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1
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0035839097
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Epigenetic aspects of X-chromosome dosage compensation
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Park Y., Kuroda M.I. Epigenetic aspects of X-chromosome dosage compensation. Science. 293:2001;1083-1085
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(2001)
Science
, vol.293
, pp. 1083-1085
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Park, Y.1
Kuroda, M.I.2
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2
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0034195219
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Sex in the worm: Counting and compensating X-chromosome dose
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Meyer B.J. Sex in the worm: counting and compensating X-chromosome dose. Trends Genet. 16:2000;247-251
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(2000)
Trends Genet
, vol.16
, pp. 247-251
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Meyer, B.J.1
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3
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0035839058
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Genes, genetics and epigenetics: A correspondence
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Wu C.-t., Morris J.R. Genes, genetics and epigenetics: a correspondence. Science. 293:2001;1103-1105
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(2001)
Science
, vol.293
, pp. 1103-1105
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Wu, C.-T.1
Morris, J.R.2
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4
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0035228079
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X-chromosome inactivation: Counting, choice and initiation
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Avner P., Heard E. X-chromosome inactivation: counting, choice and initiation. Nat Rev Genet. 2:2001;59-67
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(2001)
Nat Rev Genet
, vol.2
, pp. 59-67
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Avner, P.1
Heard, E.2
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5
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0035473989
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Forty years of decoding the silence in X-chromosome inactivation
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Boumil R.M., Lee J. Forty years of decoding the silence in X-chromosome inactivation. Hum Mol Gen. 10:2001;2225-2232
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(2001)
Hum Mol Gen
, vol.10
, pp. 2225-2232
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Boumil, R.M.1
Lee, J.2
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7
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0842287648
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Controlling X-inactivation in mammals: What does the centre hold?
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Rougeulle C., Avner P. Controlling X-inactivation in mammals: what does the centre hold? Semin Cell Dev Biol. 14:2003;331-340
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(2003)
Semin Cell Dev Biol
, vol.14
, pp. 331-340
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Rougeulle, C.1
Avner, P.2
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8
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0037324676
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Multiple elements within the Xic regulate random X inactivation in mice
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Clerc P., Avner P. Multiple elements within the Xic regulate random X inactivation in mice. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 14:2003;85-92
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(2003)
Semin Cell Dev Biol
, vol.14
, pp. 85-92
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Clerc, P.1
Avner, P.2
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9
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0842346470
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Beyond sense: The role of antisense RNA in controlling Xist expression
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Brown C.J., Chow J.C. Beyond sense: the role of antisense RNA in controlling Xist expression. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 14:2003;341-347
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(2003)
Semin Cell Dev Biol
, vol.14
, pp. 341-347
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Brown, C.J.1
Chow, J.C.2
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10
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1442338339
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The region 3′ to Xist mediates X chromosome counting and H3 Lys-4 dimethylation within the Xist gene
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Using a targeted deletion and transgenic add-back approach, this study refines the 65-kb candidate region responsible for counting to a 20-kb bipartite domain within a 37-kb region lying 3′ to Xist. Counting elements are functionally separable from the Tsix promoter and Xite, both of which are involved in choice. Furthermore, the 65-kb deletion leads to aberrant X inactivation in XY cells, thus excluding the involvement of sex-specific mechanisms in the initiation of X inactivation. Deletion of the counting region also affects H3 Lys-4 methylation within the Xist gene.
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Morey C., Navarro P., Debrand E., Avner P., Rougeulle C., Clerc P. The region 3′ to Xist mediates X chromosome counting and H3 Lys-4 dimethylation within the Xist gene. EMBO J. 23:2004;594-604 Using a targeted deletion and transgenic add-back approach, this study refines the 65-kb candidate region responsible for counting to a 20-kb bipartite domain within a 37-kb region lying 3′ to Xist. Counting elements are functionally separable from the Tsix promoter and Xite, both of which are involved in choice. Furthermore, the 65-kb deletion leads to aberrant X inactivation in XY cells, thus excluding the involvement of sex-specific mechanisms in the initiation of X inactivation. Deletion of the counting region also affects H3 Lys-4 methylation within the Xist gene.
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(2004)
EMBO J
, vol.23
, pp. 594-604
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Morey, C.1
Navarro, P.2
Debrand, E.3
Avner, P.4
Rougeulle, C.5
Clerc, P.6
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11
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0041319540
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Skewing X chromosome choice by modulating sense transcription across the Xist locus
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Nesterova T.B., Johnston C.M., Appanah R., Newall A.E., Godwin J., Alexiou M., Brockdorff N. Skewing X chromosome choice by modulating sense transcription across the Xist locus. Genes Dev. 17:2003;2177-2190
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(2003)
Genes Dev
, vol.17
, pp. 2177-2190
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Nesterova, T.B.1
Johnston, C.M.2
Appanah, R.3
Newall, A.E.4
Godwin, J.5
Alexiou, M.6
Brockdorff, N.7
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12
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0035964420
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A functional role for Tsix transcription in blocking Xist RNA accumulation but not in X-chromosome choice
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Stavropoulos N., Lu N., Lee J.T. A functional role for Tsix transcription in blocking Xist RNA accumulation but not in X-chromosome choice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:2001;10232-103237
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(2001)
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
, vol.98
, pp. 10232-103237
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Stavropoulos, N.1
Lu, N.2
Lee, J.T.3
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13
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0037349309
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Xite, X-inactivation intergenic transcription elements that regulate the probability of choice
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This study identifies a cis element in the mouse Xic that regulates Tsix. Xite harbours intergenic transcription start sites and DNaseI hypersensitive sites with allelic differences. Deletion of Xite down-regulates Tsix in cis and skews X inactivation ratios, suggesting that Xite promotes Tsix persistence on the active X. Truncating Xite RNA has no affect on Xite action, demonstrating that it does not require intact transcripts.
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Ogawa Y., Lee J.T. Xite, X-inactivation intergenic transcription elements that regulate the probability of choice. Mol Cell. 11:2003;731-743 This study identifies a cis element in the mouse Xic that regulates Tsix. Xite harbours intergenic transcription start sites and DNaseI hypersensitive sites with allelic differences. Deletion of Xite down-regulates Tsix in cis and skews X inactivation ratios, suggesting that Xite promotes Tsix persistence on the active X. Truncating Xite RNA has no affect on Xite action, demonstrating that it does not require intact transcripts.
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(2003)
Mol Cell
, vol.11
, pp. 731-743
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Ogawa, Y.1
Lee, J.T.2
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14
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0036073174
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Comparative sequence analysis of the X-inactivation center region in mouse, human, and bovine
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Chureau C., Prissette M., Bourdet A., Barbe V., Cattolico L., Jones L., Eggen A., Avner P., Duret L. Comparative sequence analysis of the X-inactivation center region in mouse, human, and bovine. Genome Res. 12:2002;894-908
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(2002)
Genome Res
, vol.12
, pp. 894-908
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Chureau, C.1
Prissette, M.2
Bourdet, A.3
Barbe, V.4
Cattolico, L.5
Jones, L.6
Eggen, A.7
Avner, P.8
Duret, L.9
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15
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0036993322
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Enox, a novel gene that maps 10 kb upstream of Xist and partially escapes X inactivation
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Johnston C.M., Newall A.E., Brockdorff N., Nesterova T.B. Enox, a novel gene that maps 10 kb upstream of Xist and partially escapes X inactivation. Genomics. 80:2002;236-244
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(2002)
Genomics
, vol.80
, pp. 236-244
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Johnston, C.M.1
Newall, A.E.2
Brockdorff, N.3
Nesterova, T.B.4
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16
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0035861875
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Methylation of histone H3 at Lys-9 is an early mark on the X chromosome during X-inactivation
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Heard E., Rougeulle C., Arnaud D., Avner P., Allis C.D., Spector D.L. Methylation of histone H3 at Lys-9 is an early mark on the X chromosome during X-inactivation. Cell. 107:2001;727-738
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(2001)
Cell
, vol.107
, pp. 727-738
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Heard, E.1
Rougeulle, C.2
Arnaud, D.3
Avner, P.4
Allis, C.D.5
Spector, D.L.6
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17
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0033577693
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A developmental switch in H4 acetylation upstream of Xist plays a role in X chromosome inactivation
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O'Neill L.P., Keohane A., Lavender J., McCabe V., Heard E., Avner P., Brockdorff N., Turner B.M. A developmental switch in H4 acetylation upstream of Xist plays a role in X chromosome inactivation. EMBO J. 18:1999;2897-2907
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(1999)
EMBO J
, vol.18
, pp. 2897-2907
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O'Neill, L.P.1
Keohane, A.2
Lavender, J.3
McCabe, V.4
Heard, E.5
Avner, P.6
Brockdorff, N.7
Turner, B.M.8
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18
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0037059554
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CTCF, a candidate trans-acting factor for X-inactivation choice
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Chao W., Huynh K.D., Spencer R.J., Davidow L.S., Lee J.T. CTCF, a candidate trans-acting factor for X-inactivation choice. Science. 295:2002;345-347
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(2002)
Science
, vol.295
, pp. 345-347
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Chao, W.1
Huynh, K.D.2
Spencer, R.J.3
Davidow, L.S.4
Lee, J.T.5
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19
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0037052541
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Autosomal dominant mutations affecting X inactivation choice in the mouse
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In this study, chemical mutagenesis is performed in a genetic screen to identify specific factors involved in X inactivation. The screen takes advantage of allelism at the Xce locus, which is a classic mouse model of choice, enabling quantitation of effects of new mutants on non-random X inactivation. Two genetically distinct autosomal mutations with dominant effects on X-inactivation choice during early embryogenesis are identified: X-inactivation autosomal factors (Xiaf)1 and 2. This work presents the first direct genetic evidence that autosomal factors are involved in the initiation of X inactivation.
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Percec I., Plenge R.M., Nadeau J.H., Bartolomei M.S., Willard H. Autosomal dominant mutations affecting X inactivation choice in the mouse. Science. 296:2002;1136-1139 In this study, chemical mutagenesis is performed in a genetic screen to identify specific factors involved in X inactivation. The screen takes advantage of allelism at the Xce locus, which is a classic mouse model of choice, enabling quantitation of effects of new mutants on non-random X inactivation. Two genetically distinct autosomal mutations with dominant effects on X-inactivation choice during early embryogenesis are identified: X-inactivation autosomal factors (Xiaf)1 and 2. This work presents the first direct genetic evidence that autosomal factors are involved in the initiation of X inactivation.
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(2002)
Science
, vol.296
, pp. 1136-1139
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Percec, I.1
Plenge, R.M.2
Nadeau, J.H.3
Bartolomei, M.S.4
Willard, H.5
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20
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0033637110
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A shift from reversible to irreversible X inactivation is triggered during ES cell differentiation
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Wutz A., Jaenisch R. A shift from reversible to irreversible X inactivation is triggered during ES cell differentiation. Mol Cell. 5:2000;695-705
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(2000)
Mol Cell
, vol.5
, pp. 695-705
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Wutz, A.1
Jaenisch, R.2
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21
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0036479009
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Chromosomal silencing and localization are mediated by different domains of Xist RNA
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An important study that characterizes the functional domains of the Xist transcript. The strategy involves the use of 48 inducible Xist cDNA transgenes carrying different deletions, all targeted into the same site on the X chromosome to avoid variation due to position effects. Xist RNA chromosome coating and silencing activities are found to be distinct. The silencing domain corresponds to a conserved region at the 5′ end of the Xist transcript and consists of 7.5 repeated units, each predicted to contain two RNA stem loops. Domains involved in chromosome coating are dispersed throughout the Xist transcript, are functionally redundant and show no common sequence homology. Some of these localisation regions are also found to be important for macroH2A.
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Wutz A., Rasmussen T.P., Jaenisch R. Chromosomal silencing and localization are mediated by different domains of Xist RNA. Nat Genet. 30:2002;1-8 An important study that characterizes the functional domains of the Xist transcript. The strategy involves the use of 48 inducible Xist cDNA transgenes carrying different deletions, all targeted into the same site on the X chromosome to avoid variation due to position effects. Xist RNA chromosome coating and silencing activities are found to be distinct. The silencing domain corresponds to a conserved region at the 5′ end of the Xist transcript and consists of 7.5 repeated units, each predicted to contain two RNA stem loops. Domains involved in chromosome coating are dispersed throughout the Xist transcript, are functionally redundant and show no common sequence homology. Some of these localisation regions are also found to be important for macroH2A.
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(2002)
Nat Genet
, vol.30
, pp. 1-8
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Wutz, A.1
Rasmussen, T.P.2
Jaenisch, R.3
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22
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18744372123
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BRCA1 supports XIST RNA concentration on the inactive X chromosome
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This study describes the exciting finding that BRCA1, a breast and ovarian tumor suppressor, is important for XIST RNA chromosome localization. Breast and ovarian carcinoma cells lacking BRCA1 show a lack of XIST RNA coating; re-expression of the BRCA1 protein leads to relocalization of XIST RNA to the X chromosome. Cells lacking BRCA1 also show some evidence of defects in Xi chromatin structure, suggesting that this protein may be involved in maintenance of the inactive state.
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Ganesan S., Silver D.P., Greenberg R.A., Avni D., Drapkin R., Miron A., Mok S.C., Randrianarison V., Brodie S., Salstrom J., et al. BRCA1 supports XIST RNA concentration on the inactive X chromosome. Cell. 111:2002;393-405 This study describes the exciting finding that BRCA1, a breast and ovarian tumor suppressor, is important for XIST RNA chromosome localization. Breast and ovarian carcinoma cells lacking BRCA1 show a lack of XIST RNA coating; re-expression of the BRCA1 protein leads to relocalization of XIST RNA to the X chromosome. Cells lacking BRCA1 also show some evidence of defects in Xi chromatin structure, suggesting that this protein may be involved in maintenance of the inactive state.
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(2002)
Cell
, vol.111
, pp. 393-405
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Ganesan, S.1
Silver, D.P.2
Greenberg, R.A.3
Avni, D.4
Drapkin, R.5
Miron, A.6
Mok, S.C.7
Randrianarison, V.8
Brodie, S.9
Salstrom, J.10
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23
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0035839136
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Translating the histone code
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Jenuwein T., Allis C.D. Translating the histone code. Science. 293:2001;1074-1080
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(2001)
Science
, vol.293
, pp. 1074-1080
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Jenuwein, T.1
Allis, C.D.2
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24
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0036850325
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Cellular memory and the histone code
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Turner B.M. Cellular memory and the histone code. Cell. 111:2002;285-291
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(2002)
Cell
, vol.111
, pp. 285-291
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Turner, B.M.1
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25
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0036337759
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Differentially methylated forms of histone H3 show unique association patterns with inactive human X chromosomes
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Boggs B.A., Cheung P., Heard E., Spector D.L., Chinault A.C., Allis C.D. Differentially methylated forms of histone H3 show unique association patterns with inactive human X chromosomes. Nat Genet. 30:2002;73-76
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(2002)
Nat Genet
, vol.30
, pp. 73-76
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Boggs, B.A.1
Cheung, P.2
Heard, E.3
Spector, D.L.4
Chinault, A.C.5
Allis, C.D.6
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26
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0344530944
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Integrated kinetics of X chromosome inactivation in differentiating embryonic stem cells
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Chaumeil J., Okamoto I., Guggiari M., Heard E. Integrated kinetics of X chromosome inactivation in differentiating embryonic stem cells. Cytogenet Genome Res. 99:2002;75-84
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(2002)
Cytogenet Genome Res
, vol.99
, pp. 75-84
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Chaumeil, J.1
Okamoto, I.2
Guggiari, M.3
Heard, E.4
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27
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0037387711
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Establishment of histone H3 methylation on the inactive X chromosome requires transient recruitment of Eed-Enx1 polycomb group complexes
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This study demonstrates that recruitment of Eed-Enx1(Ezh2) to the Xi occurs during random X inactivation in the embryo proper. Localization of Eed-Enx1 complexes to Xi occurs very early, at the onset of Xist expression, but then disappears as differentiation and development progress. In Eed mutant mice, Enx1 can no longer be recruited to the Xi and Eed-Enx1 is found to be required to establish methylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 on Xi. This, in turn, appears to be required to stabilize the Xi chromatin structure, as histone re-acetylation and sporadic X-linked gene reactivation on the Xi is observed in some cells.
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Silva J., Mak W., Zvetkova I., Appanah R., Nesterova T.B., Webster Z., Peters A.H., Jenuwein T., Otte A.P., Brockdorff N. Establishment of histone H3 methylation on the inactive X chromosome requires transient recruitment of Eed-Enx1 polycomb group complexes. Dev Cell. 4:2003;481-495 This study demonstrates that recruitment of Eed-Enx1(Ezh2) to the Xi occurs during random X inactivation in the embryo proper. Localization of Eed-Enx1 complexes to Xi occurs very early, at the onset of Xist expression, but then disappears as differentiation and development progress. In Eed mutant mice, Enx1 can no longer be recruited to the Xi and Eed-Enx1 is found to be required to establish methylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 on Xi. This, in turn, appears to be required to stabilize the Xi chromatin structure, as histone re-acetylation and sporadic X-linked gene reactivation on the Xi is observed in some cells.
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(2003)
Dev Cell
, vol.4
, pp. 481-495
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Silva, J.1
Mak, W.2
Zvetkova, I.3
Appanah, R.4
Nesterova, T.B.5
Webster, Z.6
Peters, A.H.7
Jenuwein, T.8
Otte, A.P.9
Brockdorff, N.10
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28
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0242668706
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Role of histone H3 lysine 27 methylation in X inactivation
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••], this study demonstrates the transient recruitment of the Eed-Enx1(Ezh2) complex to the Xi during initiation of X inactivation in both extra-embryonic and embryonic cells, accompanied by H3-K27 methylation. Evidence is also provided that recruitment of the complex and methylation on the Xi depend on Xist RNA coating, but are independent of Xist's silencing function. Together, these studies demonstrate a role for Eed-Enx1(Ezh2)-mediated H3-K27 methylation during the early stages of both imprinted and random X inactivation and show that although H3-K27 methylation is not sufficient for silencing of the Xi, it may be involved in the early maintenance of the inactive state.
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••], this study demonstrates the transient recruitment of the Eed-Enx1(Ezh2) complex to the Xi during initiation of X inactivation in both extra-embryonic and embryonic cells, accompanied by H3-K27 methylation. Evidence is also provided that recruitment of the complex and methylation on the Xi depend on Xist RNA coating, but are independent of Xist's silencing function. Together, these studies demonstrate a role for Eed-Enx1(Ezh2)-mediated H3-K27 methylation during the early stages of both imprinted and random X inactivation and show that although H3-K27 methylation is not sufficient for silencing of the Xi, it may be involved in the early maintenance of the inactive state.
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(2003)
Science
, vol.300
, pp. 131-135
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Plath, K.1
Fang, J.2
Mlynarczyk-Evans, S.K.3
Cao, R.4
Worringer, K.A.5
Wang, H.6
De La Cruz, C.C.7
Otte, A.P.8
Panning, B.9
Zhang, Y.10
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29
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0042379770
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Chromatin of the Barr body: Histone and non-histone proteins associated with or excluded from the inactive X chromosome
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An up-to-date evaluation of the various histone variants, histone modifications and non-histone proteins on the human inactive X chromosome.
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Chadwick B.P., Willard H.F. Chromatin of the Barr body: histone and non-histone proteins associated with or excluded from the inactive X chromosome. Hum Mol Genet. 12:2003;2167-2178 An up-to-date evaluation of the various histone variants, histone modifications and non-histone proteins on the human inactive X chromosome.
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(2003)
Hum Mol Genet
, vol.12
, pp. 2167-2178
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Chadwick, B.P.1
Willard, H.F.2
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30
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0042131581
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X-linked genes in female embryonic stem cells carry an epigenetic mark prior to the onset of X inactivation
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Chromatin immunoprecipitation is used to follow changes in histone modifications on the X chromosome before and after X inactivation. Evidence is presented for X-chromosome-specific hyperacetylation of all core histones, hyper(di)methylation of H3 lysine 4 and hypo(di)methylation of H3 lysine 9, compared with autosomal genes or genes on the single active X in XY male cells in undifferentiated XX ES cells. After the onset of X inactivation, hypoacetylation of all four core histones, hypo(di)methylation of H3K4 and hyper(di)methylation of H3K9 are found. It is proposed that X-linked genes are selectively marked in female ES cells in a way that distinguishes them from the equivalent genes in males.
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O'Neill L.P., Randall T.E., Lavender J., Spotswood H.T., Lee J.T., Turner B.M. X-linked genes in female embryonic stem cells carry an epigenetic mark prior to the onset of X inactivation. Hum Mol Genet. 12:2003;1783-1790 Chromatin immunoprecipitation is used to follow changes in histone modifications on the X chromosome before and after X inactivation. Evidence is presented for X-chromosome-specific hyperacetylation of all core histones, hyper(di)methylation of H3 lysine 4 and hypo(di)methylation of H3 lysine 9, compared with autosomal genes or genes on the single active X in XY male cells in undifferentiated XX ES cells. After the onset of X inactivation, hypoacetylation of all four core histones, hypo(di)methylation of H3K4 and hyper(di)methylation of H3K9 are found. It is proposed that X-linked genes are selectively marked in female ES cells in a way that distinguishes them from the equivalent genes in males.
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(2003)
Hum Mol Genet
, vol.12
, pp. 1783-1790
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O'Neill, L.P.1
Randall, T.E.2
Lavender, J.3
Spotswood, H.T.4
Lee, J.T.5
Turner, B.M.6
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31
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0348013083
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Promoter-restricted H3 Lys 4 di-methylation is an epigenetic mark for monoallelic expression
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A profile of H3K4 di-methylation that is specific for monoallelically expressed genes is described in this study. X-linked genes subject to X-inactivation as well as autosomal imprinted genes have di-methylated H3K4 restricted to their promoter regions. In contrast, high levels of H3K4 di-methylation are found in both promoters and exonic parts of autosomal genes and of X-linked genes that escape X-inactivation. This pattern of promoter-restricted H3 Lys 4 di-methylation could thus represent an epigenetic mark for monoallelically expressed genes.
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Rougeulle C., Navarro P., Avner P. Promoter-restricted H3 Lys 4 di-methylation is an epigenetic mark for monoallelic expression. Hum Mol Genet. 12:2003;3343-3348 A profile of H3K4 di-methylation that is specific for monoallelically expressed genes is described in this study. X-linked genes subject to X-inactivation as well as autosomal imprinted genes have di-methylated H3K4 restricted to their promoter regions. In contrast, high levels of H3K4 di-methylation are found in both promoters and exonic parts of autosomal genes and of X-linked genes that escape X-inactivation. This pattern of promoter-restricted H3 Lys 4 di-methylation could thus represent an epigenetic mark for monoallelically expressed genes.
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(2003)
Hum Mol Genet
, vol.12
, pp. 3343-3348
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Rougeulle, C.1
Navarro, P.2
Avner, P.3
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32
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0037172659
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Mitotically stable association of polycomb group proteins Eed and Enx1 with the inactive X chromosome in trophoblast stem cells
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Mak W., Baxter J., Silva J., Newall A.E., Otte A.P., Brockdorff N. Mitotically stable association of polycomb group proteins Eed and Enx1 with the inactive X chromosome in trophoblast stem cells. Curr Biol. 12:2002;1016-1020
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(2002)
Curr Biol
, vol.12
, pp. 1016-1020
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Mak, W.1
Baxter, J.2
Silva, J.3
Newall, A.E.4
Otte, A.P.5
Brockdorff, N.6
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33
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0042310137
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Consequences of the depletion of zygotic and embryonic enhancer of zeste 2 during preimplantation mouse development
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Using a conditional allele of Ezh2 to deplete the oocyte of maternal inheritance, this study shows that Ezh2 has important and diverse roles during early development. It appears to be involved in establishing a unique epigenetic state and plasticity in the embryonic lineage, explaining why loss of Ezh2 is early-embryonic-lethal, and it is also involved in the establishment of the first differentiated cells, the trophectoderm, and of the pluripotent epiblast cells.
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Erhardt S., Su I.H., Schneider R., Barton S., Bannister A.J., Perez-Burgos L., Jenuwein T., Kouzarides T., Tarakhovsky A., Surani M.A. Consequences of the depletion of zygotic and embryonic enhancer of zeste 2 during preimplantation mouse development. Development. 130:2003;4235-4348 Using a conditional allele of Ezh2 to deplete the oocyte of maternal inheritance, this study shows that Ezh2 has important and diverse roles during early development. It appears to be involved in establishing a unique epigenetic state and plasticity in the embryonic lineage, explaining why loss of Ezh2 is early-embryonic-lethal, and it is also involved in the establishment of the first differentiated cells, the trophectoderm, and of the pluripotent epiblast cells.
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(2003)
Development
, vol.130
, pp. 4235-4348
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Erhardt, S.1
Su, I.H.2
Schneider, R.3
Barton, S.4
Bannister, A.J.5
Perez-Burgos, L.6
Jenuwein, T.7
Kouzarides, T.8
Tarakhovsky, A.9
Surani, M.A.10
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34
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0036532114
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Programming off and on states in chromatin: Mechanisms of Polycomb and trithorax group complexes
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Simon J.A., Tamkun J.W. Programming off and on states in chromatin: mechanisms of Polycomb and trithorax group complexes. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 12:2002;210-218
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(2002)
Curr Opin Genet Dev
, vol.12
, pp. 210-218
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Simon, J.A.1
Tamkun, J.W.2
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35
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0141785202
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••] to examine preimplantation mouse embryos from the morula stage onwards. They show that the paternal X chromosome is inactivated in all cells by the blastocyst stage, but becomes reactivated in cells allocated to the ICM.
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