Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 2. Subchronic 90-day oral toxicity study on phytosterol esters - A novel functional food

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 37, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 521-532

  Hepburn, P A ^a   Horner, S A ^b   Smith, M ^a  

^a UNILEVER RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^b ASTRAZENECA   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

13 week feeding study; Novel food; Phytosterols; Plant sterols; Sitosterol; Subchronic toxicity

Indexed keywords

BRASSICASTEROL; CAMPESTEROL; PHYTOSTEROL; SITOSTANOL; SITOSTEROL; STIGMASTEROL;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BODY WEIGHT; CHRONIC TOXICITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FOOD; FOOD INTAKE; FOOD SAFETY; HISTOLOGY; MALE; NONHUMAN; RAT;

ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; ANIMALS; BODY WEIGHT; DIET; DRINKING; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; EATING; ESTERS; FEMALE; FOOD ADDITIVES; MALE; PHYTOSTEROLS; RATS; RATS, WISTAR; RISK ASSESSMENT; TOXICITY TESTS;

EID: 0033022211     PISSN: 02786915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0278-6915(99)00030-7     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. Alexander C., Day C.E. Distribution of serum lipoproteins of selected vertebrates. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 46B:1973;295-312.
2. Alfin-Slater R.B., Wells A.F., Aftergood L., Melnick D., Deuel H.J. The effect of plant sterols on cholesterol levels in the rat. Circulation Research. 2:1954;471-475.
3. American Institute of Nutrition (1997) Report of the American Institute of Nutrition Ad Hoc Committee on Standards for Nutrition Studies. Journal of Nutrition 107, 340.
4. American Institute of Nutrition (1980) Second Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Standards for Nutritional Studies. Journal of Nutrition 110, 1726.
5. Chapman M.J. Animal lipoproteins: chemistry, structure and comparative aspects. Journal of Lipid Research. 21:1980;789-848.
6. Heinemann T., Axtmann G., von Bergmann K. Comparison of intestinal absorption of cholesterol with different plant sterols in man. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 23:1993;827-831.
7. Ikeda I., Tanaka K., Sugano M., Vahouny G.V., Gallo L.L. Inhibition of cholesterol absorption in rats by plant sterols. Journal of Lipid Research. 29:1988;1573-1582.
8. Kottke B.A., Subbiah M.T.R. Sterol balance studies in patients on solid diets: comparison of two "nonabsorbable" markers. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 80:1972;530-538.
9. Lehmann R., Bhargava A.S., Gunzel P. Serum lipoprotein patterns in rats, dogs and monkeys including method comparison and influences of menstrual cycle in monkeys. European Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry. 31:1993;633-637.
10. Ling W.H., Jones P.J.H. Dietary phytosterols: a review of metabolism, benefits and side-effects. Life Sciences. 57:1995;196-206.
11. Lutjohann D., von Bergmann K. Phytosterolaemia: Diagnosis, characterisation and therapeutical approaches. Annals of Medicine. 29:1997;181-184.
12. Malini T., Vanithakumari G. Rat toxicity studies with β-sitosterol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 28:1990;221-234.
13. Morton G.M., Lee S.M., Buss D.H., Lawrance P. Intakes and major dietary sources of cholesterol and phytosterols in the British diet. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 8:1995;429-440.
14. Moundras C., Behr S.R., Remesy C., Demigne C. Fecal losses of sterols and bile acids induced by feeding rats guar gum are due to greater pool size and liver bile acid secretion. Journal of Nutrition. 127:1997;1068-1076.
15. Pollak O.J. Effects of plant sterols on serum lipids and atherosclerosis. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 31:1985;177-208.
16. Pollak O. J. and Kritchevsky D. (1981) Sitosterol. In Monographs on Atherosclerosis. Basel: S. Karger.
17. Salen G., Ahrens E.H. Jr, Grundy S.M. Metabolism of β-sitosterol in man. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 49:1970;952-967.
18. Shipley R.E., Pfeiffer R.R., Marsh M.M., Anderson R.C. Sitosterol feeding. Chronic animal and clinical toxicology and tissue analysis. Circulation Research. 6:1958;373-382.
19. Smith M. and Hepburn P. A. (1993) Experimental animal diets - toxicological implications in safety evaluation studies. In Food, Nutrition and Chemical Toxicity, ed. D. V. Parke, C. Ioannides and R. Walker. Smith-Gordon and Company Ltd.
20. Swell, Lboiter T.A., Field H., Treadwell C.R. The absorption of plant sterols and their effect on serum and liver sterol levels. Journal of Nutrition. 58:1956;385-398.
21. Tamagawa M., Shimuzu Y., Takahashi T., Otaka T., Kimra S., Kadowki H., Uda F., Miwa T. Carcinogenicity study of γ-oryzanol in F344 rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 30:1992;41-48.
22. 1 mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 30:1992;49-56.
23. Weststrate J.A., Meijer G.W. Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 52:1998;334-343.