Pathophysiology of bradykinesia in parkinson's disease

Brain

Volumn 124, Issue 11, 2001, Pages 2131-2146

  Berardelli, Alfredo ^a,e   Rothwell, J C ^b   Thompson, P D ^c   Hallett, M ^d  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^b MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (United Kingdom)

^c ROYAL ADELAIDE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^d NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE   (United States)

^e SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

Author keywords

Bradykinesia; Motor control; Movement; Parkinson's disease

Indexed keywords

1,2,3,6 TETRAHYDRO 1 METHYL 4 PHENYLPYRIDINE; LEVODOPA;

BASAL GANGLION; BRADYKINESIA; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; HUMAN; MAGNETIC STIMULATION; MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; MOTOR CONTROL; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PALLIDOTOMY; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0035170381     PISSN: 00068950     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/brain/124.11.2131     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Sequential arm movements in patients with Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and dystonia
2. Analysis of repetitive and non repetitive sequential arm movements in patients with Parkinson's disease
3. Clinical impairment of sequential finger movements in Parkinson's disease
4. The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders
5. Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits. Neural substrates of parallel processing
6. Basal ganglia: Thalamocortical circuits - Parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, 'prefrontal' and 'limbic' functions
7. Parkinson disease: (CNV) analysis related to pharmacological treatment
8. Performance of simultaneous movements in patients with Parkinson's disease
9. Disturbance of sequential movements in patients with Parkinson's disease
10. The drinking action of Parkinson's disease subjects
11. Physiological mechanisms of rigidity in Parkinson's disease
12. Fast complex arm movements in Parkinson's disease
13. Scaling of the size of the first agonist EMG burst during rapid wrist movements in patients with Parkinson's disease
14. Single-joint rapid arm movements in normal subjects and in patients with motor disorders
15. Cortical inhibition in Parkinson's disease. A study with paired magnetic stimulation
16. The pathophysiology of primary dystonia
17. Pathophysiology of chorea and bradykinesia in Huntington's disease
18. Physiological aspects of information processing in the basal ganglia of normal and parkinsonian primates
19. Slowing of reaction time in Parkinson's disease: The involvement of the frontal lobes
20. Reaction times and attention in Parkinson's disease
21. Stereotactic pallidotomy in the treatment of Parkinson disease: An expert opinion
22. Dual task performance and processing resources in normal subjects and patients with Parkinson's disease
23. What do the basal ganglia do?
24. Bradykinesia and impairment of EEG desynchronization in Parkinson's disease
25. Response choice in Parkinson's disease. The effects of uncertainty and stimulus-response compatibility
26. Dopamine dependent reaction time deficits in patients with Parkinson's disease are task specific
27. Does parkinsonian action tremor contribute to muscle weakness in Parkinson's disease
28. Impact of deep brain stimulation on upper limb akinesia in Parkinson's disease
29. Dopamine dependency of oscillations between subthalamic nucleus and pallidum in Parkinson's disease
30. Parkinson's disease rigidity: Magnetic motor evoked potentials in a small hand muscle
31. The bilateral reach-to-grasp movement of Parkinson's disease subjects
32. A PET study of sequential finger movements of varying length in patients with Parkinson's disease
33. Restoration of thalamocortical activity after posteroventral pallidotomy in Parkinson's disease
34. A positron emission tomographic study of subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson disease: Enhanced movement-related activity of motor-association cortex and decreased motor cortex resting activity
35. Slowed central processing in simple and go/no-go reaction time tasks in Parkinson's disease
36. Strength in Parkinson's disease: Relationship to rate of force generation and clinical status
37. Movement-related potentials in Parkinson's disease: Presence and predictability of temporal and spatial cues
38. Effects of magnetic stimulation over supplementary motor area on movement in Parkinson's disease
39. Movement-related potentials in Parkinson's disease: Motor imagery and movement preparation
40. Movement-related potentials in Parkinson's disease: External cues and attentional strategies
41. Movement related desynchronisation pattern preceding voluntary movement in untreated Parkinson's disease
42. Cortical areas and the selection of movement: A study with positron emission tomography
43. Cerebral structures participating in motor preparation in humans: A positron emission tomography study
44. Primate models of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin
45. A mismatch between kinesthetic and visual perception in Parkinson's disease
46. Corticomotoneurone connection is normal in Parkinson's disease
47. The Bereitschaftspotential is abnormal in Parkinson's disease
48. Dissociation of motor preparation from memory and attentional processes using movement-related cortical potentials
49. Slowing of cognitive processing in progressive supranuclear palsy: A comparison with Parkinson's disease
50. Parkinsonian patients without dementia or depression do not suffer from bradyphrenia as indexed by performance in mental rotation tasks with and without advance information
51. Regional metabolic correlates of surgical outcome following unilateral pallidotomy for Parkinson's disease
52. Reaction time in Parkinson's disease
53. Precision grip and Parkinson's disease
54. Spinal motor neuron excitability during the silent period after cortical stimulation
55. Reliance on advance information and movement sequencing in Huntington's disease
56. Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation improves frontal cortex function in Parkinson's disease. An electrophysiological study of the contingent negative variation
57. Pallidotomy increases activity of motor association cortex in Parkinson's disease: A positron emission tomographic study
58. Clinical neurophysiology of akinesia
59. Analysis of stereotyped voluntary movements at the elbow in patients with Parkinson's disease
60. A physiological mechanism of bradykinesia
61. The consequence of 'frontal' impairment for reaction times in Parkinson's disease
62. Impairment of rapid movement in Huntington's disease
63. Reaction times in Parkinson's disease
64. How convincing is the evidence for cognitive slowing in Parkinson's disease
65. Effects of apomorphine on globus pallidus neurons in parkinsonian patients
66. Movement-related potentials recorded from supplementary motor area and primary motor area: Role of supplementary motor area in voluntary movements
67. Dissociation between contingent negative variation (CNV) and Bereitschaftspotential (BP) in patients with parkinsonism
68. Simple and choice reaction time and the use of advance information for motor preparation in Parkinson's disease
69. A comparative study of simple and choice reaction time in Parkinson's, Huntington's and cerebellar disease
70. Self-initiated versus externally triggered movements. I. An investigation using measurement of regional cerebral blood flow with PET and movement-related potentials in normal and Parkinson's disease subjects
71. Impaired activation of the supplementary motor area in Parkinson's disease is reversed when akinesia is treated with apomorphine
72. Modulation of the stretch reflex during volitional sinusoidal tracking in Parkinson's disease
73. Bimanual co-ordination in Parkinson's disease
74. A component analysis of the generation and release of isometric force in Parkinson's disease
75. Voluntary movement after pallidotomy in severe Parkinson's disease
76. A defect of kinesthesia in Parkinson's disease
77. Opposite motor effects of pallidal stimulation in Parkinson's disease
78. Corticocortical inhibition in human motor cortex
79. Simple and choice reaction time in Parkinson's disease
80. Posteroventral medial pallidotomy in Parkinson's disease
81. Pallidal activity during dystonia: Somatosensory reorganisation and changes with severity
82. Cognitive and motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Clinical, performance, and computed tomographic correlations
83. Changes in cerebral activity pattern due to subthalamic nucleus or internal pallidum stimulation in Parkinson's disease
84. Electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson's disease
85. The effects of posteroventral pallidotomy on the preparation and execution of voluntary hand and arm movements in Parkinson's disease
86. Does tremor pace repetitive voluntary motor behavior in Parkinson's disease
87. Globus pallidus internus pallidotomy for generalized dystonia
88. Event-related desynchronization to contingent negative variation and self-paced movement paradigms in Parkinson's disease
89. The functions of the basal ganglia and the paradox of stereotaxic surgery in Parkinson's disease
90. Clinical and biochemical correlates of bradyphrenia in Parkinson's disease
91. GPi firing rare modification during beginning-of-dose motor deterioration following acute administration of apomorphine
92. The basal ganglia: Focused selection and inhibition of competing motor programs
93. Hypometria in Parkinson's disease: Automatic versus controlled processing
94. Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop
95. Akinesia in Parkinson's disease. I. Shortening of simple reaction time with focal, single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation
96. Cognitive slowing in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's patients: Distinguishing bradyphrenia from dementia
97. Pallidotomy and bradykinesia. Implications for basal ganglia function
98. Could bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease simply be compensation
99. Impaired mesial frontal and putamen activation in Parkinson's disease: A positron emission tomography study
100. Movement preparation in Parkinson's disease: Time course and distribution of movement-related potentials in a movement precueing task
101. Dipole source analysis suggests selective modulation of the supplementary motor area contribution to the readiness potential
102. Reliance on external cues for movement initiation in Parkinson's disease. Evidence from movement-related potentials
103. Motor cortical inhibition and the dopaminergic system
104. Dopaminergic effects on simple and choice reaction time performance in Parkinson's disease
105. Cognition and the basal ganglia
106. Supplementary and primary sensory motor area activity in Parkinson's disease: Regional cerebral blood flow changes during finger movements and effects of apomorphine
107. Cortical motor overactivation in parkinsonian patients with L-dopainduced peak-dose dyskinesia
108. The neuropsychology of de novo patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease: The effect of age of onset
109. Slowing of information processing in Parkinson's disease
110. Changes in excitability of motor cortical circuitry in patients with Parkinson's disease
111. The behaviour of the long-latency stretch reflex in patients with Parkinson's disease
112. Cortical motor reorganization in akinetic patients with Parkinson's disease. A functional MRI study
113. Evidence for lateral premotor and parietal overactivity in Parkinson's disease during sequential and bimanual movements. A PET study
114. Pallidotomy in Parkinson's disease increases supplementary motor area and prefrontal activation during performance of volitional movements: An H2150 PET study
115. A study of medial pallidotomy for Parkinson's disease: Clinical outcome, MRI location and complications
116. Information processing deficits in Parkinson's disease during movement
117. Deficits in orofacial sensorimotor function in Parkinson's disease
118. Control of two simultaneous voluntary motor acts in normals and in parkinsonisms
119. Movement variability and bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease
120. Programming and execution of movement in Parkinson's disease
121. Spatial distribution of thalamic projections to the supplementary motor area and the primary motor cortex: A retrograde multiple labeling study in the macaque monkey
122. Changes in handwriting resulting from bilateral high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson disease
123. Lexical decision in Parkinson disease: Lack of evidence for generalized bradyphrenia
124. The preparation and production of isometric force in Parkinson's disease
125. Movement preparation in Parkinson's disease. The use of advance information
126. Force production characteristics in Parkinson's disease
127. Pallidotomy for hemiballismus: Efficacy and characteristics of neuronal activity
128. Evidence for abnormal long-loop reflexes in rigid parkinsonian patients
129. Temporal movement control in patients with Parkinson's disease
130. The coexistence of bradykinesia and chorea in Huntington's disease, and its implications for theories of basal ganglia control of movement
131. Movement-related cortical potentials preceding repetitive and random-choice hand movements in Parkinson's disease
132. Abnormal facilitation of the response to transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with Parkinson's disease
133. Rapid elbow movements in patients with torsion dystonia
134. Neuronal activity in the basal ganglia in patients with generalized dystonia and hemiballismus
135. Impairment of EEG desynchronisation before and during movement and its relation to bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease
136. Functional and pathophysiological models of the basal ganglia
137. Relationship between tremor and the onset of rapid voluntary contraction in Parkinson's disease
138. Electromyographic analysis of a rapid volitional movement
139. Cognitive slowing in decision tasks in early and advanced Parkinson's disease