Analysis of the human saliva proteome

Expert Review of Proteomics

Volumn 2, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 521-539

  Amado, Francisco Manuel Lemos ^a   Vitorino, Rui Miguel Pinheiro ^a   Domingues, Pedro Miguel Dimas Neves ^a   Lobo, Maria João Calheiros ^b   Duarte, José Alberto Ramos ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AVEIRO   (Portugal)

^b Medical School of Dentistry   (Portugal)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PORTO   (Portugal)

Author keywords

2D gel electrophoresis; 2D liquid chromatography; Human salivary peptides; Human salivary proteome; Proteomics; Whole saliva

Indexed keywords

PROTEOME; SALIVA PROTEIN;

ELECTROPHORESIS; HUMAN; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEOMICS; REVIEW; SALIVA; SALIVA ANALYSIS; SEPARATION TECHNIQUE;

ANIMALS; ELECTROPHORESIS, GEL, TWO-DIMENSIONAL; HUMANS; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; PEPTIDES; PROTEOME; SALIVA;

EID: 23844448398     PISSN: 14789450     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2.4.521     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. Beeley JA. Clinical applications of electrophoresis of human salivary proteins. J. Chromatogr. 13, 569(1-2), 261-280 (1991).
2. Tenovuo J. Antimicrobial agents in saliva - protection for the whole body. J. Dent. Res. 81(12), 807-809(2002).
3. Tenovuo J. Clinical applications of antimicrobial host proteins lactoperoxidase, lysozyme and lactoferrin in xerostomia: efficacy and safety. Oral Dis. 8(1), 23-29 (2002).
4. Al-Hashimi I, Haghighat N, Fox PC. Salivary electrophoresis in the diagnosis of Sjogren's syndrome. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 85(5), 542-547 (1998).
5. Van Nieuw Amerongen A, Bolscher JG, Veerman EC. Salivary proteins: protective and diagnostic value in cariology? Caries Res. 38(3), 247-253 (2004). General review of saliva protein composition and protein functions.
6. Amerongen AV, Veerman EC. Saliva - the defender of the oral cavity. Oral Dis. 8(1), 12-22 (2002).
7. Kaufman E, Lamster IB. The diagnostic applications of saliva - a review. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 13(2), 197-212 (2002).
8. Lawrence HP. Salivary markers of systemic disease: noninvasive diagnosis of disease and monitoring of general health. J. Can. Dent. Assoc. 68(3), 170-174 (2002).
9. Kaufman E, Lamster IB. Analysis of saliva for periodontal diagnosis - a review. J. Clin. Periodontol. 27(7), 453-465 (2000).
10. Hu S, Denny P, Denny P et al. Differentially expressed protein markers in human submandibular and sublingual secretions. Int. J. Oncol. 25(5), 1423-1430 (2004).
11. Turner RJ, Sugiya H. Understanding salivary fluid and protein secretion. Oral Dis. 8(1), 3-11 (2002).
12. Castle D, Castle A. Intracellular transport and secretion of salivary proteins. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 9(1), 4-22 (1998).
13. Bardow A, Nyvad B, Nauntofte B. Relationships between medication intake, complaints of dry mouth, salivary flow rate and composition, and the rate of tooth demineralization in situ. Arch. Oral Biol. 46(5), 413-423 (2001).
14. Gorr SU, Venkatesh SG, Darling DS. Parotid secretory granules: crossroads of secretory pathways and protein storage. J. Dent. Res. 84(6), 500-509 (2005). Describes the different pathways involved in salivary protein secretion.
15. Calvert PA, Heck PM, Edwards EV. Autonomic control of submandibular protein secretion in the anaesthetized calf. Exp. Physiol. 83, 545-556 (1998).
16. Proctor GB, Carpenter GH, Garrett JR. Sympathetic decentralization abolishes increased secretion of immunoglobulin A evoked by parasympathetic stimulation of rat submandibular glands. J. Neuroimmunol. 109, 147-154 (2000).
17. Carpenter GH, Proctor GB, Garrett JR. Preganglionic parasympathectomy decreases salivary sIgA secretion rates from the rat submandibular gland. J. Neuroimmunol. 160, 4-11 (2005).
18. Edwards AV, Titchen DA. Synergism in the autonomic regulation of parotid secretion of protein in sheep. J. Physiol. 451, 1-15 (1992).
19. Jensen JL, Barkvoll P. Clinical implications of the dry mouth. Oral mucosal diseases. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 842, 156-162 (1998).
20. Macarthur DJ, Jacques NA. Proteome analysis of oral pathogens. J. Dent. Res. 82(11), 870-876 (2003).
21. Huang CM. Comparative proteomic analysis of human whole saliva. Arch. Oral Biol. 49(12), 951-962 (2004).
22. Madden RD, Sauer JR, Dillwith JW. A proteomics approach to characterizing tick salivary secretions. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 28(1-4), 77-87 (2002).
23. Kojima T, Andersen E, Sanchez JC et al. Human gingival crevicular fluid contains MRP8 (S100A8) and MRP14 (S100A9), two calcium-binding proteins of the S100 family. J. Dent. Res. 79(2), 740-747 (2000).
24. Etzel KR, Hempel JD, Koepsel RR. Identification of zinc proteins in rat parotid saliva. Arch. Oral Biol. 42(2), 173-179 (1997).
25. Proctor GB, Mansson B. Separation of the proteins of rat parotid saliva by hydrophobic-interaction chromatography. Arch. Oral Biol. 35(8), 667-670 (1990).
26. Proctor GB, Zhang XS, Garrett JR, Shori DK, Chan KM, Chao J. The enzymic potential of tissue kallikrein (rK1) in rat submandibular saliva depends on whether it was secreted via constitutive or regulated pathways. Exp. Physiol. 82(6), 977-983 (1997).
27. Williams KM, Ekstrom J, Marshall T. High-resolution electrophoretic analysis of rat parotid salivary proteins. Electrophoresis 20(7), 1373-1381 (1999).
28. Williams KM, Ekstrom J, Marshall T. The protein composition of ferret parotid saliva as revealed by high-resolution electrophoretic methods. Electrophoresis 20(14), 2818-2823 (1999).
29. Malberti AI, Gonzalez de Crosa M. Effects of colchicine on parotid gland: structural and biochemical studies. Acta Odontol. Latinoam. 11(1), 73-83 (1998).
30. Matsushita H, Takenaka M, Ogawa H. Porcine pancreatic α-amylase shows binding activity toward N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins. J. Biol. Chem. 277(7), 4680-4686 (2002).
31. Amasaki T, Amasaki H, Nagasao J et al. Immunohistochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes in salivary gland and intestine in adult and suckling pigs. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 63(9), 967-970 (2001).
32. Nishita T, Sakomoto M, Ikeda T, Amasaki H, Shino M. Purification of carbonic anhydrase isozyme VI (CA-VI) from swine saliva. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 63(10), 1147-1149 (2001).
33. Yao Y, Berg EA, Costello CE, Troxler RF, Oppenheim FG. Identification of protein components in human acquired enamel pellicle and whole saliva using novel proteomics approaches. J. Biol. Chem. 278(7), 5300-5308 (2003).
34. Ghafouri B, Tagesson C, Lindahl M. Mapping of proteins in human saliva using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and peptide mass fingerprinting. Proteomics 3(6), 1003-1015 (2003).
35. Vitorino R, Lobo MJ, Ferrer-Correira AJ et al. Identification of human whole saliva protein components using proteomics. Proteomics 4(4), 1109-1115 (2004). Conditions for analysis of salivary proteins using 2D gel electrophoresis (2DE).
36. Wilmarth PA, Riviere MA, Rustvold DL, Lauten JD, Madden TE, David LL. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography study of die human whole saliva proteome. J. Proteome Res. 3(5), 1017-1023 (2004). Conditions for analysis of salivary protein composition using 2D liquid chromatography (LC)/mass spectrometry (MS).
37. Hu S, Xie Y, Ramachandran P et al. Large-scale identification of proteins in human salivary proteome by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Proteomics 5(6), 1714-1728 (2005). Conditions for analysis of salivary protein composition using shotgun proteomics.
38. Hardt M, Thomas LR, Dixon SE et al. Toward defining the human parotid gland salivary proteome and peptidome: identification and characterization using 2D SDS-PAGE, ultrafiltration, HPLC, and mass spectrometry. Biochemistry 44(8), 2885-2899 (2005).
39. Offner GD, Troxler RF. Heterogeneity of high-molecular-weight human salivary mucins. Adv. Dent. Res. 14, 69-75 (2000).
40. Gusman H, Leone C, Helmerhorst EJ et al. Human salivary gland-specific daily variations in histatin concentrations determined by a novel quantitation technique. Arch. Oral Biol. 49(1), 11-22 (2004).
41. Castagnola M, Cabras T, Denotti G et al. Circadian rhythms of histatin 1, histatin 3, histatin 5, statherin and uric acid in whole human saliva secretion. Biol. Rhythm Res. 33(2), 213-222.
42. Veerman EC, van den Keybus PA, Vissink A, Nieuw Amerongen AV. Human glandular salivas: their separate collection and analysis. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 104(4), 346-352 (1996).
43. Jensen JL, Lamkin MS, Oppenheim FG. Adsorption of human salivary proteins to hydroxyapatite: a comparison between whole saliva and glandular salivary secretions. J. Dent. Res. 71(9), 1569-1576 (1992).
44. Proctor GB, Carpenter GH. Chewing stimulates secretion of human salivary secretory immunoglobulin A. J. Dent. Res. 80(3), 909-913 (2001).
45. Schwartz SS, Zhu WX, Sreebny LM. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of human whole saliva. Arch. Oral Biol. 40(10), 949-958 (1995).
46. Filaire E, Bonis J, Lac G. Relationships between physiological and psychological stress and salivary immunoglobulin A among young female gymnasts. Percept. Mot. Skills 99(2), 605-617 (2004).
47. Walsh NP, Montague JC, Callow N, Rowlands AV. Saliva flow rate, total protein concentration and osmolality as potential markers of whole body hydration status during progressive acute dehydration in humans. Arch. Oral Biol. 49(2), 149-154 (2004).
48. Akimoto T, Kumai Y, Akama T et al. Effects of 12 months of exercise training on salivary secretory IgA levels in elderly subjects. Br. J. Sports Med. 37(1), 76-79 (2003).
49. Hoek GH, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Amerongen AV. Toothbrushing affects the protein composition of whole saliva. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 110(6), 480-481 (2002).
50. Mogi M, Hiraoka BY, Fukasawa K, Harada M, Kage T, Chino T. Two-dimensional electrophoresis in the analysis of a mixture of human sublingual and submandibular salivary proteins. Arch. Oral Biol. 31(2), 119-125 (1986).
51. Mogi M, Hiraoka BY, Harada M, Kage T, Chino T. Analysis and identification of human parotid salivary proteins by micro two-dimensional electrophoresis and western-blot techniques. Arch. Oral Biol. 31(5), 337-339 (1986).
52. Wolfe A, Begleiter A, Moskona DA. Novel system of human submandibular/sublingual saliva collection. J. Dent. Res. 76, 1782-1786 (1997).
53. Stephen KW, Speirs CF. Methods for collecting individual components of mixed saliva: the relevance to clinical pharmacology. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 3, 315-319 (1976).
54. Saunte C. Quantification of salivation, nasal secretion and tearing in man. Cephalalgia 3(3), 159-173 (1983).
55. Cuter KD, Beck FM, Blozis GG. A comparison of tecnique for evaluation of xerostomia. J. Dent. Res. 66, 201 (1987).
56. Sugiyama K, Ogata K. High-performance liquid Chromatographic determination of histatins in human saliva. J. Chromatogr. 619(2), 306-309 (1993).
57. Khoo KS, Beeley JA. Isoelectric focusing of human parotid salivary proteins in hybrid carrier ampholyte-immobilized pH gradient polyacrylamide gels. Electrophoresis 11 (6), 489-494 (1990).
58. Rayment SA, Liu B, Offner GD, Oppenheim FG, Troxler RF. Immunoquantification of human salivary mucins MG1 and MG2 in stimulated whole saliva: factors influencing mucin levels. J. Dent. Res. 79(10), 1765-1772 (2000).
59. Francis CA, Hector MP, Proctor GB. Precipitation of specific proteins by freeze-thawing of human saliva. Arch. Oral Biol. 45(7), 601-606 (2000).
60. Johnson DA, Yeh CK, Dodds MW. Effect of donor age on the concentrations of histatins in human parotid and submandibular/sublingual saliva. Arch. Oral Biol. 45(9), 731-740 (2000).
61. Truelove EL, Bixler D, Merritt AD. Simplified method for collection of pure submandibular saliva in large volumes. J. Dent. Res. 46(6), 1400-1403 (1967).
62. Vissink A, Gravenmade EJ, Konings AW, Ligeon EE. An adaptation of the Lashley cup for use in rat saliva collection. Arch. Oral Biol. 34(7), 577-578 (1989).
63. Xia DS, Deng DJ, Wang SL. Destruction of parotid glands affects nitrate and nitrite metabolism. J. Dent. Res. 82(2), 101-105 (2003).
64. Keller PJ, Robinovitch M, Iversen J, Kauffman DL. The protein composition of rat parotid saliva and secretory granules. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 379(2), 562-570 (1975).
65. Barka T, van der Noen HM. Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer into rat salivary gland cells in vitro and in vivo. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 45(11), 1533-1545 (1997).
66. Beeley JA, Sweeney D, Lindsay JC, Buchanan ML, Sarna L, Khoo KS. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of human parotid salivary proteins. Electrophoresis 12(12), 1032-1041 (1991).
67. Beeley JA, Khoo KS. Salivary proteins in rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogren's syndrome: one-dimensional and two-dimensional electrophoretic studies. Electrophoresis 20(7), 1652-1660 (1999).
68. Nurkka A, Obiero J, Kayhty H, Scott JA. Effects of sample collection and storage methods on antipneumococcal immunoglobulin A in saliva. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 10(3), 357-361 (2003).
69. Ng V, Koh D, Fu Q, Chia SE. Effects of storage time on stability of salivary immunoglobulin A and lysozyme. Clin. Chim. Acta 338(1-2), 131-134 (2003).
70. Castagnola M, Cabras T, Inzitari R et al. Determination of the post-translational modifications of salivary acidic proline-rich proteins. Eur. J. Morphol. 41(2), 93-98 (2003).
71. Castagnola M, Congiu D, Denotti G et al. Determination of the human salivary peptides histatins 1, 3, 5 and statherin by high-performance liquid chromatography and by diode-array detection. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 751(1), 153-160 (2001).
72. Messana I, Loffredo F, Inzitari R et al. The coupling of RP-HPLC and ESI-MS in the study of small peptides and proteins secreted in vitro by human salivary glands that are soluble in acidic solution. Eur. J. Morphol. 41(2), 103-106 (2003). Conditions for analysis of salivary peptides.
73. Messana I, Cabras T, Inzitari R et al. Characterization of the human salivary basic proline-rich protein complex by a proteomic approach. J. Proteome Res. 3(4), 792-800 (2004).
74. Inzitari R, Cabras T, Onnis G et al. Different isoforms and post-translational modifications of human salivary acidic proline-rich proteins. Proteomics 5(3), 805-815 (2005).
75. Lupi A, Messana I, Denotti G et al. Identification of the human salivary cystatin complex by the coupling of high-performance liquid chromatography and ion-trap mass spectrometry. Proteomics 3(4), 461-467 (2003).
76. Castagnola M, Inzitari R, Rossetti DV et al. A cascade of 24 histatins (histatin 3 fragments) in human saliva. Suggestions for a pre-secretory sequential cleavage pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 279(40), 41436-41443 (2004).
77. Vitorino R, Lobo MJ, Duarte JA, Ferrer-Correia AJ, Domingues PM, Amado FM. Analysis of salivary peptides using HPLC-electrospray mass spectrometry. Biomed. Chromatogr. 18(8), 570-575 (2004).
78. Heimerhorst EJ, Flora B, Troxler RF, Oppenheim FG. Dialysis unmasks the fungicidal properties of glandular salivary secretions. Infect. Immun. 72(5), 2703-2709 (2004).
79. Banderas-Tarabay JA, Zacarias-D'Oleire IG, Garduno-Estrada R, Aceves-Luna E, Gonzalez-Begne M. Eletrophoretic analysis of whole saliva and prevalence of dental caries. A study in Mexican dental students. Arch. Med. Res. 33(5), 499-505 (2002).
80. Carlen A, Borjesson AC, Nikdel K, Olsson J. Composition of pellicles formed in vivo on tooth surfaces in different parts of the dentition, and in vitro on hydroxyapatite. Caries Res. 32(6), 447-455 (1998).
81. Vacca Smith AM, Bowen WH. In situ studies of pellicle formation on hydroxyapatite discs. Arch. Oral Biol. 45(4), 277-291 (2000).
82. Troxler RF, Offner GD, Xu T, Vanderspek JC, Oppenheim FG. Structural relationship between human salivary histatins. J. Dent. Res. 69(1), 2-6 (1990).
83. Bardow A, Hofer E, Nyvad B et al. Effect of saliva composition on experimental root caries. Caries Res. 39(1), 71-77 (2005).
84. Oho T, Yu H, Yamashita Y, Koga T. Binding of salivary glycoprotein-secretory immunoglobulin A complex to the surface protein antigen of Streptococcus mutans. Infect. Immun. 66(1), 115-121 (1998).
85. Iontcheva I, Oppenheim FG, Troxler RF. Human salivary mucin MG1 selectively forms heterotypic complexes with amylase, proline-rich proteins, statherin, and histatins. J. Dent. Res. 76(3), 734-743 (1997).
86. Prakobphol A, Xu F, Hoang VM et al. Salivary agglutinin, which binds Streptococcus mutans and Helicobacterpylori, is the lung scavenger receptor cysteine-rich protein gp-340. J. Biol. Chem. 275(51), 39860-39866 (2000).
87. Soares RV, Siqueira CC, Bruno LS, Oppenheim FG, Offner GD, Troxler RF. MG2 and lactoferrin form a heterotypic complex in salivary secretions. J. Dent. Res. 82(6), 471-475 (2003).
88. Soares RV, Lin T, Siqueira CC et al. Salivary micelles: identification of complexes containing MG2, sIgA, lactoferrin, amylase, glycosylated proline-rich protein and lysozyme. Arch. Oral Biol. 49(5), 337-343 (2004).
89. Rabilloud T. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in proteomics: old, old fashioned, but it still climbs up the mountains. Proteomics 2(1), 3-10 (2002).
90. Rabilloud T. Use of thiourea to increase the solubility of membrane proteins in two-dimensional electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 9(5), 758-760 (1998).
91. Bennick A. Chemical and physical characteristics of a phosphoprotein from human parotid saliva. Biochem. J. 145(3), 557-567 (1975).
92. Humphreys-Beher MG, Wells DJ. Metachromatic staining patterns of basic proline-rich proteins from rat and human saliva in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. J. Appl. Biochem. 6(5-6), 353-360 (1984).
93. Becerra L, Soares RV, Bruno LS et al. Patterns of secretion of mucins and non-mucin glycoproteins in human submandibular/sublingual secretion. Arch. Oral Biol 48(2), 147-154 (2003).
94. Beeley JA, Newman F, Wilson PH, Shimmin IC. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of human parotid salivary proteins: comparison of dansylation, Coomassie blue R-250 and silver detection methods. Electrophoresis 17(3), 505-506 (1996).
95. Mogi M, Harada M, Kage T, Chino T, Yoshitake K. Two-dimensional electrophoresis of human salivary proteins from patients with sialoadenopathy. Arch. Oral Biol. 38(12), 1135-1139 (1993).
96. Leinonen J, Parkkila S, Kaunisto K, Koivunen P, Rajaniemi H. Secretion of carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme VI (CA VI) from human and rat lingual serous von Ebner's glands. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 49(5), 657-662 (2001).
97. Isemura S, Saitoh E, Sanada K, Minakata K. Identification of full-sized forms of salivary (S-type) cystatins (cystatin SN, cystatin SA, cystatin S, and two phosphorylated forms of cystatin S) in human whole saliva and determination of phosphorylation sites of cystatin S. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 110(4), 648-654 (1991).
98. Thomas EL, Jefferson MM, Joyner RE, Cook GS, King CC. Leukocyte myeloperoxidase and salivary lactoperoxidase: identification and quantitation in human mixed saliva. J. Dent. Res. 73(2), 544-555 (1994).
99. Nielsen PA, Mandel U, Therkildsen MH, Clausen H. Differential expression of human high-molecular-weight salivary mucin (MG1) and low-molecular-weight salivary mucin (MG2). J. Dent. Res. 75(11), 1820-1826 (1996).
100. Banks E, Dunn MJ, Hochstrasser DF et al. Proteomics: new perspective, new biomedical opportunities. Lancet 18, 1749-1756 (2000).
101. McCormack AL, Schieltz DM, Goode B et al. Direct analysis and identification of proteins in mixtures by LC/MS/MS and database searching at the low-femtomole level. Anal. Chem. 69(4), 767-776 (1997).
102. Peng J, Elias JE, Thoreen CC, Licklider LJ, Gygi SP. Evaluation of multidimensional chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/LC-MS/MS) for large-scale protein analysis: the yeast proteome. J. Proteome Res. 2(1), 43-50 (2003).
103. Stone KL, DeAngelis R, LoPresti M, Jones J, Papov W, Williams KR. Use of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) for routine identification of enzymatically digested proteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 19(6), 1046-1052 (1998).
104. Yao Y, Grogan J, Zehnder M et al. Compositional analysis of human acquired enamel pellicle by mass spectrometry. Arch. Oral Biol. 46(4), 293-303 (2001).
105. Nagele E, Vollmer M, Horth P. Improved 2D nano-LC/MS for proteomics applications: a comparative analysis using yeast proteome. J. Biomol. Tech. 15(2), 134-143 (2004).
106. Washburn MP, Wolters D, Yates JR III. Large-scale analysis of the yeast proteome by multidimensional protein identification technology. Nature Biotechnol. 19(3), 242-247 (2001).
107. Wolters DA, Washburn MP, Yates JR III. An automated multidimensional protein identification technology for shotgun proteomics. Anal. Chem. 73(23), 5683-5690 (2001).
108. Le Bihan T, Duewel HS, Figeys D. On-line strong cation exchange micro-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS for protein identification and process optimization. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 14(7), 719-727 (2003).
109. Dodds MW, Johnson DA, Mobley CC, Hattaway KM. Parotid saliva protein profiles in caries-free and caries-active adults. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 83(2), 244-251 (1997).
110. Goebel C, Mackay LG, Vickers ER, Mather LE. Determination of defensin HNP-1, HNP-2, and HNP-3 in human saliva by using LC/MS. Peptides 21(6), 757-765 (2000).
111. Perinpanayagam HE, Van Wuyckhuyse BC, Ji ZS, Tabak LA. Characterization of low-molecular-weight peptides in human parotid saliva. J. Dent. Res. 74(1), 345-350 (1995).
112. Moreno EC, Kresak M, Hay DI. Adsorption thermodynamics of acidic proline-rich human salivary proteins onto calcium apatites. J. Biol. Chem. 257, 2981-2989 (1982).
113. Liang H, Wang Y, Wang Q, Ruan MS. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis to explore the correlation between the isoenzymes of salivary α-amylase and dental caries. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 724(2), 381-388 (1999).
114. Ayad M, Van Wuyckhuyse BC, Minaguchi K et al. The association of basic proline-rich peptides from human parotid gland secretions with caries experience. J. Dent. Res. 79(4), 976-982 (2000).
115. Schlesinger DH, Hay DI. Complete covalent structure of a proline-rich phosphoprotein, PRP-2, an inhibitor of calcium phosphate crystal growth from human parotid saliva. Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 27(4), 373-379 (1986).
116. Oppenheim FG, Offner GD, Troxler RF. Phosphoproteins in the parotid saliva from the subhuman primate Macaca fascicularis. Isolation and characterization of a proline-rich phosphoglycoprotein and the complete covalent structure of a proline-rich phosphopeptide. J. Biol. Chem. 257(16), 9271-9282 (1982).
117. Schlesinger DH, Hay DI. Complete covalent structure of statherin, a tyrosine-rich acidic peptide which inhibits calcium phosphate precipitation from human parotid saliva. J. Biol. Chem. 252(5), 1689-1695 (1977).
118. Baron A, Barrett-Vespone N, Featherstone J. Purification of large quantities of human salivary cystatins S, SA and SN: their interactions with the model cysteine protease papain in a non-inhibitory mode. Oral Dis. 5(4), 344-353 (1999).
119. Kauffman DL, Bennick A, Blum M, Keller PJ. Basic proline-rich proteins from human parotid saliva: relationships of the covalent structures often proteins from a single individual. Biochemistry 30(14), 3351-3356 (1991).
120. Lu Y, Bennick A. Interaction of tannin with human salivary proline-rich proteins. Arch. Oral Biol. 43(9), 717-728 (1998).
121. Bennick A. Interaction of plant polyphenols with salivary proteins. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 13(2), 184-196 (2002).
122. Robinovitch MR, Ashley RL, Iversen JM, Vigoren EM, Oppenheim FG, Lamkin M. Parotid salivary basic proline-rich proteins inhibit HIV-I infectivity. Oral Dis. 7(2), 86-93 (2001).
123. Vitorino R, Lobo MJ, Duarte JR, Ferrer-Correia AJ, Domingues PM, Amado FM. The role of salivary peptides in dental caries. Biomed. Chromatogr. 19(3), 214-222 (2005).
124. Hay DI, Oppenheim FG. The isolation from human parotid saliva of a further group of proline-rich proteins. Arch. Oral Biol. 19(8), 627-632 (1974).
125. Schlesinger DH, Hay DI, Schluckebier SK, Ahern JM. Primary structure of a novel human salivary acidic proline-rich protein. Pept. Res. 7(5), 242-247 (1994).
126. Oppenheim FG, Xu T, McMillian FM et al. Histatins, a novel family of histidine-rich proteins in human parotid secretion. Isolation, characterization, primary structure, and fungistatic effects on Candida albicans. J. Biol. Chem. 263(16), 7472-7477 (1988).
127. Edgerton M, Koshlukova SE. Salivary histatin 5 and its similarities to the other antimicrobial proteins in human saliva. Adv. Dent. Res. 14, 16-21 (2000).
128. Troxler RF, Offner GD, Xu T, Vanderspek JC, Oppenheim FG. Structural relationship between human salivary histatins. J. Dent. Res. 69(1), 2-6 (1990).
129. Baron A, Barren-Vespone N, Featherstone J. Purification of large quantities of human salivary cystatins S, SA and SN: their interactions with the model cysteine protease papain in a non-inhibitory mode. Oral Dis. 5(4), 344-353 (1999).
130. Dickinson DP. Salivary (SD-type) cystatins: over one billion years in the making - but to what purpose? Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 13, 485-508 (2002).
131. Dickinson DP. Cysteine peptidases of mammals: their biological roles and potential effects in the oral cavity and other tissues in health and disease. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 13(3), 238-275 (2002).
132. Baron AC, Gansky SA, Ryder MI, Featherstone JD. Cysteine protease inhibitory activity and levels of salivary cystatins in whole saliva of periodontally diseased patients. J. Periodontal Res. 34(8), 437-444 (1999).
133. Jensen JL, Lamkin MS, Troxler RF, Oppenheim FG. Multiple forms of statherin in human salivary secretions. Arch. Oral Biol. 36(7), 529-534 (1991).