Simulation of prospective phytosterol intake in Germany by novel functional foods

British Journal of Nutrition

Volumn 93, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 377-385

  Kuhlmann, Karolin ^a   Lindtner, Oliver ^b   Bauch, Almut ^b   Ritter, Guido ^a   Woerner, Brigitte ^b   Niemann, Birgit ^b  

^a MÜNSTER UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES   (Germany)

^b FEDERAL INSTITUTE FOR RISK ASSESSMENT   (Germany)

Author keywords

Fortification; Functional ingredients; Intake simulation; Phytosterols; Safety assessment

Indexed keywords

OIL; PHYTOSTEROL;

ARTICLE; CHEESE; DAIRY PRODUCT; FAT INTAKE; FOOD INTAKE; FUNCTIONAL FOOD; GERMANY; MEAT; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; SATIETY; SIMULATION; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; DIET; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIET THERAPY; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION; STATISTICS;

DAIRY PRODUCTS; DIET; FOOD, FORTIFIED; GERMANY; HUMANS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION; MEAT PRODUCTS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PHYTOSTEROLS;

EID: 22144476565     PISSN: 00071145     EISSN: 14752662     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1079/BJN20041364     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Adolf T, Schneider R, Eberhardt W, et al. (1995) Ergebnisse der Nationalen Verzehrsstudie (1985-1988) über die Lebensmittel- und Nährstoffaufnahme in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. In VERA-Schriftenreihe Band XI (The German National Consumption Study (1985-89): Consumption of foods and nutrients in the Federal German Republic, in: VERA Study Volume XI) [W Kuebler, HJ Anders and W Heeschen, editors]. Niederkleen: Wissenschaftlicher Fachverlag Dr. Fleck.
2. AID-Auswertungs- und Informationsdienst für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten e.V. (AID - Assessment and information service for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry) (1991) MONICA - Mengenliste. AID Spezial 1, 1-41.
3. Ayesh R, Weststrate JA, Drewitt PN & Hepburn PA (1999) Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 5. Faecal short-chain fatty acid and microflora content, faecal bacterial enzyme activity and serum female sex hormones in healthy normolipidaemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterol ester-enriched margarine. Food Chem Toxicol 37, 1127-1138.
4. Baker VA, Hepburn PA, Kennedy SJ, Jones PA, Lea LJ, Sumpter JP & Ashby J (1999) Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 1. Assessment of oestrogenicity using a combination of in vivo and in vitro assays. Food Chem Toxicol 37, 13-22.
5. Colling M, Weggemann S, Doring A, Keil U & Wolfram G (1989) Nutrition survey of adults using a 7-day protocol - a pilot study in the Augsburg MONICA project. Offentl Gesundheitswes 51, 94-97.
6. Diplock AT, Aggett PJ, Ashwell M, Bornet F, Fern EB & Roberfroid MB (1999) Scientific concepts of functional foods in Europe. Consensus document. Br J Nutr 81, Suppl. 1, S1-S27.
7. Flynn A, Moreiras O, Stehle P, Fletcher RJ, Muller DJ & Rolland V (2003) Vitamins and minerals: a model for safe addition to foods. Eur J Nutr 42, 118-130.
8. Gylling H, Puska P, Vartiainen E & Miettinen TA (1999) Retinol, vitamin D, carotenes and alpha-tocopherol in serum of a moderately hypercholesterolemic population consuming sitostanol ester margarine. Atherosclerosis 145, 279-285.
9. Gylling H, Siimes MA & Miettinen TA (1995) Sitostanol ester margarine in dietary treatment of children with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res 36, 1807-1812.
10. Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES & Uusitupa MI (1999) Effects of low-fat stanol ester enriched margarines on concentrations of serum carotenoids in subjects with elevated serum cholesterol concentrations. Eur J Clin Nutr 53, 966-969.
11. Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES & Uusitupa MI (2000) Plant stanol esters affect serum cholesterol concentrations of hypercholesterolemic men and women in a dose-dependent manner. J Nutr 130, 767-776.
12. Hendriks HF, Weststrate JA, van Vliet T & Meijer GW (1999) Spreads enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 53, 319-327.
13. Hepburn PA, Horner SA & Smith M (1999) Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 2. Subchronic 90-day oral toxicity study on phytosterol esters - a novel functional food. Food Chem Toxicol 37, 521-532.
14. Hornstra G, Barth CA, Galli C, et al. (1998) Functional food science and the cardiovascular system. Br J Nutr 80, Suppl. 1, S113-S146.
15. Klemm C, Mathis G, Christ M, et al. (1999) Der Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel (The German Food Code and Nutrient Base) (BLS II.3). Konzeption, Aufbau und Dokumentation der Datenbank blsdat (Conception, structure and documentation of the data-base blsdat), BGW-Hefte 8, 5-45.
16. Kreuter MW, Brennan LK, Scharff DP & Lukwago SN (1997) Do nutrition label readers eat healthier diets? Behavioral correlates of adults' use of food labels. Am J Prev Med 13, 277-283.
17. Kroes R, Muller D, Lambe J, et al. (2002) Assessment of intake from the diet. Food Chem Toxicol 40, 327-385.
18. Law M (2000) Plant sterol and stanol margarines and health. BMJ 320, 861-864.
19. Mensink RP, Aro A, Den Hond E, German JB, Griffin BA, Ten Meer HU, Mutanen M, Pannemans D & Stahl W (2003) PASSCLAIM - diet-related cardiovascular disease. Eur J Nutr 42, Suppl. 1, 16-27.
20. Miller C & Brown J (1999) Knowledge and use of the food label among senior women in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr Health Aging 3, 152-157.
21. Milner JA (2000) Functional foods: the US perspective. Am J Clin Nutr 71, Suppl. 6, 1654S-1659S, discussion 1674S-1675S.
22. Nguyen TT (1999) The cholesterol-lowering action of plant stanol esters. J Nutr 129, 2109-2112.
23. Ostlund RE Jr, McGiIl JB, Zeng CM, Covey DF, Stearns J, Stenson WF & Spilburg CA (2002) Gastrointestinal absorption and plasma kinetics of soy Delta(5)-phytosterols and phytostanols in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282, E911-E916.
24. Raeini-Sarjaz M, Ntanios FY, Vanstone CA & Jones PJ (2002) No changes in serum fat-soluble vitamin and carotenoid concentrations with the intake of plant sterol/stanol esters in the context of a controlled diet. Metabolism 51, 652-656.
25. Raulio S, Nurttila A & Mannonen L (2001) Adding phytosterols and -stanols to food - modelling the amount received by Finnish adults. Publications of National Food Agency 10, 3-22.
26. Relas H, Gylling H & Miettinen TA (2001) Acute effect of dietary stanyl ester dose on post-absorptive alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, retinol and retinyl palmitate concentrations. Br J Nutr 85, 141-147.
27. Roberfroid MB (2000) Concepts and strategy of functional food science: the European perspective. Am J Clin Nutr 71, Suppl. 6, 1660S-1664S; discussion 1674S-1675S.
28. Sanders DJ, Minter HJ, Howes D & Hepburn PA (2000) The safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 6. The comparative absorption and tissue distribution of phytosterols in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 38, 485-491.
29. Scientific Committee on Food (2000) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Request for the Safety Assessment of the Use of Phytosterol Esters in Yellow Fat Spreads. Brussels: European Commission.
30. Scientific Committee on Food (2002a) General View of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Long-term Effects of the Intake of Elevated Levels of Phytosterols from Multiple Dietary Sources, with Particular Attention to the Effects on β-carotene. Brussels: European Commission.
31. Scientific Committee on Food (2002b) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on a Report on Post Launch Monitoring of 'Yellow Fat Spreads with Added Phytosterol Esters'. Brussels: European Commission.
32. Sudhop T, Gottwald BM & von Bergmann K (2002) Serum plant sterols as a potential risk factor for coronary heart disease. Metabolism 51, 1519-1521.
33. Tunstall-Pedoe H (1985) Monitoring trends in cardiovascular disease and risk factors: the WHO 'Monica' project. WHO Chron 39, 3-5.
34. Waalkens-Berendsen DH, Wolterbeek AP, Wijnands MV, Richold M & Hepburn PA (1999) Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 3. Two-generation reproduction study in rats with phytosterol esters - a novel functional food. Food Chem Toxicol 37, 683-696.
35. Walter P (2001) Towards ensuring the safety of vitamins and minerals. Toxicol Lett 120, 83-87.
36. Wester I (1999) Dose responsivness to plant stanol esters. Eur Heart J Suppl 1, Suppl. S, S104-S108.
37. Weststrate JA, Ayesh R, Bauer-Plank C & Drewitt PN (1999) Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 4. Faecal concentrations of bile acids and neutral sterols in healthy normolipidaemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterol ester-enriched margarine. Food Chem Toxicol 37, 1063-1071.
38. Weststrate JA & Meijer GW (1998) Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 52, 334-343.
39. Willet W (1998) Nutritional Epidemiology, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.