infection by porcine endogenous retrovirus after islet xenotransplantation in SCID mice Nature 407 2000 90 94
158. K. Paradis, G. Langford, Z. Long The XEN 111 Study Group Search for cross-species transmission of porcine endogenous retrovirus in patients treated with living pig tissue Science 285 1999 1236 1241
159. J. Denner Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) and xenotransplantation screening for transmission in several clinical trials and in experimental models using non-human primates Ann Transplant 8 2003 39 48
160. D. Samuel, P. Ichai, C. Feray Neurological improvement during bioartificial liver sessions in patients with acute liver failure awaiting transplantation Transplantation 73 2002 257 264
161. I.M. Sauer, D. Kardassis, K. Zeillinger Clinical extracorporeal hybrid liver support-phase I study with primary porcine liver cells Xenotransplantation 10 2003 460 469
162. Z. Pitkin, W. Switzer, L. Chapman An interim analysis of PERV infectivity in 74 patients treated with a bioartificial liver in a prospective randomized, multicenter controlled trial Hepatology 34 2001 249A
163. A.A. Demetriou, R.S. Brown Jr, R.W. Busuttil Prospective, randomized, multicenter, controlled trial of a bioartificial liver in treating acute liver failure Ann Surg 239 2004 660 667
164. F.D. Watanabe, E. Kahaku, P. Ting Absence of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) infection after treatment with a porcine-based bioartificial liver (BAL) Hepatology 28 1998 495A
165. C. Patience, G.S. Patton, Y. Takeuchi No evidence of pig DNA or retroviral infection in patients with short-term extracorporeal connection to pig kidneys Lancet 352 1998 699 701
166. N.J. Mueller, R.N. Barth, S. Yamamoto Activation of cytomegalovirus in pig-to-primate organ xenotransplantation J Virol 76 2002 4734 4740
167. B. Eiseman, D.S. Liem, F. Raffucci Heterologous liver perfusion in treatment of hepatic failure Ann Surg 162 1965 329 345
168. J.J. Otto, J.C. Pender, J.H. Cleary The use of donor liver in experimental animals with elevated blood ammonia Surgery 43 1958 301 309
169. G.M. Abouna, L.M. Fisher, K.A. Porter, G. Andres Experience in the treatment of hepatic failure by intermittent liver hemoperfusions Surg Gynecol Obstet 137 1973 741 752
170. Tung LC, Haring R, Weber D, Waldschmidt J. Experience in the treatment of hepatic coma by extracorporeal liver perfusion. In: Brunner G, Schmidt FW, eds. Artificial liver support. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1980.
171. G.M. Abouna, R. Garry, J. Kirkley, D.N. Walder Hepatic coma due to fulminating hepatitis treated with extracorporeal pig-liver perfusion Br J Surg 56 1969 223 225
172. J. Terblanche, R. Hickman, S.J. Saunders Liver perfusion with human blood A comparison of pig, calf, lamb, and baboon livers Br J Surg 59 1972 902
173. G.M. Abouna, H.G. Boehmig, B. Serrou Long-term hepatic support by intermittent multi-species liver perfusions Lancet 2 1970 391 396
174. R.S. Chari, B.H. Collins, J.C. Magee Brief report treatment of hepatic failure with ex vivo pig-liver perfusion followed by liver transplantation N Engl J Med 331 1994 234 237
175. T.E. Starzl History of liver and other splanchnic organ transplantation R.W. Busuttil G.B. Klintmalm Transplantation of the liver 1997 WB Saunders Company Philadelphia
176. T.E. Starzl, J. Fung, A. Tzakis Baboon-to-human liver transplantation Lancet 341 1993 65 71
177. L. Makowa, D.V. Cramer, A. Hoffman The use of a pig liver xenograft for temporary support of a patient with fulminant hepatic failure Transplantation 59 1995 1654 1659
178. S. Kimoto The artificial liver Experiments and clinical application Trans Am Soc Artific Intern Organs 5 1995 102 112
179. M. Borra, D. Galavotti, C. Bellini Advanced technology for extracorporeal liver support system devices Int J Artif Organs 25 2002 939 949
180. R.A. Knazek, P.M. Gullino, P.O. Kohler, R.L. Dedrick Cell culture on artificial capillaries an approach to tissue growth in vitro Science 178 1972 65 66
181. N.L. Sussman, J.R. Lake Treatment of hepatic failure-1996 current concepts and progress toward liver dialysis Am J Kidney Dis 27 1996 605 621
182. A.A. Demetriou, J. Whiting, S.M. Levenson New method of hepatocyte transplantation and extracorporeal liver support Ann Surg 204 1986 259 271
183. J.W. Allen, T. Hassanein, S.N. Bhatia Advances in bioartificial liver devices Hepatology 34 2001 447 455
184. A.G. Sheil Xenogeneic bioartificial liver support where are we now? Transplant Proc 34 2002 2493 2495
185. F.D. Watanabe, C.J. Mullon, W.R. Hewitt Clinical experience with a bioartificial liver in the treatment of severe liver failure A phase I clinical trial Ann Surg 225 1997 484 491
186. E. Morsiani, M. Brogli, D. Galavotti Biologic liver support optimal cell source and mass Int J Artif Organs 25 2002 985 993
187. A.J. Ellis, N.L. Sussman, J.H. Kelly, R. Williams Clinical experience with an extracorporeal liver assist device W.M. Lee R. Rogers Acute Liver Failure 1997 Cambridge University Press New York: UK
188. D.C. Spray, M. Fujita, J.C. Saez Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans induce gap junction synthesis and function in primary liver cultures J Cell Biol 105 1987 541 551
189. L.M. Reid, D.M. Jefferson Culturing hepatocytes and other differentiated cells Hepatology 4 1984 548 559
190. A.J. Strain, J.M. Neuberger A bioartificial liver-state of the art Science 295 2002 1005 1009
191. J.C. Gerlach, J. Encke, O. Hole Bioreactor for a larger scale hepatocyte in vitro perfusion Transplantation 58 1994 984 988
192. M.L. Yarmush, J.C. Dunn, R.G. Tompkins Assessment of artificial liver support technology Cell Transplant 1 1992 323 341
193. L. Canaple, N. Nurdin, N. Angelova Development of a coculture model of encapsulated cells Ann NY Acad Sci 944 2001 350 361
194. D.G. Mollevi, E. Jaurrieta, Y. Ribas Liver xenotransplantation changes in lipid and lipoprotein concentration after long-term graft survival J Hepatol 32 2000 655 660
195. J. Rozga, L. Podesta, E. LePage A bioartificial liver to treat severe acute liver failure Ann Surg 219 1994 538 544
196. A.J. Ellis, R.D. Hughes, J.A. Wendon Pilot-controlled trial of the extracorporeal liver assist device in acute liver failure Hepatology 24 1996 1446 1451
197. J.M. Millis, D.C. Cronin, R. Johnson Initial experience with the modified extracorporeal liver-assist device for patients with fulminant hepatic failure system modifications and clinical impact Transplantation 74 2002 1735 1746
198. J.F. Patzer, G.V. Mazariegos, R. Lopez Preclinical evaluation of the Excorp Medical, Inc, Bioartificial Liver Support System J Am Coll Surg 195 2002 299 310
199. G.V. Mazariegos, J.F. Patzer, R.C. Lopez First clinical use of a novel bioartificial liver support system (BLSS) Am J Transplant 2 2002 260 266
200. G.V. Mazariegos, D.J. Kramer, R.C. Lopez Safety observations in phase I clinical evaluation of the Excorp Medical Bioartificial Liver Support System after the first four patients ASAIO J 47 2001 471 475
201. I.I. Patzer JF, R.C. Lopez, Y. Zhu Bioartificial liver assist devices in support of patients with liver failure Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 1 2002 18 25
202. I.M. Sauer, P. Neuhaus, J.C. Gerlach Concept for modular extracorporeal liver support for the treatment of acute hepatic failure Metab Brain Dis 17 2002 477 484
203. J.C. Gerlach, K. Zeilinger, A. Grebe Recovery of preservation-injured primary human hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells to tissuelike structures in large-scale bioreactors for liver support an initial transmission electron microscopy study J Invest Surg 16 2003 83 92
204. I.M. Sauer, N. Obermeyer, D. Kardassis Development of a hybrid liver support system Ann N Y Acad Sci 944 2001 308 319
205. H. Ijima, K. Nakazawa, H. Mizumoto Formation of a spherical multicellular aggregate (spheroid) of animal cells in the pores of polyurethane foam as a cell culture substratum and its application to a hybrid artificial liver J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 9 1998 765 778
206. J. Fukuda, R. Sakiyama, K. Nakazawa Mass preparation of primary porcine hepatocytes and the design of a hybrid artificial liver module using spheroid culture for a clinical trial Int J Artif Organs 24 2001 799 806
207. H. Ijima, K. Nakazawa, S. Koyama Conditions required for a hybrid artificial liver support system using a PUF/hepatocyte-spheroid packed-bed module and it's use in dogs with liver failure Int J Artif Organs 23 2000 446 453
208. K. Nakazawa, H. Ijima, J. Fukuda Development of a hybrid artificial liver
209. A.P. Li, G. Barker, D. Beck Culturing of primary hepatocytes as entrapped aggregates in a packed bed bioreactor a potential bioartificial liver In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 29A 1993 249 254
210. V. Roger, P. Balladur, J. Honiger Internal bioartificial liver with xenogeneic hepatocytes prevents death from acute liver failure an experimental study Ann Surg 228 1998 1 7