Speech motor programming in hypokinetic and ataxic dysarthria

Brain and Language

Volumn 94, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 347-366

  Spencer, Kristie A ^a   Rogers, Margaret A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Cerebellar disease; Dysarthria; Motor programming; Parkinson's disease; Priming; Reaction time; Speech motor control

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; ATAXIA; CEREBELLUM DISEASE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DYSARTHRIA; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPOKINESIA; MALE; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; REACTION TIME; SPEECH; SPEECH DISORDER; TASK PERFORMANCE;

ACOUSTIC STIMULATION; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ATAXIA; COGNITION; DYSARTHRIA; HUMANS; HYPOKINESIA; MIDDLE AGED; MOTOR CORTEX; PARKINSON DISEASE; REACTION TIME; SPEECH;

EID: 23744492672     PISSN: 0093934X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2005.01.008     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. L. Abbeduto Syntactic, semantic, and rhythmic influences on children's and adults' motor programming of speech Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 16 3 1987 201 221
2. S.G. Adams Hypokinetic dysarthria in Parkinson's disease M.R. McNeil Clinical management of sensorimotor speech disorders 1997 Thieme Medical Publishers New York 261 285
3. R. Agostino, A. Berardelli, A. Formica, N. Accornero, and M. Manfredi Sequential arm movements in patients with Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and dystonia Brain 115 1992 1481 1495
4. A. Alevriadou, Z. Katsarou, S. Bostantjopoulou, G. Kiosseoglou, and G. Mentenopoulos Wisconsin Card Sorting Test variables in relation to motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease Perceptual and Motor Skills 89 1999 824 830
5. G.E. Alexander, and M.D. Crutcher Preparation for movement: Neural representations of intended direction in three motor areas of the monkey Journal of Neurophysiology 64 1990 133 150
6. A.J. Angwin, H.J. Chenery, D.A. Copland, W.L. Arnott, B.E. Murdoch, and P.A. Silburn Dopamine and semantic activation: An investigation of masked direct and indirect priming Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 10 2004 15 25
7. C.J. Arvedson, M. McNeil, and T. West Prediction of Revised Token Test overall, subtest, and linguistic unit scores by two shortened versions Clinical Aphasiology 15 1985 57 63
8. K.A. Bayles, and M.S. Tomoeda Arizona battery for communication disorders of dementia 1993 Cayonlands Publishing Tucson, AZ
9. R. Benecke, J.C. Rothwell, J.P.R. Dick, B.L. Day, and C.D. Marsden Disturbance of sequential movements in patients with Parkinson's disease Brain 110 1987 361 379
10. A. Berardelli, J.C. Rothwell, P.D. Thompson, and M. Hallett Pathophysiology of bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease Brain 124 2001 2131 2146
11. B. Bioulac, P. Burbaud, and D. Varoqueux Activity of area 5 neurons in monkeys during arm movements: Effects of dentate nucleus lesions and motor cortex ablation Neuroscience Letters 192 1995 189 192
12. S. Blanchet, R.M. Marie, F. Dauvillier, B. Landeau, K. Benali, and F. Eustache Cognitive processes involved in delayed non-matching-to-sample performance in Parkinson's disease European Journal of Neurology 7 2000 473 483
13. B. Bonnefoi-Kyriacou, E. Trouche, E. Legallet, and F. Viallet Planning and execution of pointing movements in cerebellar patients Movement Disorders 10 2 1995 171 178
14. D.G. Brennan, and W.L. Cullinan The effects of word length and visual complexity on verbal reaction times Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 19 1 1976 141 155
15. M.J. Canic, and I.M. Franks Response preparation and latency in patterns of tapping movements Human Movement Science 8 1989 123 139
16. C.E. Chapman, G. Spidalieri, and Y. Lamarre Activity of dentate neurons during arm movements triggered by visual, auditory and somesthetic stimuli in the monkey Journal of Neurophysiology 55 2 1986 203 226
17. N.P. Connor, C.L. Ludlow, and G.M. Schulz Stop consonant production in isolated and repeated syllables in Parkinson's disease Neuropsychologia 27 6 1989 829 838
18. J.L. Contreras-Vidal, and G.E. Stelmach Effects of Parkinsonism on motor control Life Sciences 58 3 1996 165 176
19. A.R. Cools, J.H.L. van Den Bercken, M.W.I. Horstink, K.P.M. van Spaendonck, and H.J.C. Berger Cognitive and motor shifting aptitude disorder in Parkinson's disease Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 47 1984 443 453
20. D. Copland The basal ganglia and semantic engagement: Potential insights from semantic priming in individuals with subcortical vascular lesions, Parkinson's disease, and cortical lesions Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 9 2003 1041 1052
21. E. Courchesne, and G. Allen Prediction and preparation, fundamental functions of the cerebellum Learning Memory 4 1997 1 35
22. S.Z. Cui, E.Z. Li, Y.F. Zang, X.-C. Weng, R. Ivry, and J.J. Want Both sides of the human cerebellum involved in preparation and execution of sequential movements NeuroReport 11 17 2000 3849 3853
23. R. Cunnington, C. Windischberger, L. Deecke, and E. Moser The preparation and execution of self-initiated and externally-triggered movement: A study of event-related fMRI Neuroimage 15 2 2002 373 385
24. J.C. Dalrymple-Alford, A.S. Kalders, R.D. Jones, and R.W. Watson A central executive deficit in patients with Parkinson's disease Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 57 1994 360 367
25. F.L. Darley, A.E. Aronson, and J.R. Brown Clusters of deviant speech dimensions in the dysarthrias Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 12 1969 246
26. K. Deger, and W. Ziegler Speech motor programming in apraxia of speech Journal of Phonetics 30 2002 321 335
27. M.P. Deiber, V. Ibanez, N. Sadato, and M. Hallett Cerebral structures participating in motor preparation in humans: A positron emission tomography study Journal of Neurophysiology 75 1 1996 233 247
28. S. Della Sala, C. Gray, A. Baddeley, and L. Wilson The Visual Patterns Test: A new test of short-term visual recall 1997 Thames Valley Test Company Feltham, Suffolk
29. M.R. DeLong The basal ganglia 4th ed. E.R. Kandel J.H. Schwartz T.M. Jessell Principles of neural science 2000 McGraw-Hill New York 853 867
30. P.J. Delwaide, and M. Gonce Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Signs Second ed. J. Jankovic E. Tolosa Parkinson's disease and movement disorders 1993 Williams Wilkins Baltimore 77 92
31. J.E. Desmond, J.D.E. Gabrieli, A.D. Wagner, B.L. Ginier, and G.H. Glover Lobular patterns of cerebellar activation in verbal working memory and finger-tapping tasks as revealed by functional MRI The Journal of Neuroscience 17 24 1997 9675 9685
32. G. Dirnberger, M. Reumann, W. Endl, G. Lindinger, W. Lang, and J.C. Rothwell Dissociation of motor preparation from memory and attentional processes using movement-related cortical potentials Experimental Brain Research 135 2 2000 231 240
33. K. Doya Complementary roles of basal ganglia and cerebellum in learning and motor control Current Opinion in Neurobiology 10 2000 732 739
34. J.-C. Dreher, and J. Grafman The roles of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in timing and error prediction European Journal of Neuroscience 16 8 2002 1609 1619
35. J.R. Duffy Motor speech disorders: Substrates, differential diagnosis, and management 1995 Mosby St. Louis MO
36. F. Ferreira Effects of length and syntactic complexity on initiation times for prepared utterances Journal of Memory and Language 30 1991 210 233
37. J.A. Fiez, E.A. Raife, D.A. Balota, J.P. Schwarz, M.E. Raichle, and S.E. Petersen A positron emission tomography study of the short-term maintenance of verbal information Journal of Neuroscience 16 1996 808 822
38. W.N. Francis, and H. Kučera Frequency analysis of English usage: Lexicon and grammar 1982 Houghton Mifflin Company Boston
39. A. Garcia-Colera, and A. Semjen Distributed planning of movement sequences Journal of Motor Behavior 20 3 1988 341 367
40. M. Gentilucci, and A. Negrotti The control of an action in Parkinson's disease Experimental Brain Research 129 1999 269 277
41. M. Gentilucci, and A. Negrotti Planning and executing an action in Parkinson's disease Movement Disorders 14 1 1999 69 79
42. H. Gomi, and M. Kawato Adaptive feedback control models of the vestibulocerebellum and spinocerebellum Biological Cybernetics 68 2 1992 105 114
43. H.P. Goodkin, J.G. Keating, T.A. Martin, and W.T. Thach Preserved simple and impaired compound movement after infarction in the territory of the superior cerebellar artery Canadian Journal of Neurological Science 20 Suppl. 3 1993 S93 S104
44. P.C. Gordon, and D.E. Meyer Control of serial order in rapidly spoken syllable sequences Journal of Memory and Language 26 1987 300 321
45. B. Gottwald, Z. Mihajlovic, B. Wilde, and H.M. Mehdorn Does the cerebellum contribute to specific aspects of attention Neuropsychologia 41 2003 1452 1460
46. L. Gueye, F. Viallet, E. Legallet, and E. Trouche The use of advance information for motor preparation in Parkinson's disease: Effects of cueing and compatibility between warning and imperative stimuli Brain and Cognition 38 1998 66 86
47. J.M. Gurd, N. Bessel, I. Watson, and J. Coleman Motor speech versus digit control in Parkinson's disease: A cognitive neuropsychology investigation Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 12 5 1998 357 378
48. K.Y. Haaland, and D.L. Harrington Complex movement behavior: Toward understanding cortical and subcortical interactions in regulating control processes G.E. Hammond Cerebral control of speech and limb movements 1990 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. North-Holland 169 200
49. P. Haggard, J. Jenner, and A. Wing Coordination of aimed movements in a case of unilateral cerebellar damage Neuropsychologia 32 7 1994 827 846
50. D.L. Harrington, and K.Y. Haaland Sequencing in Parkinson's disease: Abnormalities in programming and controlling movement Brain 114 1991 99 115
51. D.L. Harrington, S.M. Rao, K.Y. Haaland, J.A. Bobholz, A.R. Mayer, and J.R. Binder Specialized neural systems underlying representations of sequential movements Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12 1 2000 56 77
52. L. Hartelius, B. Runmarker, O. Andersen, and L. Nord Temporal speech characteristics of individuals with multiple sclerosis and ataxic dysarthria: 'Scanning speech' revisited Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 52 2000 228 238
53. R.K. Heaton, G.J. Chelune, J.L. Talley, G.G. Kay, and G. Curtiss Wisconsin card sorting test 1993 Psychological Assessment Resources Odessa, Florida
54. F.M. Henry Use of simple reaction time in motor programming studies: A reply to Klapp, Wyatt, and Lingo Journal of Motor Behavior 12 2 1980 163 168
55. F.M. Henry, and D.E. Rogers Increased response latency for complicated movements and a memory drum theory of neuromotor reaction Research Quarterly 31 1960 448 458
56. A.K. Ho, J.L. Bradshaw, R. Cunnington, J.G. Phillips, and R. Iansek Sequence heterogeneity in Parkinsonian speech Brain and Language 64 1998 122 145
57. S. Hocherman, R. Moont, and M. Schwartz Response selection and execution in patients with Parkinson's disease Cognitive Brain Research 19 2004 40 51
58. B. Horwitz, M.P. Deiber, V. Ibanez, N. Sadato, and M. Hallet Correlations between reaction time and cerebral blood flow during motor preparation NeuroImage 12 2000 434 441
59. W. Hulstijn, and G.P. van Galen Programming in handwriting: Reaction time and movement time as a function of sequence length Acta Psychologica 54 1983 23 49
60. A.W. Inhoff, H.C. Diener, R.D. Rafal, and R. Ivry The role of cerebellar structures in the execution of serial movement Brain 112 1989 565 581
61. R. Inzelberg, M. Plotnik, T. Flash, E. Schechtman, I. Shahar, and A.D. Korczyn Mental and motor switching in Parkinson's disease Journal of Motor Behavior 33 4 2001 377 385
62. M. Ito Movement and thought: Identical control mechanisms by the cerebellum Trends in Neuroscience 16 1993 448 450 453-454
63. D. Jaeger, S. Gilman, and J.W. Aldridge Primate basal ganglia activity in a precued reaching task: Preparation for movement Experimental Brain Research 95 1993 51 64
64. D. Jared, and M.S. Seidenberg Naming multisyllabic words Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 16 1 1990 92 105
65. M. Jahanshahi, R.G. Brown, and C.D. Marsden A comparative study of simple and choice reaction time in Parkinson's, Huntington's and cerebellar disease Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 56 1993 1169 1177
66. D.L. Jones, J.L. Bradshaw, J.G. Phillips, R. Iansek, J.B. Mattingley, and J.A. Bradshaw Allocation of attention to programming of movement sequences in Parkinson's disease Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 16 1 1994 117 128
67. J. Jonides, E.H. Schumacher, E.E. Smith, E.J. Lauber, E. Awh, and S. Minoshima Verbal working memory load affects regional brain activation as measured by PET Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9 1997 462 475
68. M. Jueptner, and C. Weiller A review of differences between basal ganglia and cerebellar control of movements as revealed by functional imaging studies Brain 121 1998 1437 1449
69. J. Kay, R. Lesser, and M. Coltheart Psycholinguistic assessment of language processing in aphasia 1992 Lawrence Erlbaum Hove, UK
70. J.A.S. Kelso, B. Tuller, and K.S. Harris A dynamic pattern perspective on the control and coordination of movement P.F. MacNeilage The production of speech 1983 Springer-Verlag New York
71. M. Kenstowicz Phonology in generative grammar 1994 Blackwell Publishers Cambridge
72. R.D. Kent, J.F. Kent, J.R. Duffy, J.E. Thomas, G. Weismer, and S. Stunteback Ataxic dysarthria Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 43 5 2000 1275 1289
73. R.D. Kent, J.F. Kent, J.C. Rosenbek, H.K. Vorperian, and G. Weismer A speaking task analysis of the dysarthria in cerebellar disease Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 49 1997 63 82
74. R.D. Kent, J.F. Kent, G. Weismer, and J.R. Duffy What dysarthrias can tell us about the neural control of speech Journal of Phonetics 28 2000 273 302
75. R.D. Kent, and J.C. Rosenbek Prosodic disturbance and neurologic lesion Brain and Language 15 1982 259 291
76. B. Kessler, R. Treiman, and J. Mullenix Phonetic biases in voice key response time measurements Journal of Memory and Language 47 2002 145 171
77. S.T. Klapp Syllable dependent pronunciation latencies in number-naming: a replication Journal of Experimental Psychology 102 1974 1138 1140
78. S.T. Klapp Motor response programming during simple and choice reaction time: The role of practice Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 21 5 1995 1015 1027
79. S.T. Klapp Reaction time analysis of two types of motor preparation for speech 2003
80. S.T. Klapp, and E.P. Wyatt Motor programming within a sequence of responses Journal of Motor Behavior 8 1 1976 19 26
81. J.D. Kropotov, and S.C. Etlinger Selection of actions in the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: Review and model International Journal of Psychophysiology 31 1999 197 217
82. S. Kuriki, T. Mori, and Y. Hirata Motor planning center for speech articulation in the normal human brain NeuroReport 10 1999 765 769
83. Y. Kutukcu, W.J. Marks, D.S. Goodin, and M.J. Aminoff Simple and choice reaction time in Parkinson's disease Brain Research 815 1999 367 372
84. H.C. Leiner, A.L. Leiner, and R.S. Dow The human cerebro-cerebellar system: Its computing, cognitive, and language skills Behavioural Brain Research 44 1991 113 128
85. D. Lepine, D. Glencross, and J. Requin Some experimental evidence for and against a parametric conception of movement programming Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 15 2 1989 347 362
86. H. Leuthold Programming of expected and unexpected movements: Effects on the onset of the lateralized readiness potential Acta Psychologica 114 2003 83 100
87. H. Leuthold, and I. Jentzsch Spatiotemporal source localization reveals involvement of medial premotor areas in movement reprogramming Experimental Brain Research 144 2002 178 188
88. S.J.G. Lewis, R. Cools, T.W. Robbins, A. Dove, R.A. Barker, and A.M. Owen Using executive heterogeneity to explore the nature of working memory deficits in Parkinson's disease Neuropsychologia 41 2003 645 654
89. C.L. Ludlow, N.P. Connor, and C.J. Bassich Speech timing in Parkinson's and Huntington's disease Brain and Language 32 1987 195 214
90. P. Mari-Beffa, M. Hayes, L. Machado, D. Sheppard, R. Rafal, and J.V. Hindle Lack of inhibition in Parkinson's disease: Evidence from decreased negative priming in a lexical decision task Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience D7 Suppl. S 2002 97
91. C.D. Marsden Which motor disorder in Parkinson's disease indicates the true motor function of the basal ganglia D. Evered M. O'Connor Functions of the basal ganglia: Ciba foundation symposium 107 1984 Pitman Publishing Ltd London
92. C.D. Marsden Slowness of movement in Parkinson's disease Movement Disorders 4 1 1989 S26 S37
93. C. McDonald, G.G. Brown, and J.M. Gorell Impaired set-shifting in Parkinson's disease: New evidence from a lexical decision task Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 18 6 1996 793 809
94. M. McNeil, and T. Prescott The revised token test 1978 Pro-Ed Austin, TX
95. D.E. Meyer, and P.C. Gordon Speech production: Motor programming of phonetic features Journal of Memory and Language 24 1985 3 26
96. R.C. Miall The cerebellum, predictive control and motor coordination, Sensory guidance of movement 1998 Novartis Foundation West Sussex, England pp. 272-290
97. F.A. Middleton, and P.L. Strick Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: Motor and cognitive circuits Brain Research Reviews 31 2000 236 250
98. J.W. Mink The basal ganglia: Focused selection and inhibition of competing motor programs Progress in Neurobiology 50 1996 381 425
99. H. Mollion, J. Ventre-Dominey, P.F. Dominey, and E. Broussolle Dissociable effects of dopaminergic therapy on spatial versus non-spatial working memory in Parkinson's disease Neuropsychologia 41 2003 1442 1451
100. J.A. Ogden, J.H. Growdon, and S. Corkin Deficits on visuospatial tests involving forward planning in high-functioning parkinsonians Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology 3 1990 125 139
101. I. Olivier, and C. Rival Foreperiod duration and motor preparation during childhood Neuroscience Letters 319 2002 125 128
102. A. Osman, S. Kornblum, and D.E. Meyer Does motor programming necessitate response execution Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 16 1990 183 198
103. A.M. Owen, A.C. Roberts, J.R. Hodges, B.A. Summers, L.E. Polkey, and T.W. Robbins Contrasting mechanisms of impaired attentional set-shifting in patients with frontal lobe damage or Parkinson's disease Brain 116 1993 1159 1175
104. H.F.M. Peters, W. Hulstijn, and C.W. Starkweather Acoustic and physiological reaction times of stutterers and nonstutterers Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 32 1989 668 680
105. P.M.J. Pollux Advance preparation of set-switches in Parkinson's disease Neuropsychologia 42 2004 912 919
106. J. Pratt, and R.A. Abrams Practice and component submovements: The roles of programming and feedback in rapid aimed limb movements Journal of Motor Behavior 28 2 1996 149 156
107. R.D. Rafal, A.W. Inhoff, J.H. Friedman, and E. Bernstein Programming and execution of sequential movements in Parkinson's disease Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 50 1987 1267 1273
108. J.C. Raven Coloured progressive matrices: Sets A, Ab, B 1976 Oxford Psychologists Press Oxford, UK
109. A. Roelofs Spoken language planning and the initiation of articulation The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 55 2 2002 465 483
110. Rogers, M. A., Sterling, I. B., & Storkel, H. L. (2001). Specification interacts with phonologic similarity to determine complexity of pre-motor encoding during speech production. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Speech Motor Control Conference, Uitgerverij Vantilt, Nijmegen, pp. 117-120.
111. M.A. Rogers, and H.L. Storkel Reprogramming phonologically similar utterances: The role of phonetic features in pre-motor encoding Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 41 1998 258 274
112. D.H. Romero, A.W.A. Van Gemmert, C.H. Adler, H. Bekkering, and G.E. Stelmach Altered aiming movements in Parkinson's disease patients and elderly adults as a function of delays in movement onset Experimental Brain Research 151 2003 249 261
113. D.A. Rosenbaum, and D. Kornblum A priming method for investigating the selection of motor responses Acta Psychologica 51 1982 223 243
114. E.A. Roy, J. Saint-Cyr, A. Taylor, and A. Lang Movement sequencing disorders in Parkinson's disease International Journal of Neuroscience 73 1993 183 194
115. L.L. Rubchinsky, N. Kopell, and K.A. Sigvardt Modeling facilitation and inhibition of competing motor programs in basal ganglia subthalamic nucleus-pallidal circuits Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 24 2003 14427 14432
116. K. Sakai, O. Hikosaka, R. Takina, S. Miyauchi, M. Nielsen, and T. Tamada What and when: Parallel and convergent processing in motor control The Journal of Neuroscience 20 7 2000 2691 2700
117. J. Santiago, D.G. MacKay, and A. Palma Length effects turn out to be syllable structure effects: Response to Roelofs Language and Cognitive Processes 17 1 2002 15 29
118. P.W. Schönle, G. Hong, R. Benecke, and B. Conrad Aspects of speech motor control: Programming of repetitive versus non-repetitive speech Neuroscience Letters 63 1986 170 174
119. W. Schultz, and R. Romo Role of primate basal ganglia and frontal cortex in the internal generation of movements Experimental Brain Research 91 1992 363 384
120. M.R. Sheridan, K.A. Flowers, and J. Hurrell Programming and execution of movement in Parkinson's disease Brain 110 1987 1247 1271
121. G.E. Stelmach, A. Garcia-Colera, and Z.E. Martin Force transition control within a movement sequence in Parkinson's disease Journal of Neurology 236 1989 406 410
122. G.E. Stelmach, C.J. Worringham, and E.A. Strand The programming and execution of movement sequences in Parkinson's disease International Journal of Neuroscience 36 1987 55 65
123. S. Sternberg, R.L. Knoll, S. Monsell, and C.E. Wright Motor programs and hierarchical organization in the control of rapid speech Phonetica 45 1988 175 197
124. S. Sternberg, S. Monsell, R.L. Knoll, and C.E. Wright The latency and duration of rapid movement sequences: Comparisons of speech and typewriting G. Stelmach Information processing in motor control and learning 1978 Academic Press New York
125. S. Sternberg, C.E. Wright, R.L. Knoll, and S. Monsell Motor programs in rapid speech: Additional evidence R.A. Cole Perception and production of fluent speech 1980 Lawrence Erlbuam Associates Hillsdale, NJ 507 534
126. P. Svensson, C. Henningson, and S. Karlsson Speech motor control in Parkinson's disease: A comparison between a clinical assessment protocol and a quantitative analysis of mandibular movements Folia Phoniatrica 45 1993 157 164
127. R.L. Trask A dictionary of phonetics and phonology 1996 Routledge London
128. A. Van der Merwe A theoretical framework for the characterization of pathological speech sensorimotor control M.R. McNeil Clinical management of sensorimotor speech disorders 1997 Thieme Medical Publishers New York 1 26
129. P. van Donkelaar, and I.M. Franks Preprogramming vs. on-line control in simple movement sequences Acta Psychologica 77 1991 1 19
130. W.B. Verwey Effect of sequence length on the execution of familiar keying sequences: Lasting segmentation and preparation Journal of Motor Behavior 35 4 2003 343 354
131. W.B. Verwey, and T. Eikelboom Evidence for lasting sequence segmentation in the discrete sequence-production task Journal of Motor Behavior 35 2 2003 171 181
132. D. Wechsler Weschsler adult intelligence scale III 1997 The Psychological Corporation San Antonio
133. P. Weiss, G.E. Stelmach, and H. Hefter Programming of a movement sequence in Parkinson's disease Brain 120 1997 91 102
134. J. Wickens, B. Hyland, and G. Anson Cortical cell assemblies: A possible mechanism for motor programs Journal of Motor Behavior 26 2 1994 66 82
135. C.J. Worringham, and G.E. Stelmach Practice effects on the preprogramming of discrete movements in Parkinson's disease Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 53 1990 702 704
136. G. Yahalom, E.S. Simon, R. Thorne, C. Peretz, and N. Giladi Hand rhythmic tapping and timing in Parkinson's disease Parkinsonism Related Disorders 10 3 2004 143 148
137. I. Yaniv, D.E. Meyer, P.C. Gordon, C.A. Huff, and C.A. Sevald Vowel similarity, connectionist models, and syllable structure in motor programming of speech Journal of Memory and Language 29 1990 1 26
138. K.M. Yorkston, and D.R. Beukelman Assessment of intelligibility of dysarthric speech 1981 CC Publications Tigard, OR
139. K.M. Yorkston, D.R. Beukelman, E.A. Strand, and K.A. Bell Management of motor speech disorders in children and adults second ed. 1999 PRO-ED Inc. Austin