Molecular advances in the cell biology of SARS-CoV and current disease prevention strategies

Virology Journal

Volumn 2, Issue , 2005, Pages

  Stark, Caren J ^a   Atreya, C D ^a  

^a CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; INACTIVATED VIRUS VACCINE; LIVE VACCINE; VIRUS SPIKE PROTEIN;

ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CYTOLOGY; EPIDEMIC; HOST CELL; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MOLECULAR CLONING; NONHUMAN; PATIENT CARE; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; REVIEW; SARS CORONAVIRUS; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VACCINATION; VIRUS ATTENUATION; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS INFECTIVITY;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; SARS VIRUS; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; VIRAL VACCINES;

SARS COV;

EID: 21744439942     PISSN: 1743422X     EISSN: 1743422X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-2-35     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Zhong NS, Zeng GQ: Our strategies for fighting severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003, 168:7-9.
2. Organization WH: Cumulative Number of Reported Cases (SARS). [http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/2003_03_26/en/].
3. Nie QH, Luo XD, Zhang JZ, Su Q: Current status of severe acute respiratory syndrome in China. World J Gastroenterol 2003, 9:1635-1645.
4. Donnelly CA, Ghani AC, Leung GM, Hedley AJ, Fraser C, Riley S, Abu-Raddad LJ, Ho LM, Thach TQ, Chau P, Chan KP, Lam TH, Tse LY, Tsang T, Liu SH, Kong JH, Lau EM, Ferguson NM, Anderson RM: Epidemiological determinants of spread of causal agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. Lancet 2003, 361:1761-1766.
5. Drosten C, Gunther S, Preiser W, van der Werf S, Brodt HR, Becker S, Rabenau H, Panning M, Kolesnikova L, Fouchier RA, Berger A, Burguiere AM, Cinatl J, Eickmann M, Escriou N, Grywna K, Kramme S, Manuguerra JC, Muller S, Rickerts V, Sturmer M, Vieth S, Klenk HD, Osterhaus AD, Schmitz H, Doerr HW: Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:1967-1976.
6. Peiris JS, Lai ST, Poon LL, Guan Y, Yam LY, Lim W, Nicholls J, Yee WK, Yan WW, Cheung MT, Cheng VC, Chan KH, Tsang DN, Yung RW, Ng TK, Yuen KY: Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet 2003, 361:1319-1325.
7. Ksiazek TG, Erdman D, Goldsmith CS, Zaki SR, Peret T, Emery S, Tong S, Urbani C, Comer JA, Lim W, Rollin PE, Dowell SF, Ling AE, Humphrey CD, Shieh WJ, Guarner J, Paddock CD, Rota P, Fields B, DeRisi J, Yang JY, Cox N, Hughes JM, LeDuc JW, Bellini WJ, Anderson LJ: A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:1953-1966.
8. Poutanen SM, Low DE, Henry B, Finkelstein S, Rose D, Green K, Tellier R, Draker R, Adachi D, Ayers M, Chan AK, Skowronski DM, Salit I, Simor AE, Slutsky AS, Doyle PW, Krajden M, Petric M, Brunham RC, McGeer AJ: Identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Canada. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:1995-2005.
9. Ding Y, Wang H, Shen H, Li Z, Geng J, Han H, Cai J, Li X, Kang W, Weng D, Lu Y, Wu D, He L, Yao K: The clinical pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): a report from China. J Pathol 2003, 200:282-289.
10. Tsang KW, Ho PL, Ooi GC, Yee WK, Wang T, Chan-Yeung M, Lam WK, Seto WH, Yam LY, Cheung TM, Wong PC, Lam B, Ip MS, Chan J, Yuen KY, Lai KN: A cluster of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:1977-1985.
11. Leung WK, To KF, Chan PK, Chan HL, Wu AK, Lee N, Yuen KY, Sung JJ: Enteric involvement of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection. Gastroenterology 2003, 125:1011-1017.
12. Chan-Yeung M, Yu WC: Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: case report. Bmj 2003, 326:850-852.
13. Farcas GA, Poutanen SM, Mazzulli T, Willey BM, Butany J, Asa SL, Faure P, Akhavan P, Low DE, Kain KC: Fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome is associated with multiorgan involvement by coronavirus. J Infect Dis 2005, 191:193-197.
14. Seto WH, Tsang D, Yung RW, Ching TY, Ng TK, Ho M, Ho LM, Peiris JS: Effectiveness of precautions against droplets and contact in prevention of nosocomial transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Lancet 2003, 361:1519-1520.
15. Wong TW, Lee CK, Tam W, Lau JT, Yu TS, Lui SF, Chan PK, Li Y, Bresee JS, Sung JJ, Parashar UD: Cluster of SARS among medical students exposed to single patient, Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis 2004, 10:269-276.
16. Li L, Wo J, Shao J, Zhu H, Wu N, Li M, Yao H, Hu M, Dennin RH: SARS-coronavirus replicates in mononuclear cells of peripheral blood (PBMCs) from SARS patients. J Clin Virol 2003, 28:239-244.
17. Guan Y, Zheng BJ, He YQ, Liu XL, Zhuang ZX, Cheung CL, Luo SW, Li PH, Zhang LJ, Guan YJ, Butt KM, Wong KL, Chan KW, Lim W, Shortridge KF, Yuen KY, Peiris JS, Poon LL: Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China. Science 2003, 302:276-278.
18. Chinese SMEC: Molecular evolution of the SARS coronavirus during the course of the SARS epidemic in China. Science 2004, 303:1666-1669.
19. Peiris JS, Yuen KY, Osterhaus AD, Stohr K: The severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:2431-2441.
20. Ziebuhr J: Molecular biology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Curr Opin Microbiol 2004, 7:412-419.
21. Tan YJ, Lim SG, Hong W: Characterization of viral proteins encoded by the SARS-coronavirus genome. Antiviral Res 2005, 65:69-78.
22. Gonzalez JM, Gomez-Puertas P, Cavanagh D, Gorbalenya AE, Enjuanes L: A comparative sequence analysis to revise the current taxonomy of the family Coronaviridae. Arch Virol 2003, 148:2207-2235.
23. Gorbalenya AE, Snijder EJ, Spaan WJ: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus phylogeny: toward consensus. J Virol 2004, 78:7863-7866.
24. Snijder EJ, Bredenbeek PJ, Dobbe JC, Thiel V, Ziebuhr J, Poon LL, Guan Y, Rozanov M, Spaan WJ, Gorbalenya AE: Unique and conserved features of genome and proteome of SARS-coronavirus, an early split-off from the coronavirus group 2 lineage. J Mol Biol 2003, 331:991-1004.
25. Groneberg DA, Hilgenfeld R, Zabel P: Molecular mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Respir Res 2005, 6:8.
26. Rota PA, Oberste MS, Monroe SS, Nix WA, Campagnoli R, Icenogle JP, Penaranda S, Bankamp B, Maher K, Chen MH, Tong S, Tamin A, Lowe L, Frace M, DeRisi JL, Chen Q, Wang D, Erdman DD, Peret TC, Burns C, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Sanchez A, Liffick S, Holloway B, Limor J, McCaustland K, Olsen-Rasmussen M, Fouchier R, Gunther S, Osterhaus AD, Drosten C, Pallansch MA, Anderson LJ, Bellini WJ: Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Science 2003, 300:1394-1399.
27. Thiel V, Ivanov KA, Putics A, Hertzig T, Schelle B, Bayer S, Weissbrich B, Snijder EJ, Rabenau H, Doerr HW, Gorbalenya AE, Ziebuhr J: Mechanisms and enzymes involved in SARS coronavirus genome expression. J Gen Virol 2003, 84:2305-2315.
28. Yount B, Curtis KM, Fritz EA, Hensley LE, Jahrling PB, Prentice E, Denison MR, Geisbert TW, Baric RS: Reverse genetics with a fulllength infectious cDNA of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003, 100:12995-13000.
29. Baric RS, Sims AC: Development of mouse hepatitis virus and SARS-CoV infectious cDNA constructs. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2005, 287:229-252.
30. Domingo E, Holland JJ: RNA virus mutations and fitness for survival. Annu Rev Microbiol 1997, 51:151-178.
31. Rest JS, Mindell DP: SARS associated coronavirus has a recombinant polymerase and coronaviruses have a history of host-shifting. Infect Genet Evol 2003, 3:219-225.
32. Chen W: SARS-associated Coronavirus Transmitted from Human to Pig. Emerg Infect Dis 2005, 11:446-448.
33. He R, Leeson A, Andonov A, Li Y, Bastien N, Cao J, Osiowy C, Dobie F, Cutts T, Ballantine M, Li X: Activation of AP-1 signal transduction pathway by SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003, 311:870-876.
34. Chang YJ, Liu CY, Chiang BL, Chao YC, Chen CC: Induction of IL-8 release in lung cells via activator protein-1 by recombinant baculovirus displaying severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus spike proteins: identification of two functional regions. J Immunol 2004, 173:7602-7614.
35. Fielding BC, Tan YJ, Shuo S, Tan TH, Ooi EE, Lim SG, Hong W, Goh PY: Characterization of a unique group-specific protein (U122) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Virol 2004, 78:7311-7318.
36. Tan YJ, Fielding BC, Goh PY, Shen S, Tan TH, Lim SG, Hong W: Overexpression of 7a, a protein specifically encoded by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, induces apoptosis via a caspase-dependent pathway. J Virol 2004, 78:14043-14047.
37. Mizutani T, Fukushi S, Saijo M, Kurane I, Morikawa S: Phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and its downstream targets in SARS coronavirus-infected cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004, 319:1228-1234.
38. Mizutani T, Fukushi S, Saijo M, Kurane I, Morikawa S: Importance of Akt signaling pathway for apoptosis in SARS-CoV-infected Vero E6 cells. Virology 2004, 327:169-174.
39. Hsueh PR, Chen PJ, Hsiao CH, Yeh SH, Cheng WC, Wang JL, Chiang BL, Chang SC, Chang FY, Wong WW, Kao CL, Yang PC: Patient data, early SARS epidemic, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis 2004, 10:489-493.
40. Chen W, Monick MM, Carter AB, Hunninghake GW: Activation of ERK2 by respiratory syncytial virus in A549 cells is linked to the production of interleukin 8. Exp Lung Res 2000, 26:13-26.
41. Alcorn MJ, Booth JL, Coggeshall KM, Metcalf JP: Adenovirus type 7 induces interleukin-8 production via activation of extracellular regulated kinase 1/2. J Virol 2001, 75:6450-6459.
42. Griego SD, Weston CB, Adams JL, Tal-Singer R, Dillon SB: Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in rhinovirus-induced cytokine production by bronchial epithelial cells. J Immunol 2000, 165:5211-5220.
43. Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, Somasundaran M, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Greenough TC, Choe H, Farzan M: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature 2003, 426:450-454.
44. So LK, Lau AC, Yam LY, Cheung TM, Poon E, Yung RW, Yuen KY: Development of a standard treatment protocol for severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet 2003, 361:1615-1617.
45. Tsang K, Zhong NS: SARS: pharmacotherapy. Respirology 2003, 8 Suppl:S25-30.
46. Tan EL, Ooi EE, Lin CY, Tan HC, Ling AE, Lim B, Stanton LW: Inhibition of SARS coronavirus infection in vitro with clinically approved antiviral drugs. Emerg Infect Dis 2004, 10:581-586.
47. Oxford JS, Balasingam S, Chan C, Catchpole A, Lambkin R: New antiviral drugs, vaccines and classic public health interventions against SARS coronavirus. Antivir Chem Chemother 2005, 16:13-21.
48. Tanner JA, Watt RM, Chai YB, Lu LY, Lin MC, Peiris JS, Poon LL, Kung HF, Huang JD: The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus NTPase/helicase belongs to a distinct class of 5′ to 3′ viral helicases. J Biol Chem 2003, 278:39578-39582.
49. von Grotthuss M, Wyrwicz LS, Rychlewski L: mRNA cap-1 methyltransferase in the SARS genome. Cell 2003, 113:701-702.
50. Yang H, Yang M, Ding Y, Liu Y, Lou Z, Zhou Z, Sun L, Mo L, Ye S, Pang H, Gao GF, Anand K, Bartlam M, Hilgenfeld R, Rao Z: The crystal structures of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus main protease and its complex with an inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003, 100:13190-13195.
51. Xu X, Liu Y, Weiss S, Arnold E, Sarafianos SG, Ding J: Molecular model of SARS coronavirus polymerase: implications for biochemical functions and drug design. Nucleic Acids Res 2003, 31:7117-7130.
52. Kontoyiannis DP, Pasqualini R, Arap W: Aminopeptidase N inhibitors and SARS. Lancet 2003, 361:1558.
53. Chou KC, Wei DQ, Zhong WZ: Binding mechanism of coronavirus main proteinase with ligands and its implication to drug design against SARS. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003, 308:148-151.
54. Anand K, Ziebuhr J, Wadhwani P, Mesters JR, Hilgenfeld R: Coronavirus main proteinase (3CLpro) structure: basis for design of anti-SARS drugs. Science 2003, 300:1763-1767.
55. Robertson MP, Igel H, Baertsch R, Haussler D, Ares MJ, Scott WG: The structure of a rigorously conserved RNA element within the SARS virus genome. PLoS Biol 2005, 3:e5.
56. Sui J, Li W, Murakami A, Tamin A, Matthews LJ, Wong SK, Moore MJ, Tallarico AS, Olurinde M, Choe H, Anderson LJ, Bellini WJ, Farzan M, Marasco WA: Potent neutralization of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus by a human mAb to S1 protein that blocks receptor association. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004, 101:2536-2541.
57. Li G, Chen X, Xu A: Profile of specific antibodies to the SARS-associated coronavirus. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:508-509.
58. Pearson H, Clarke T, Abbott A, Knight J, Cyranoski D: SARS: what have we learned? Nature 2003, 424:121-126.
59. Saif LJ: Animal coronavirus vaccines: lessons for SARS. Dev Biol (Basel) 2004, 119:129-140.
60. Takasuka N, Fujii H, Takahashi Y, Kasai M, Morikawa S, Itamura S, Ishii K, Sakaguchi M, Ohnishi K, Ohshima M, Hashimoto S, Odagiri T, Tashiro M, Yoshikura H, Takemori T, Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y: A subcutaneously injected UV-inactivated SARS coronavirus vaccine elicits systemic humoral immunity in mice. Int Immunol 2004, 16:1423-1430.
61. He Y, Zhou Y, Siddiqui P, Jiang S: Inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine elicits high titers of spike protein-specific antibodies that block receptor binding and virus entry. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004, 325:445-452.
62. He Y, Zhu Q, Liu S, Zhou Y, Yang B, Li J, Jiang S: Identification of a critical neutralization determinant of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus: importance for designing SARS vaccines. Virology 2005, 334:74-82.
63. Zakhartchouk AN, Viswanathan S, Mahony JB, Gauldie J, Babiuk LA: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein expressed by an adenovirus vector is phosphorylated and immunogenic in mice. J Gen Virol 2005, 86:211-215.
64. Zhao P, Cao J, Zhao LJ, Qin ZL, Ke JS, Pan W, Ren H, Yu JG, Qi ZT: Immune responses against SARS-coronavirus nucleocapsid protein induced by DNA vaccine. Virology 2005, 331:128-135.
65. Pei H, Liu J, Cheng Y, Sun C, Wang C, Lu Y, Ding J, Zhou J, Xiang H: Expression of SARS-coronavirus nucleocapsid protein in Escherichia coli and Lactococcus lactis for serodiagnosis and mucosal vaccination. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005.
66. Chen Z, Zhang L, Qin C, Ba L, Yi CE, Zhang F, Wei Q, He T, Yu W, Yu J, Gao H, Tu X, Gettie A, Farzan M, Yuen KY, Ho DD: Recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara expressing the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus induces protective neutralizing antibodies primarily targeting the receptor binding region. J Virol 2005, 79:2678-2688.
67. Huang Y, Yang ZY, Kong WP, Nabel GJ: Generation of synthetic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus pseudoparticles: implications for assembly and vaccine production. J Virol 2004, 78:12557-12565.
68. Yang ZY, Werner HC, Kong WP, Leung K, Traggiai E, Lanzavecchia A, Nabel GJ: Evasion of antibody neutralization in emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005, 102:797-801.