Decision making in the false information paradigm;Entscheidungsprozesse im Falschinformationsparadigma: Die Rolle von Unsicherheit, Metakognition und sozialem Einfluss

Psychologische Rundschau

Volumn 55, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 72-81

  Walther, Eva ^a   Blank, Hartmut ^b  

^a Psychologisches Institut   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Memory distortions; Memory illusions; Social influence; Suggestibility

Indexed keywords

EID: 2142766731     PISSN: 00333042     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1026/0033-3042.55.2.72     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Abeles, P. & Morton, J. (1999). Avoiding misinformation: Reinstating target modality. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 52A, 581-592.
2. Abra, J. C. (1972). List differentiation and forgetting. In C. P. Duncan, L. Sechrest & A. W. Melton (Eds.), Human memory: Festschrift in honor of Benton J. Underwood (pp. 25-57). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
3. Barcley, C. R. & Wellman, H. M. (1986). Accuracies and inaccuracies in autobiographical memories. Journal of Memory & Language, 25, 93-103.
4. Begg, I., Armour, V. & Kerr, T. (1985). On believing what we remember. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 17, 199-214.
5. Bekerian, D. A. & Bowers, J. M. (1983). Eyewitness testimony: Were we misled? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 139-145.
6. Blank, H. (1994). Täuschung, Aufklärung und der Falschinformationseffekt in Zeugenaussagen-Experimenten. In S. L. Sporer & D. Meurer (Hrsg.), Die Beeinflussbarkeit von Zeugenaussagen (S. 103-127). Marburg: Elwert.
7. Blank, H. (1997). Wie kann der Einfluss falscher Zusatzinformationen in Zeugenbefragungen minimiert werden? - Experimentelle Hinweise. In L. Greuel, T. Fabian & M. Stadler (Hrsg.), Psychologie der Zeugenaussage (S. 177-187). Weinheim: Beltz/PVU.
8. Blank, H. (1998). Memory states and memory tasks: An integrative framework for eyewitness memory and suggestibility. Memory, 6, 481-529.
9. Blank, H. (2003). Another look at retroactive and proactive interference: A quantitative analysis of conversion processes. Zur Veröffentlichung eingereichtes Manuskript, Universität Leipzig.
10. Bonto, M. A. & Payne, D. G. (1991). The role of environmental context in eyewitness testimony. American Journal of Applied Psychology, 104, 117-134.
11. Bowers, J. M. & Bekerian, D. A. (1984). When will postevent information distort eyewitness testimony? Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 466-472.
12. Bregman, N. J. & McAllister, H. A. (1982). Eyewitness testimony: The role of commitment in increasing reliability. Social Psychology Quarterly, 45, 181-184.
13. Brewer, W. F. & Treyens, J. C. (1981). Role of schemata in memory for places. Cognitive Psychology, 13, 207-230.
14. Cassel, W. S., Roebers, C. E. M. & Bjorklund, D. F. (1996). Developmental patterns of eyewitness responses to repeated and increasingly suggestive questions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 61, 116-133.
15. Ceci, S. J., Ross, D. F. & Toglia, M. P. (1987). Suggestibility of children's memory: Psychological implications. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 27, 38-51.
16. Chandler, C. C. (1989). Specific retroactive interference in modified recognition tests: Evidence for an unknown cause of interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 256-265.
17. Chandler, C. C., Gargano, G. J. & Holt, B. C. (2001). Witnessing postevents does not change memory traces, but can affect their retrieval. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15, 3-22.
18. Christiaansen, R. E. & Ochalek, K. (1983). Editing misleading information from memory: Evidence for the coexistence of original and post-event information. Memory & Cognition, 11, 467-475.
19. Crowder, R. G. (1976). Principles of Learning and Memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
20. Dodd, D. H. & Bradshaw, J. M. (1980). Leading questions and memory: Pragmatic constraints. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 695-704.
21. Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human relations, 7, 117-140.
22. Fiedler, K., Walther, E., Armbruster, T., Fay, D. & Naumann, U. (1996). Do you really know what you have seen? Intrusion errors and presuppositions effects on constructive memory. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 484-511.
23. Förster, J. & Strack, F. (1998). Subjective theories about encoding may influence recognition: Judgmental regulation in human memory. Social Cognition, 16, 78-92.
24. Frost, P., Ingraham, M. & Wilson, B. (2002). Why misinformation is more likely to be recognised over time: A source monitoring account. Memory, 10, 179-185.
25. Gerard, H. B., Wilhelmy, R. A. & Connolley, E. S. (1968). Conformity and group size. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8, 79-82.
26. Gigerenzer, G. (1998). Surrogates for theories. Theory & Psychology, 8, 195-204.
27. Gobbo, C. (2000). Assessing the effects of misinformation on children's recall: How and when makes a difference. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 14, 163-182.
28. Gobbo, C., Mega, C. & Pipe, M. E. (2002). Does the nature of the experience influence suggestibility? A study of children's event memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 81, 502-530.
29. Greene, E., Flynn, M. S. & Loftus, E. F. (1982). Inducing resistance to misleading information. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal behavior, 21, 207-219.
30. Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic of conversation. In P. Cole & J. L. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics, (Vol. 3: Speech acts, S. 41-58). New York: Academic Press.
31. Hirt, E. R., Lynn, S., Payne,-D. G., Krackow, E. & McCrea, S. M. (1999). Expectancies and memory: Inferring the past from what must have been. In I. Kirsch (Ed), How Expectancies Shape Experience (pp. 93-124). Washington, DC: APA.
32. Holliday, R. E., Douglas, K. M. & Hayes, B. K. (1999). Children's eyewitness suggestibility: Memory trace strength revisited. Cognitive Development, 14, 443-462.
33. Jaschinski, U. & Wentura, D. (2002). Misleading postevent information and working memory capacity: An individual differences approach to eyewitness memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16, 223-231.
34. Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S. & Lindsay, D. S. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 3-28.
35. Karpel, M. E., Toglia, M. P. & Hoyer, W. J. (2001). Accuracy and qualities of real and suggested memories: Nonspecific age differences. Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 56B, 103-110.
36. Köhnken, G. (1987). Nachträgliche Informationen und die Erinnerung komplexer Sachverhalte - Empirische Befunde und theoretische Kontroversen. Psychologische Rundschau, 38, 190-203.
37. Kroll, N. E. A., Ogawa, K. H. & Nieters, J. E. (1988). Eyewitness memory and the importance of sequential information. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 26, 395-398.
38. Lampinen, J. M. & Smith, V. L. (1995). The incredible (and sometimes incredulous) child witness: Child eyewitnesses' sensitivity to source credibility cues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 621-627.
39. Latané, B. & Wolf, S. 1981. The social impact of majorities and minorities. Psychological Review, 88, 439-453.
40. Lee, K. & Bussey, K. (1999). The effects of misleading and inconsistent postevent information on children's recollections of criterion-learned information. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 73, 161-182.
41. Lindsay, D. S. (1990). Misleading suggestions can impair eyewitnesses' ability to remember event details. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 1077-1083.
42. Lindsay, D. S. & Johnson, M. K. (1989). The eyewitness suggestibility effect and memory for source. Memory & Cognition, 17, 349-358.
43. Loftus, E. F. (1975). Leading questions and the eyewitness report. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 560-572.
44. Loftus, E. F. (1979a). Eyewitness testimony. Cambridge: Harvard University.
45. Loftus, E. F. (1979b). Reactions to blatantly contradictory information. Memory & Cognition, 7, 368-374.
46. Loftus, E. F. (1991). Made in memory: Distortions in recollection after misleading information. In G. H. Bower (Eds.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 25 (pp. 187-215). New York: Academic Press.
47. Loftus, E. F., Miller, D. G. & Burns, H. J. (1978). Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4, 19-31.
48. Loftus, E. F. & Palmer, J. C. (1974). Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 585-589.
49. McCloskey, M. & Zaragoza, M. (1985). Misleading postevent information and memory for events: Arguments and evidence against memory impairment hypotheses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 114, 1-16.
50. Mélon, M. (1989). L' effet de l'information nouvelle erronée. Annee Psychologique, 89, 393-410.
51. Pezdek, K. & Greene, J. (1993). Testing eyewitness memory: Developing a measure that is more resistant to suggestibility. Law & Human Behavior, 17, 361-369.
52. Pohl, R., Schuhmacher, S. & Friedrich, M. (1993). The eyewitness-misinformation effect: Distorted recollections based on contradictory information. In G. Strube & K. F. Wender (Eds.), The cognitive psychology of knowledge (pp. 33-52). Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.
53. Roebers, C. M. & Schneider, W. (2000). The impact of misleading questions on eyewitness memory in children and adults. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 14, 509-526.
54. Roediger, H. L. III, Jacoby, J. D. & McDermott, K. B. (1996). Misinformation effects in recall: Creating false memories through repeated retrieval. Special Issue: Illusions of memory. Journal of Memory & Language, 35, 300-318.
55. Rudy, L. & Goodman, G. S. (1991). Effects of participation on children's reports: Implications for children's testimony. Developmental Psychology, 27, 527-538.
56. Schacter, D. L. (1999). The seven sins of memory. American Psychologist, 54, 182-203.
57. Schreiber, T. A. & Sergent, S. D. (1998). The role of commitment in producing misinformation effects in eyewitness memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5, 443-448.
58. Shaughnessy, J. J. & Mand., J. L. (1982). How permanent are memories for real life events? American Journal of Psychology, 95(1), 51-65.
59. Smith, V. L. & Ellsworth, P. C. (1987). The social psychology of eyewitness accuracy: Misleading questions and communicator expertise. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 294-300.
60. Sporer, S. L. & aus dem Kahmen, A. (1994). Irreführung von Zeugen durch Falschinformationen: Empirische Befunde zur Beeinflußbarkeit von Aussagen. In S. L. Sporer und D. Meurer (Hrsg.), Die Beeinflußbarkeit von Zeugenaussagen (S. 58-81). Marburg: Elwert.
61. Sporer, S. L. & Bursch, S. E. (1997). Kinder vor Gericht: Soziale und kognitive Voraussetzungen der Aussagen von Kindern. Psychologische Rundschau, 48, 141-162.
62. Strack, F. & Bless, H. (1994). Memory for nonoccurrences: Metacognitive and presuppositional strategies. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 203-217.
63. Underwood, J. & Pezdek, K. (1998). Memory suggestibility as an example of the sleeper effect. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 5, 449-453.
64. Volbert, R. & Pieters, V. (1996). Suggestive Beeinflussung von Kinderaussagen. Psychologische Rundschau, 47, 183-198.
65. Von Restorff, H. (1933). Über die Wirkung von Bereichsbildungen im Spurenfeld. Psychologische Forschung, 18, 299-342.
66. Walther, E. (1997). Der Einfluss von Wissensstrukturen auf konstruktive Prozess der sozialen Urteilsbildung, Pabst Science Publishers, Lengerich.
67. Walther, E., Bless, H., Strack, F., Rackstraw, P., Wagner, D. & Werth., L. (2002). Conformity effects in memory as a function of group size, dissenters and uncertainty. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16, 793-810.
68. Wagenaar, W. A. & Boer, J. P. A. (1987). Misleading postevent information: Testing parameterized models of integration in memory. Acta Psychologica, 66, 291-306.
69. Winograd, E. (1968). List differentiation as a function of frequency and retention interval (Monograph Supplement). Journal of Experimental Psychology, 76, 1-18.
70. Wright, D. B. (1993). Misinformation and warnings in eyewitness testimony: A new testing procedure to differentiate explanations. Memory, 1, 153-166.
71. Yamashita, M. (1996). A re-examination of the misinformation effect by means of visual and verbal recognition tests. Japanese Psychological Research, 38, 47-52.
72. Zaragoza, M. S. & Mitchell, K. J. (1996). Repeated exposure to suggestion and the creation of false memories. Psychological Science, 7, 294-299
73. Zaragoza, M. & Koshmider, J. W., III. (1989). Misled subjects may know more than their performance implies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 246-255.
74. Zaragoza, M. S. & Lane, S. M. (1994). Source misattributions and the suggestibility of eyewitness memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 20, 934-945.