메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 376-385

Stem cell treatment for Parkinson's disease: An update for 2005

Author keywords

Neural transplantation; Parkinson's disease; Stem cell

Indexed keywords

BASIC FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; ESTRADIOL; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 8; HORMONE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; LEVODOPA; SONIC HEDGEHOG PROTEIN;

EID: 23344449323     PISSN: 13507540     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.wco.0000174298.27765.91     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (99)

References (54)
  • 1
    • 3142521479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stem cell therapy for human neurodegenerative disorders - How to make it work
    • Lindvall O, Kokaia Z, Martinez-Serrano A. Stem cell therapy for human neurodegenerative disorders - how to make it work. Nat Med 2004; 10:542-550. This paper elegantly summarizes the current knowledge and procedures for generating dopamine neurons from the different types of stem cells.
    • (2004) Nat Med , vol.10 , pp. 542-550
    • Lindvall, O.1    Kokaia, Z.2    Martinez-Serrano, A.3
  • 2
    • 0037133311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Will embryonic stem cells be a useful source of dopamine neurons for transplant into patients with Parkinson's disease?
    • Freed CR. Will embryonic stem cells be a useful source of dopamine neurons for transplant into patients with Parkinson's disease? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99:1755-1757.
    • (2002) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.99 , pp. 1755-1757
    • Freed, C.R.1
  • 3
    • 0037333666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease
    • Braak H, Tredici KD, Rub U, et al. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2003; 24:197-211.
    • (2003) Neurobiol Aging , vol.24 , pp. 197-211
    • Braak, H.1    Tredici, K.D.2    Rub, U.3
  • 4
    • 0032497504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parkinson's disease. First of two parts
    • Lang AE, Lozano AM. Parkinson's disease. First of two parts. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:1044-1053.
    • (1998) N Engl J Med , vol.339 , pp. 1044-1053
    • Lang, A.E.1    Lozano, A.M.2
  • 5
    • 0029981526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropathology of Parkinson's disease
    • Forno LS. Neuropathology of Parkinson's disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1996; 55:259-272.
    • (1996) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.55 , pp. 259-272
    • Forno, L.S.1
  • 6
    • 0034973443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An algorithm (decision tree) for the management of Parkinson's disease (2001): Treatment guidelines
    • Olanow CW, Watts RL, Koller WC. An algorithm (decision tree) for the management of Parkinson's disease (2001): treatment guidelines. Neurology 2001; 56 (suppl 5):1-88.
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.56 , Issue.SUPPL. 5 , pp. 1-88
    • Olanow, C.W.1    Watts, R.L.2    Koller, W.C.3
  • 7
    • 0347133331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection in Parkinson disease: Mysteries, myths, and misconceptions
    • Schapira AH, Olanow CW. Neuroprotection in Parkinson disease: mysteries, myths, and misconceptions. JAMA 2004; 291:358-364. This paper reviews current approaches to neuroprotection for Parkinson's disease.
    • (2004) JAMA , vol.291 , pp. 358-364
    • Schapira, A.H.1    Olanow, C.W.2
  • 8
    • 0030041034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fetal nigral transplantation as a therapy for Parkinson's disease
    • Olanow CW, Freeman TB, Kordower JH. Fetal nigral transplantation as a therapy for Parkinson's disease. Trends Neurosci 1996; 19:102-109.
    • (1996) Trends Neurosci , vol.19 , pp. 102-109
    • Olanow, C.W.1    Freeman, T.B.2    Kordower, J.H.3
  • 9
    • 0018695489 scopus 로고
    • Reconstruction of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway by intracerebral nigral transplants
    • Bjorklund A, Stenevi U. Reconstruction of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway by intracerebral nigral transplants. Brain Res 1979; 177:555-560.
    • (1979) Brain Res , vol.177 , pp. 555-560
    • Bjorklund, A.1    Stenevi, U.2
  • 10
    • 0018778418 scopus 로고
    • Brain grafts reduce motor abnormalities produced by destruction of nigrostriatal dopamine system
    • Perlow MJ, Freed WJ, Hoffer BJ, et al. Brain grafts reduce motor abnormalities produced by destruction of nigrostriatal dopamine system. Science 1979; 204:643-647.
    • (1979) Science , vol.204 , pp. 643-647
    • Perlow, M.J.1    Freed, W.J.2    Hoffer, B.J.3
  • 11
    • 0022574878 scopus 로고
    • Fetal neuronal grafts in monkeys given methylphenyltetrahydropyridine
    • Redmond DE, Sladek JR Jr, Roth RH, et al. Fetal neuronal grafts in monkeys given methylphenyltetrahydropyridine. Lancet 1986; 1:1125-1127.
    • (1986) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1125-1127
    • Redmond, D.E.1    Sladek Jr., J.R.2    Roth, R.H.3
  • 12
    • 0026443974 scopus 로고
    • Survival of implanted fetal dopamine cells and neurologic improvement 12 to 46 months after transplantation for Parkinson's disease
    • Freed CR, Breeze RE, Rosenberg NL, et al. Survival of implanted fetal dopamine cells and neurologic improvement 12 to 46 months after transplantation for Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:1549-1555.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.327 , pp. 1549-1555
    • Freed, C.R.1    Breeze, R.E.2    Rosenberg, N.L.3
  • 13
    • 0025058215 scopus 로고
    • Grafts of fetal dopamine neurons survive and improve motor function in Parkinson's disease
    • Lindvall O, Brundin P, Widner H, et al. Grafts of fetal dopamine neurons survive and improve motor function in Parkinson's disease. Science 1990; 247:574-577.
    • (1990) Science , vol.247 , pp. 574-577
    • Lindvall, O.1    Brundin, P.2    Widner, H.3
  • 14
    • 0026584525 scopus 로고
    • Transplantation of fetal dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease: One-year clinical and neurophysiological observations in two patients with putaminal implants
    • Lindvall O, Widner H, Rehncrona S, et al. Transplantation of fetal dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease: one-year clinical and neurophysiological observations in two patients with putaminal implants. Ann Neurol 1992; 31:155-165.
    • (1992) Ann Neurol , vol.31 , pp. 155-165
    • Lindvall, O.1    Widner, H.2    Rehncrona, S.3
  • 15
    • 0029160456 scopus 로고
    • Bilateral fetal nigral transplantation into the postcommissural putamen in Parkinson's Disease
    • Freeman TB, Olanow CW, Hauser RA, et al. Bilateral fetal nigral transplantation into the postcommissural putamen in Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurol 1995; 38:379-388.
    • (1995) Ann Neurol , vol.38 , pp. 379-388
    • Freeman, T.B.1    Olanow, C.W.2    Hauser, R.A.3
  • 16
    • 0033491121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine release from nigral transplants visualized in vivo in a Parkinson's patient
    • Piccini P, Brooks DJ, Bjorklund A, et al. Dopamine release from nigral transplants visualized in vivo in a Parkinson's patient. Nat Neurosci 1999; 2:1137-1140.
    • (1999) Nat Neurosci , vol.2 , pp. 1137-1140
    • Piccini, P.1    Brooks, D.J.2    Bjorklund, A.3
  • 17
    • 0028911848 scopus 로고
    • Neuropathologic evidence of graft survival and striatal reinnervation after the transplantation of fetal mesencephalic tissue in a patient with Parkinson's disease
    • Kordower JH, Freeman TB, Snow BJ, et al. Neuropathologic evidence of graft survival and striatal reinnervation after the transplantation of fetal mesencephalic tissue in a patient with Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:1118-1124.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.332 , pp. 1118-1124
    • Kordower, J.H.1    Freeman, T.B.2    Snow, B.J.3
  • 18
    • 8944230650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional fetal nigral grafts in a patient with Parkinson's disease: Chemoanatomic, quantitative, ultrastructural, and metabolic studies
    • Kordower JH, Rosenstein JM, Collier TM, et al. Functional fetal nigral grafts in a patient with Parkinson's disease: chemoanatomic, quantitative, ultrastructural, and metabolic studies. J Comp Neurol 1996; 370:203-230.
    • (1996) J Comp Neurol , vol.370 , pp. 203-230
    • Kordower, J.H.1    Rosenstein, J.M.2    Collier, T.M.3
  • 19
    • 0035826089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transplantation of embryonic dopamine neurons for severe Parkinson's disease
    • Freed CR, Greene PE, Breeze RE, et al. Transplantation of embryonic dopamine neurons for severe Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:710-719.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.344 , pp. 710-719
    • Freed, C.R.1    Greene, P.E.2    Breeze, R.E.3
  • 20
    • 0042837887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double-blind controlled trial of bilateral fetal nigral transplantation in Parkinson's disease
    • Olanow CW, Goetz CG, Kordower JH, et al. A double-blind controlled trial of bilateral fetal nigral transplantation in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2003; 54:403-414.
    • (2003) Ann Neurol , vol.54 , pp. 403-414
    • Olanow, C.W.1    Goetz, C.G.2    Kordower, J.H.3
  • 21
    • 0034105443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Porcine xenografts in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease patients: Preliminary results
    • Fink JS, Schumacher JM, Ellias SL, et al. Porcine xenografts in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease patients: preliminary results. Cell Transplant 2000; 9:273-278.
    • (2000) Cell Transplant , vol.9 , pp. 273-278
    • Fink, J.S.1    Schumacher, J.M.2    Ellias, S.L.3
  • 22
    • 2542478946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implantation of Spheramine in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD)
    • Bakay RA, Raiser CD, Stover NP, et al. Implantation of Spheramine in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). Front Biosci 2004; 9:592-602.
    • (2004) Front Biosci , vol.9 , pp. 592-602
    • Bakay, R.A.1    Raiser, C.D.2    Stover, N.P.3
  • 23
    • 16644391771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Embryonic stem cells: A promising tool for cell replacement therapy
    • Doss MX, Koehler CI, Gissel C, et al. Embryonic stem cells: a promising tool for cell replacement therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2004; 8:465-473.
    • (2004) J Cell Mol Med , vol.8 , pp. 465-473
    • Doss, M.X.1    Koehler, C.I.2    Gissel, C.3
  • 24
    • 0037133163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Embryonic stem cells develop into functional dopaminergic neurons after transplantation in a Parkinson rat model
    • Bjorklund LM, Sanchez-Pernaute R, Chung S, et al. Embryonic stem cells develop into functional dopaminergic neurons after transplantation in a Parkinson rat model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99:2344-2349. This paper demonstrates elegantly that transplanted embryonic stem cells can survive and differentiate spontaneously into dopamine neurons and provide behavioral benefits in the 6-OHDA rodent.
    • (2002) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.99 , pp. 2344-2349
    • Bjorklund, L.M.1    Sanchez-Pernaute, R.2    Chung, S.3
  • 25
    • 5444227504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Midbrain-derived neural stem cells: From basic science to therapeutic approaches
    • Storch A, Sabolek M, Milosevic J, et al. Midbrain-derived neural stem cells: from basic science to therapeutic approaches. Cell Tissue Res 2004; 318:15-22. This is a detailed and thorough scientific review of the factors needed to develop neural stem cells for transplantation.
    • (2004) Cell Tissue Res , vol.318 , pp. 15-22
    • Storch, A.1    Sabolek, M.2    Milosevic, J.3
  • 26
    • 0035669496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manipulation of neural precursors in situ: Induction of neurogenesis in the neocortex of adult mice
    • Magavi SS, Macklis JD. Manipulation of neural precursors in situ: induction of neurogenesis in the neocortex of adult mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001; 25:816-835.
    • (2001) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.25 , pp. 816-835
    • Magavi, S.S.1    Macklis, J.D.2
  • 27
    • 0034712047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mammalian neural stem cells
    • Gage FH. Mammalian neural stem cells. Science 2000; 287:1433-1438.
    • (2000) Science , vol.287 , pp. 1433-1438
    • Gage, F.H.1
  • 28
    • 0038037721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for neurogenesis in the adult mamallian substantia nigra
    • Zhao M, Momma S, Delfani K, et al. Evidence for neurogenesis in the adult mamallian substantia nigra. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100:7925-7930.
    • (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.100 , pp. 7925-7930
    • Zhao, M.1    Momma, S.2    Delfani, K.3
  • 29
    • 0036703488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The adult substantia nigra contains progenitor cells with neurogenic potential
    • Lie DC, Dziewczapolski G, Willhoite AR, et al. The adult substantia nigra contains progenitor cells with neurogenic potential. J Neurosci 2002; 22:6639-6649.
    • (2002) J Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 6639-6649
    • Lie, D.C.1    Dziewczapolski, G.2    Willhoite, A.R.3
  • 30
    • 0035955934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Profound astrogenesis in the striatum of adult mice following nigrostriatal dopaminergic lesion by repeated MPTP administration
    • Mao L, Lau YS, Petroske E, Wang JQ. Profound astrogenesis in the striatum of adult mice following nigrostriatal dopaminergic lesion by repeated MPTP administration. Dev Brain Res 2001; 131:57-65.
    • (2001) Dev Brain Res , vol.131 , pp. 57-65
    • Mao, L.1    Lau, Y.S.2    Petroske, E.3    Wang, J.Q.4
  • 31
    • 4344592974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Derivation of midbrain dopamine neurons from human embryonic stem cells
    • Perrier AL, Tabar V, Barberi T, et al. Derivation of midbrain dopamine neurons from human embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101:12543-12548. The first demonstration that dopamine neurons can be induced to form from human embryonic stem cells.
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.101 , pp. 12543-12548
    • Perrier, A.L.1    Tabar, V.2    Barberi, T.3
  • 32
    • 0036546980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural induction, the default model and embryonic stem cells
    • Munoz-Sanjuan I, Brivanlou AH. Neural induction, the default model and embryonic stem cells. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002; 3:271-280.
    • (2002) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.3 , pp. 271-280
    • Munoz-Sanjuan, I.1    Brivanlou, A.H.2
  • 33
    • 0037566668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sonic hedgehog and FGF8 collaborate to induce dopaminergic phenotypes in the Nurr1-overexpressing neural stem cell
    • Kim TE, Lee HS, Lee YB, et al. Sonic hedgehog and FGF8 collaborate to induce dopaminergic phenotypes in the Nurr1-overexpressing neural stem cell. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 305:1040-1048.
    • (2003) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.305 , pp. 1040-1048
    • Kim, T.E.1    Lee, H.S.2    Lee, Y.B.3
  • 34
    • 20044383922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro and in vivo analyses of human embryonic stem cell-derived dopamine neurons
    • Park CH, Minn YK, Lee JY, et al. In vitro and in vivo analyses of human embryonic stem cell-derived dopamine neurons. J Neurochem 2005; 92:1265-1276.
    • (2005) J Neurochem , vol.92 , pp. 1265-1276
    • Park, C.H.1    Minn, Y.K.2    Lee, J.Y.3
  • 35
    • 9144257815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced in vitro midbrain dopamine neuron differentiation, dopaminergic function, neurite outgrowth, and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridium resistance in mouse embryonic stem cells overexpressing Bel-XL
    • Shim JW, Koh HC, Chang MY, et al. Enhanced in vitro midbrain dopamine neuron differentiation, dopaminergic function, neurite outgrowth, and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridium resistance in mouse embryonic stem cells overexpressing Bel-XL. J Neurosci 2004; 24:843-852.
    • (2004) J Neurosci , vol.24 , pp. 843-852
    • Shim, J.W.1    Koh, H.C.2    Chang, M.Y.3
  • 36
    • 2442645270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation and transplantation of dopaminergic neurons generated from mouse embryonic stem cells
    • Yoshizaki T, Inaji M, Kouike H, et al. Isolation and transplantation of dopaminergic neurons generated from mouse embryonic stem cells. Neurosci Lett 2004; 363:33-37.
    • (2004) Neurosci Lett , vol.363 , pp. 33-37
    • Yoshizaki, T.1    Inaji, M.2    Kouike, H.3
  • 37
    • 9644258607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural precursor cells differentiated from mouse embryonic stem cells relieve symptomatic motor behavior in a rat model of Parkinson's disease
    • Xu H, Fan X, Wu X, et al. Neural precursor cells differentiated from mouse embryonic stem cells relieve symptomatic motor behavior in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 326:115-122.
    • (2005) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.326 , pp. 115-122
    • Xu, H.1    Fan, X.2    Wu, X.3
  • 38
    • 85047689727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopaminergic neurons generated from monkey embryonic stem cells function in a Parkinson primate model
    • Takagi Y, Takahashi J, Saiki H, et al. Dopaminergic neurons generated from monkey embryonic stem cells function in a Parkinson primate model. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:102-109. This paper reports for the first time that stem cell transplantation can differentiate into dopamine neurons and provide clinical benefits in non-human primates.
    • (2005) J Clin Invest , vol.115 , pp. 102-109
    • Takagi, Y.1    Takahashi, J.2    Saiki, H.3
  • 39
    • 0036434257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural stem cells spontaneously express dopaminergic traits after transplantation into the intact or 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat
    • Yang M, Stull ND, Berk MA, et al. Neural stem cells spontaneously express dopaminergic traits after transplantation into the intact or 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat. Exp Neurol 2002; 177:50-60.
    • (2002) Exp Neurol , vol.177 , pp. 50-60
    • Yang, M.1    Stull, N.D.2    Berk, M.A.3
  • 40
    • 10044264235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The generation of dopaminergic neurons by human neural stem cells is enhanced by Bel-XL, both in vitro and in vivo
    • Liste I, Garcia-Garcia E, Martinez-Serrano A. The generation of dopaminergic neurons by human neural stem cells is enhanced by Bel-XL, both in vitro and in vivo. J Neurosci 2004; 24:10786-10795.
    • (2004) J Neurosci , vol.24 , pp. 10786-10795
    • Liste, I.1    Garcia-Garcia, E.2    Martinez-Serrano, A.3
  • 41
    • 0034845508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A clonal line of mesencephalic progenitor cells converted to dopamine neurons by hematopoietic cytokines: A source of cells for transplantation in Parkinson's disease
    • Carvey PM, Ling ZD, Sortwell CE, et al. A clonal line of mesencephalic progenitor cells converted to dopamine neurons by hematopoietic cytokines: a source of cells for transplantation in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2001; 171:98-108.
    • (2001) Exp Neurol , vol.171 , pp. 98-108
    • Carvey, P.M.1    Ling, Z.D.2    Sortwell, C.E.3
  • 42
    • 3042737682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct efficacy of pre-differentiated versus intact fetal mesencephalon-derived human neural progenitor cells in alleviating rat model of Parkinson's disease
    • Wang X, Lu Y, Zhang H, et al. Distinct efficacy of pre-differentiated versus intact fetal mesencephalon-derived human neural progenitor cells in alleviating rat model of Parkinson's disease. Int J Dev Neurosci 2004; 22:175-183.
    • (2004) Int J Dev Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 175-183
    • Wang, X.1    Lu, Y.2    Zhang, H.3
  • 43
    • 1542358854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differentiation and migration of long term expanded human neural progenitors in a partial lesion model of Parkinson's disease
    • Burnstein RM, Foltynie T, He X, et al. Differentiation and migration of long term expanded human neural progenitors in a partial lesion model of Parkinson's disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36:702-713.
    • (2004) Int J Biochem Cell Biol , vol.36 , pp. 702-713
    • Burnstein, R.M.1    Foltynie, T.2    He, X.3
  • 44
    • 2942592616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infusion of epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor into the striatum of parkinsonian rats leads to in vitro proliferation and differentiation of adult neural progenitor cells
    • Wang K, Wang JJ, Wang Y, et al. Infusion of epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor into the striatum of parkinsonian rats leads to in vitro proliferation and differentiation of adult neural progenitor cells. Neurosci Lett 2004; 364:154-158.
    • (2004) Neurosci Lett , vol.364 , pp. 154-158
    • Wang, K.1    Wang, J.J.2    Wang, Y.3
  • 45
    • 20044391236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estrogen promotes differentiation and survival of dopaminergic neurons derived from human neural stem cells
    • Kishi Y, Takahashi J, Koyanagi M, et al. Estrogen promotes differentiation and survival of dopaminergic neurons derived from human neural stem cells. J Neurosci Res 2005; 79:279-286.
    • (2005) J Neurosci Res , vol.79 , pp. 279-286
    • Kishi, Y.1    Takahashi, J.2    Koyanagi, M.3
  • 46
    • 3042769428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specific induction of neuronal cells from bone marrow stromal cells and application for autologous transplantation
    • Dezawa M, Kanno H, Hoshino M, et al. Specific induction of neuronal cells from bone marrow stromal cells and application for autologous transplantation. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:1701-1710.
    • (2004) J Clin Invest , vol.113 , pp. 1701-1710
    • Dezawa, M.1    Kanno, H.2    Hoshino, M.3
  • 47
    • 5044226229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transplantation of pig stem cells into rat brain: Proliferation during the first 8 weeks
    • Medicetty S, Bledsoe AR, Fahrenholtz CB, et al. Transplantation of pig stem cells into rat brain: proliferation during the first 8 weeks. Exp Neurol 2004; 190:32-41.
    • (2004) Exp Neurol , vol.190 , pp. 32-41
    • Medicetty, S.1    Bledsoe, A.R.2    Fahrenholtz, C.B.3
  • 48
    • 4444261100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An efficient and safe xeno-free cryopreservation method for the storage of human embryonic stem cells
    • Richards M, Fong CY, Tan S, et al. An efficient and safe xeno-free cryopreservation method for the storage of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2004; 22:779-789.
    • (2004) Stem Cells , vol.22 , pp. 779-789
    • Richards, M.1    Fong, C.Y.2    Tan, S.3
  • 49
    • 0034065380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving the survival of grafted dopaminergic neurons: A review of current approaches
    • Brundin P, Karlsson J, Emgard M, et al. Improving the survival of grafted dopaminergic neurons: a review of current approaches. Cell Transplant 2000; 9:179-195.
    • (2000) Cell Transplant , vol.9 , pp. 179-195
    • Brundin, P.1    Karlsson, J.2    Emgard, M.3
  • 50
    • 4644314827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Current controversies
    • Olanow CW, Agid Y, Mizuno Y, et al. Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: current controversies. Mov Disord 2004; 19:997-1005. This is an in-depth review of controversies in the use of levodopa in Parkinson's disease.
    • (2004) Mov Disord , vol.19 , pp. 997-1005
    • Olanow, C.W.1    Agid, Y.2    Mizuno, Y.3
  • 51
    • 19744378296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does levodopa slow or hasten the rate of progression of Parkinson disease? The results of the Elldopa study
    • Fahn S, Oakes D, Shoulson I, et al., Parkinson Study Group. Does levodopa slow or hasten the rate of progression of Parkinson disease? The results of the Elldopa study. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:2498-2508.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.351 , pp. 2498-2508
    • Fahn, S.1    Oakes, D.2    Shoulson, I.3
  • 52
    • 2542612292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time to move beyond nigrostriatal dopamine deficiency in Parkinson's disease
    • Lang AE, Obeso JA. Time to move beyond nigrostriatal dopamine deficiency in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2004; 55:761-765. An important article that discusses the limitations of pure dopaminergic therapies as treatments for Parkinson's disease where many patients suffer disability associated with degeneration in non-doparninergic regions.
    • (2004) Ann Neurol , vol.55 , pp. 761-765
    • Lang, A.E.1    Obeso, J.A.2
  • 53
    • 0031696407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subthalamic nucleus-mediated excitotoxicity in Parkinson's disease: A target for neuroprotection
    • Rodriguez MC, Obeso JA, Olanow CW. Subthalamic nucleus-mediated excitotoxicity in Parkinson's disease: a target for neuroprotection. Ann Neurol 1998; 44:175-188.
    • (1998) Ann Neurol , vol.44 , pp. 175-188
    • Rodriguez, M.C.1    Obeso, J.A.2    Olanow, C.W.3
  • 54
    • 3042794162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic exposure to proteasome inhibitors causes a progressive model of Parkinson's disease
    • McNaught KStP, Perl DP, Brownell A-L, Olanow CW. Systemic exposure to proteasome inhibitors causes a progressive model of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2004; 56:149-162.
    • (2004) Ann Neurol , vol.56 , pp. 149-162
    • McNaught, K.St.P.1    Perl, D.P.2    Brownell, A.-L.3    Olanow, C.W.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.