Recommendations of the CEVIHP/SEIP/AEP/PNS on antiretroviral treatment in HIV-infected children and teenagers;Recomendaciones CEVIHP/SEIP/AEP/PNS respecto al tratamiento antirretroviral en niños y adolescentes infectados por el VIH

Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica

Volumn 23, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 279-312

  Ramos, José Tomás ^a,b,r   De José, María Isabel ^a,c   Polo, Rosa ^a,d,s   Fortuny, Claudia ^a,e   Mellado, María José ^a,c   Muñoz Fernández, María Ángeles ^a,f   Beceiro, José ^a,g   Bertrán, José María ^a,h   Calvo, Cristina ^a,i   Chamorro, Lourdes ^a,f   Ciria, Luis ^a,j   Guillén, Sara ^a,b   González Montero, Raúl ^a,k   González Tomé, María Isabel ^a,b   Gurbindo, María Dolores ^a,c   Martín Fontelos, Pablo ^a,e   Martínez Pérez, Jorge ^a,l   Moreno, David ^a,m   Muñoz Almagro, María Carmen ^a,d   Mur, Antonio ^a,n   Navarro, María Luisa ^a,c   Otero, Carmen ^a,o   Rojo, Pablo ^a,b   Rubio, Bárbara ^a,p   Saavedra, Jesús ^a,q   more..

^a MINISTERIO DE SANIDAD Y CONSUMO   (Spain)

^b HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO 12 DE OCTUBRE   (Spain)

^c HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO LA PAZ   (Spain)

^d Secretaria del Plan Nacional sobre el Sida   (Spain)

^e Section of Gastroenterology   (Spain)

^f HOSPITAL GENERAL UNIVERSITARIO GREGORIO MARAÑÓN   (Spain)

^g HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO PRÍNCIPE DE ASTURIAS   (Spain)

^h HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARI VALL D HEBRON   (Spain)

ⁱ HOSPITAL SEVERO OCHOA   (Spain)

^j HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO MIGUEL SERVET   (Spain)

^k Hospital Sant Joan   (Spain)

^l HOSPITAL INFANTIL UNIVERSITARIO NIÑO JESÚS   (Spain)

^m HOSPITAL REGIONAL UNIVERSITARIO DE MÁLAGA   (Spain)

ⁿ HOSPITAL DEL MAR   (Spain)

^o HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO LA FE   (Spain)

^p HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO DE GETAFE   (Spain)

^q HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO DE FUENLABRADA   (Spain)

^r Seccion de Inmunodeficiencias   (Spain)

^s Plan Nacional Sobre el SIDA   (Spain)

more..

Author keywords

AEP; AIDS; Antiretroviral treatment; Children; Guidelines; HIV; PNS

Indexed keywords

ABACAVIR; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ALPRAZOLAM; AMFEBUTAMONE; AMINOGLYCOSIDE; AMINOTRANSFERASE; AMIODARONE; AMPRENAVIR; AMPRENAVIR PHOSPHATE; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; ASTEMIZOLE; ATAZANAVIR; BEPRIDIL; CARBAMAZEPINE; CD4 ANTIGEN; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR5; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4; CIMETIDINE; CIPROFLOXACIN; CISAPRIDE; CLARITHROMYCIN; CLORAZEPATE; CLOZAPINE; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; CYTOCHROME P450; CYTOCHROME P450 3A; CYTOCHROME P450 3A4; CYTOKINE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; DELAVIRDINE; DEXTROPROPOXYPHENE; DIAZEPAM; DIDANOSINE; EFAVIRENZ; EMTRICITABINE; ENCAINIDE; ENFUVIRTIDE; ERGOTAMINE DERIVATIVE; ESTAZOLAM; ETHINYLESTRADIOL; FLECAINIDE; FLURAZEPAM; GANCICLOVIR; INDINAVIR; INTEGRASE INHIBITOR; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; LAMIVUDINE; LOPINAVIR PLUS RITONAVIR; MEVINOLIN; MIDAZOLAM; NELFINAVIR; NEVIRAPINE; PENTAMIDINE; PETHIDINE; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; PIMOZIDE; PIROXICAM; PROPAFENONE; QUINIDINE; RIFABUTIN; RIFAMPICIN; RITONAVIR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; SAQUINAVIR; SILDENAFIL; SIMVASTATIN; STAVUDINE; SULFONAMIDE; TENOFOVIR; TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL; TERFENADINE; TETRACYCLINE; TIPRANAVIR; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; TRIAZOLAM; TRIZAL; WARFARIN; ZALCITABINE; ZIDOVUDINE; ZOLPIDEM;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; AGITATION; AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; AMNESIA; ANEMIA; ANNOYANCE; ANOREXIA; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ASTHENIA; BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA; BLEEDING; BLOOD TOXICITY; CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY; CONFERENCE PAPER; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; CROSS RESISTANCE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIARRHEA; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG COST; DRUG CROSS REACTIVITY; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG SAFETY; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; ENZYME INHIBITION; ESOPHAGUS ULCER; FANCONI RENOTUBULAR SYNDROME; FATIGUE; FEVER; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GENE MUTATION; GLUCOSURIA; GRANULOCYTOPENIA; HALLUCINATION; HEADACHE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEMOPHILIA; HEPATITIS; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYPERCALCIURIA; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERPIGMENTATION; HYPERSENSITIVITY; HYPERURICEMIA; HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; IMMUNE ADHERENCE; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INCONTINENCE; LACTIC ACIDOSIS; LIPODYSTROPHY; LIVER TOXICITY; LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; METHODOLOGY; MIGRAINE; MONOTHERAPY; MOUTH ULCER; MYOPATHY; MYOSITIS; NAUSEA; NEUTROPENIA; PANCREATITIS; PARESTHESIA; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PHOSPHATURIA; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRURITUS; RASH; RISK ASSESSMENT; SALVAGE THERAPY; SIDE EFFECT; SOMNOLENCE; SPOTTING; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; SUBCUTANEOUS NODULE; T LYMPHOCYTE; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT INDICATION; VACCINATION; VIROLOGY; VIRUS LOAD; VOMITING;

EID: 21144448746     PISSN: 0213005X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1157/13074970     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (166)

1. a. ed. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. 1997;11:1-12.
2. Colaborativo Español de infección VIH Pediátrica. Recomendaciones para el tratamiento antirretroviral de inicio de la infección por el VIH en niños. Actualización 2003. An Pediatr (Barc). 2004;60:262-8.
3. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in pediatric HIV infection. Disponible en http://www.hivatis.org. Acceso en noviembre 2004.
4. Sharland M, Blanche S, Castelli G, Ramos JT, Gibb D, on behalf of the PENTA steering committee. PENTA (Pediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS). European guidelines of antiretroviral treatment of HIV-infected children. HIV Medicine. 2004;5 Suppl 2:61-86.
5. Saitoh A, Hsia K, Fenton T, Powell CA, Christopherson C, Fletcher CV, et al. Persistence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 DNA in peripheral blood despite prolonged suppression of plasma HIV-1 RNA in children. J Infect Dis. 2002;185:1409-16.
6. Leonard EG, McComsey GA. Metabolic complications of antiretroviral therapy in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:77-84.
7. Dunn D. HIV Pediatric Prognostic Markers Collaborative Study Group. Short term risk of disease progression in HIV-1 infected children receiving no antiretroviral therapy or zidovudine monotherapy; a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2003;362:1605-11.
8. Kish MA. Guide to development of practice guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:851-4.
9. Gortmaker S, Hughes M, Oyomopito R, Brady M, Johnson GM, Seage GR, et al. Impact of introduction of protease inhibitor therapy on reductions in mortality among children and youth infected with HIV-1. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:522-8.
10. Resino S, Bellón JM, Resino R, Navarro ML, Ramos JT, De José MI, et al. Extensive implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy shows great effect an survival and surrogate markers in vertically HIV-infected children. Clin Infect Dis. 2004:38;1605-12.
11. Sánchez-Granados JM, Ramos JT, Fernández de Miguel S, González-Tomé MI, Rojo P, Ferrando P, et al. Impact of HAART on the survival and disease progression in HIV-1 infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22: 863-7.
12. Guillén MS, González Tomé MI, Ramos JT, Martínez M, Muñoz E, Rojano X, Almeda J, for the Spanish Cohort of HIV infected mother-infant pairs. Vertical transmission. XV International AIDS Conference. Bangkok 04. Abstract ThuPeB7113.
13. Pediatric European Network for treatment of AIDS (PENTA). HIV-1 viral load and CD4 cell count in untreated children with vertically acquired asymptomatic or mild disease. AIDS. 1998;12:F1-F8.
14. Resino S, Gurbindo MD, Bellón JM, Sánchez-Ramón S, Muñoz-Fernández MA. Predictive markers of clinical outcome in vertically HIV-1 infected infants. A prospective longitudinal study. Pediatr Res. 2000;47:509-15.
15. Mofenson LM, Korelitz J, Meyer WA 3rd, Bethel J, Rich K, Pahwa S, et al. The relationship between serum human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA level, CD4 lymphocyte percent, and long-term mortality risk in HIV-1-infected children. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Intravenous Immunoglobulin Clinical Trial Study Group. J Infect Dis. 1997;175:1029-38.
16. Valentine ME, Jackson CR, Vavro C, Wilfert CM, McClernon D, St. Clair M, et al. Evaluation of surrogate markers and clinical outcomes in two-year follow-up of eighty-six human immunodeficiency virus-infected pediatric patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;17:18-23.
17. Muñoz-Fernández MA, Obregón E, Navarro J, Borner C, Gurbindo MD, Hernández-Sampelayo T, Fernández-Cruz E. Relationship of virologic, immunologic, and clinical parameters in infants with vertically acquired human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Pediatr Res. 1996;40:597-602.
18. Mellors JW, Munoz A, Giorgi JV, Margolick JB, Tassoni CJ, Gupta P, et al. Plasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126:946-54.
19. Mayaux MJ, Burgard M, Teglas JP, Cottalorda J, Krivine A, Simon F, et al. Neonatal characteristics in rapidly progressive perinatally acquired HIV-1 disease. The French Pediatric HIV Infection Study Group. JAMA. 1996;275: 606-10.
20. Palumbo PE, Raskino C, Fiscus S, Pahwa S, Fowler MG, Spector SA, et al. Predictive value of quantitative plasma HIV RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte count in HIV-infected infants and children. JAMA 1998;279:756-61.
21. Resino S, Bellón JM, Gurbindo D, Ramos JT, León JA, Mellado MJ, et al. Viral load and CD4+ T-cells response to HAART in HIV-infected children: a observational study. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:1216-25.
22. Powderly WG, Landay A, Lederman MM. Recovery of the immune system with antiretroviral therapy: the end of opportunism? JAMA. 1998;280:72-7.
23. Bergshoeff A, Burger D, Farrelly L, Flynn J, LeProvost M, Novelli V, et al. Pharmacokinetics of once daily vs twice daily lamivudine and abacavir in HIV-1 infected children: PENTA 13. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. S. Francisco 2004. Abstract 934.
24. Damle B, Brett-Smith H, Reynolds L, Kaul S. Dosing recommendation for didanosina (ddI) in HIV-infected neonates and infants. 42nd ICAAC. San Diego 2002. Abstract A-1410.
25. Gaur S, Jones M, Graf J, Belzar F, Marone R. Use of didanosine-EC in HIV-infected children. 2nd IAS Congress. Paris 2003, Abstract 1092.
26. Pediatric European Network for treatment of AIDS. A randomized trial evaluating 3 NRTI regimens with and without nelfinavir in previously untreated HIV-infected children: 48 week follow-up from the PENTA 5 trial. Lancet. 2002;359:733-40.
27. Arpadi S, Cuff P, Horlick M, Wang J, Kotler DP. Lipodystrophy in HIV-infected children is associated with high viral load and low CD4-lymphocyte count and CD4-lymphocyte percentage and baseline and use of protease inhibitors and stavudine. J Acquir Immun Def Syndr. 2001;27:30-4.
28. European Pediatric Lipodystrophy Group. Antiretroviral therapy, fat redistribution and hyperlipidemia in HIV-infected children in Europe. AIDS. 2004;18:1443-51.
29. Verweel G, Sharland M, Lyall H, Novelli V, Gibb D, Dumont G, et al. Nevirapine use in HIV-1 infected children. AIDS. 2003;17:1639-47.
30. Brundage RC, Yong FH, Fenton T, Spector SA, Starr SE, Fletcher CV. Intrapatient variability of efavirenz concentration of virologic response to antiretroviral therapy. Antimicrob Agent Chemoth. 2004;48:979-84.
31. Aarnoutse RE, Schapiro JM, Boucher CA, Hekster YA, Burger DM. Therapeutic drug monitoring: an aid to optimising response to antiretroviral drugs? Drugs. 2003;63:741-53.
32. Burger DM, Bergshoeff AS, De Groot RD, Gibb D, Walker S, Treluyer JM, et al. PENTA 5 study group. Maintaining the nelfinavir through concentration above 0,8 mg/1 significantly improves virological response in HIV-infected children. J Pediatr. 2004;145:403-5.
33. Capparelli EV, Sullivan JL, Mofenson L, Smith E, Graham B, Britto P, et al. Pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir in human immunodeficency virus-infected infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20:746-51.
34. Litauen C, Faye A, Jacqz-Aigrain E, Compagnucci A, Giaquinto C, Harper L, et al. Pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir and its active metabolite, hydroxy-tert-butylamide, in infants perinatally infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Pediatr Infect Dis. 2003;22:48-55.
35. Cooper CL, Van Heeswijk RPG, Gallicano K, Cameron DW. A review of low-dose ritonavir in protease inhibitor combination therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:1585-92.
36. Sáez-Llorens X, Violari A, Deetz CO, Rode R, Gómez P, Handelsman E, et al. Forty-eight-week evaluation of lopinavir/ritonavir, a new protease inhibitor, in human immunodeficiency virus infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:216-23.
37. Hazra R, Balis FM, Tullio AN, De Carlo E, Worrell CJ, Stein Flaherty JF, et al. Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:124-9.
38. Ramos JT, González-Tome MI, Rojo P, Fernández Ibieta M, Vargas C, García-Pinal L. Experience with Tenofovir in heavily pretreated HIV-infected children. XV International AIDS Conference. XV International AIDS Conference. Bangkok, Tailandia, Julio 04. Abstract TuBe 4465.
39. Gallant JE, Staszewski S, Pozniak AL, De Jesús E, Suleiman JM, Miller MD, et al. Efficacy and safety of tenofovir DF vs stavudine in combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients: a 3-year randomized trial. JAMA. 2004;292:191-201.
40. Sáez-Llorens X, Violari A, Ndiweni D, Ávila-Figueroa C, Wiznia A, Blum MR, et al. Once-daily emtricitabine in HIV-infected pediatric patients with other antiretroviral agents. 10th CROI. Boston 2003. Abstract 872.
41. Mc Kinney R, Rathore M, Jankelovich S, Mofenson L, Wang L, Reynolds L, et al. PACTG 1021: An ongoing phase I/II study of once-daily emtricabine, didanosine, and efavirenz in therapy-naive or minimally treated pediatric patients. 10th Conference of Retrovirus and Opportunistic Infections. Boston 2003. Abstract 873.
42. Murphy RL, Sanne I, Cahn P, Phanuphak P, Percival L, Kelleher T, et al. Dose-ranging, randomized, clinical trial of atazanavir with lamivudine and stavudine in antiretroviral naive subjects: 48-week results. AIDS. 2003;17:2603-14.
43. Plosker GL, Figgitt DP. Tipranavir. Drugs. 2003;63:1611-8.
44. Church JA, Hughes M, Chien J, Palumbo P, Mofenson LM, Delora P, et al. Lomg term tolerability and safety of enfuvirtide for human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23:713-8.
45. Durant J, Glevenbergh P, Halfen P, Delgiudice P, Porsin S, Simonet P, et al. Drug-resistance genotyping in HIV-1 therapy: the VIRADAPT randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1999;353:2195-9.
46. Baxter JD, Mayers DL, Wentworth DN, Neaton JD, Hoover ML, Winters MA, et al. A randomized study of antiretroviral management based on plasma genotypic antiretroviral resistance testing in patients failing therapy. CPCRA 046 Study Team for the Terry Beim Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS. AIDS. 2000;14:F83-93.
47. Cingolani A, Antinori A, Rizzo MG, Muni R, Ammassari A, Baldini F, et al. Usefulness of monitoring HIV drug resistance and adherence in individuals failing highly active antiretroviral therapy: a randomized study (ARGENTA). AIDS. 2002;16:369-79.
48. Hirsch MS, Brun-Vezinet F, Clotet B, Conway B, Kuritzkes DR, D'Aquila RT, et al. Antiretroviral drug resistance testing in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: 2003 Recommendations of an International AIDS Society-USA Panel. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:113-28.
49. Siliciano RF, Kajdas DJ, Finzi D, Quinn TC, Chadwick K, Margolick JB, et al. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Long-term follow-up studies confirm the stability of the latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4+ T cells. Nat Med 2003;9:727-8. Acceso en Octubre 2004.
50. Iribarren JA, Labarga P, Rubio R, Berenguer J, Miró JM, Antela a A, et al. Recomendaciones de GESIDA/Plan Nacional sobre el Sida respecto al tratamiento en pacientes adultes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humans. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2004;22:564-642.
51. Parker MM, Wade N, Lloyd RM Jr, Birkhead GS, Gallagher BK, Cheku B, et al. Prevalence of genotypic drug resistance among a cohort of HIV-infected newborns. J Acquir Immun Def Syndr. 2003;32:292-7.
52. Back D, Gatti G, Fletcher C, Garaffo R, Haubrich R, Hoelelmans R, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring in HIV infection: current status and future directions. AIDS 2002;16 (suppl 1):S5-37.
53. Fraaij PLA, Rakhmanina N, Burger DM, De Groot R. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Children with HIV/AIDS. Ther Drug Monit. 2004;26:122-6.
54. Walker AS, Doerholt K, Sharland M, Gibb DM, for the Collaborative HIV Paediatric Study (CHIPS) Steering Committee. Response to highly active antiretroviral therapy varies with age: The UK and Ireland Collaboraty HIV Paediatric Study. AIDS. 2004;18:1915-24.
55. Gibb DM, Newberry A, Klein N, De Rossi A, Grosch-Woerner I, Babiker A. Immune repopulation after HAART in previously untreated HIV-infected children. Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA) Steering Committee. Lancet 2000;355:1333-2.
56. Faye A, Bertone C, Teglas JP, Chaix ML, Douard D, Firtion G, et al. Early multytherapy including a protease inhibitor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;2:518-25.
57. Siliciano RP, Kajdas DJ, Finzi D, Quinn TC, Chadwick K, Margolick JB. et aL Long-term follow-up studies confirm the stability of the latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resang CD4+ T cells. Nat Med. 2003;9:727-8.
58. Luzuriaga K, Mc Manus BA, Mofenson L, Britto P, Graham B, Sullivan JL, for the PACTG 356 investigators. A trial of three antiretroviral regimens in HIV-1-infected children. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2471-80.
59. Centers for Diseases Control. 1994 revised classification system for human immunodeficiency virus infection in children less than 13 years of age. MMWR. 1994; 43 (rr-12):1-10.
60. Mc Kinney RE, Johnson GM, Stanley K, Yong FH, Keller A, O'Donnell KJ, et al for Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trial Group Protocol 300 Study Team. A randomized study of combined zidovudine-lamivudine versus didanosine monotherapy in children with symptomatic therapy-naive HIV-1 infection. J Pediatr. 1998;133:500-8.
61. Nachman S, Stanley K, Yogev R, Pelton S, Wiznia A, Lee S, et al. Nucleo-side analogs plus ritonavir in stable antiretroviral therapy-experienced HIV-infected children: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trial Group 338 Study Team. JAMA. 2000;283:492-8.
62. Pediatric European Network for treatment of AIDS. A 72 week follow-up of HAART started in infants aged less than 3 months: CD4, viral load and drug resistance in the PENTA7 study. AIDS. 2004;18:237-45.
63. De Mendoza C, Ramos JT, Ciria L, Fortuny C, García FJ, De José MI, et al. Efficacy and safety of stavudine plus didanosine in asymptomatic HTV-infected children with plasma HIV-RNA below 50,000 copies per millimeter. HIV Clinical Trials. 2002;3:9-16.
64. Tudor-Williams G, Head S, Waltewrs MDS, Lyall EGH, for the Family HIV-team. Baby coktail-A palatable four drug combo for HIV-infected infante.14th World AIDS Conference. Barcelona 2002. Abstract MoOrB 1129.
65. Fortuny C, Parada E, De José MI, Mun̄oz R, Bertrán JM, Ramos JT, et al. Experience with efavirenz in VIH-infected children in Spain. 9th European AIDS Conference (EACS) 9th European AIDS Conference (EACS), Varsovia 2003. Abstract F/10/2.
66. Puthanakit T, Akarathum N, Kanjanavanit S, Wannarit P, Wongrakul V, Sirisanthana V, et al. Efficacy of NNRT-based HAART among antiretroviral naïve HIV-infected children in Thailand: 24-week result, 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. S. Francisco 2004. Abstract 930.
67. Van Leth F, Phanuphack P, Ruxrungham K, Baraldi E, Miller S, Gazzard B, et al. Comparison of first-line antiretroviral therapy with regimens including nevirapine, efavirenz or both drugs, plus stavudine and lamivudine: a randomised open-label trial, the 2NN Study. Lancet. 2004;363: 1253-63.
68. Galán I, Jiménez JL, González-Rivera M, De José MI, Navarro ML, Ramos JT, et al. Virological phenotype switch under salvage therapy with lopinavir-ritonavir in heavily pretreated HIV-1 vertically infected children: an additional benefit AIDS. 2004;18:247-55.
69. Ramos JT, González-Tomé MI, Guillén S, Resino R, Navarro ML, Gurbindo MD, et al. Estudio multicéntrico de una cohorte de niñoe infectados en la Comunidad de Madrid. XI Congreso Sociedad Española de Enfennedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clínica (SEIMC). Bilbao 2004. Abstract 28.
70. Kovacs A, Burchett S, Khuory M, Carey V, Pahwa S, McIntosh K, et al. Virologic and immunologic responses in children with advanced HIV disease on a new HAART regimen (PACTG 366). 8th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Chicago 2001. Abstract 684.
71. Ramos JT, González Tomé MI, Fortuny C, Bertrán JM, Ciria L, Dueñas J, et al. Response to lopinavir-ritonavir (Kaletra) in children experienced with the 3 classes of antiretrovirals. 2nd IAS Congress Paris 2003. Abstract 1096.
72. Molina JM, Marcelin A, Pavie J, Troccaz M, Leleu G, Calvez V. Didanosine in treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients: results from a ramdomized double-blind study (Jaguar). 43th ICAAC, Chicago 2003. Abstract H-447.
73. 2 in children and adolescents with HIV-infection. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco 2004. Abstract 937.
74. Church JA, Cunningham C, Hughes M, Palumbo P, Mofens Delora P, Smith E, et al. Safety and antiretroviral activity of chronic subcutaneous administration of T-20 in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21:653-9.
75. Fraaij PLA, Rakhmanina N, Burger DM, De Groot R. Therapeutic drug monitoring in children with HIV/AIDS. Ther Drug Monit. 2004;26:122-6.
76. Lawrence J, Mayers DL, Hullsiek KH, Collins G, Abrams DI, Reisler RB, et al. Structured treatment interruption in patients with multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:837-46.
77. Bartlett JA, DeMasi R, Quinn J, Moxham C, Rousseau F. Overview of the effectiveness of triple combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 infected adults. AIDS. 2001;15:1369-77.
78. Bucher HC, Kofler A, Nuesch R, Young J, Battlegay M, Opravil M. Metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials of simplified versus continued protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected patients. AIDS. 2003;17:2451-59.
79. Mc Comsey G, Nasreen B, Jen-Fu M, Rathore M, Álvarez A. Impact of protease inhibitor institution with nevirapine in HIV-infected children. Pediatrics. 2003;3:275-81.
80. González T, Mellado MJ, Martín-Fontelos P, Navarro ML, Ramos JT. Outcome of protease inhibitor substitution with nevirapine in HIV-infected children. 9th European AIDS Conference (EACS), Varsovia 2003. Abstract 15.2/3
81. Castelli G, Palma P, Cancrin C, Amicosante M, Land F, Romit ML. HAART simplification in HIV infected children. XV International AIDS Conference. Bangkok, Tailandia, Julio 04. Abstract ThPeB4445.
82. Wood E, Hogg RS, Yip B, Harrigan PR, O'Shaughnessy MV, Montaner JS. Effect of medication adherence on survival of HIV-infected adults who start highly active antiretroviral therapy when the CD4+ cell count is 0.200 to 0.350 × 10(9) cells/L. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:810-6.
83. Vanhove GF, Schapiro JM, Winters MA, Merigan TC, Blaschke TF. Patient compliance and drug failure in protease inhibitor monotherapy. JAMA. 1996;276:1955-6.
84. Mehta S, Moore RD, Graham NMH. Potential factors affecting adherence with HIV therapy. AIDS. 1997;11:1665-70.
85. García de Olalla P, Knobel H, Carmona A, Guelar A, López-Colomes JL, Cayla JA. Impact of adherence and highly active antiretroviral therapy on survival in HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;30:105-10.
86. Gatell JM, Blanco JL, Alcami J, Antela A, Arrizabalaga J, Casado JL, et al. Recomendaciones GESIDA/SEFH/PNS para mejorar la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2000;19:53-60.
87. Albano F, Spagnuolo M, Berni Canani R, Guarino A. Adherence to antiretroviral theraphy in HTV-infected children in Italy. AIDS Care. 1999;11:711-4.
88. De José Gómez MI, Prada Martínez F. Cumplimiento del tratamiento antirretrovirico en niños con VIH. Acta Pediaátrica Esp. 2000;5:720-5.
89. Watson DC, Farley JJ. Efficacy of and adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999;18:682-9.
90. Gibb DM, Goodall RL, Giacomet V, McGee L, Compagnucci A, Lyall H, for the PENTA Steering Committee. Adherence to prescribed antiretroviral therapy in with human immunodeficiency virus infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:56-62.
91. Cramer JA. Overview of methods to measure and enhance patient compliance. En: Cramer JA, Spiker B, eds. Patient Compliance in Medical Practice and Clinical Trials. New York: Raven Press; 1991. p. 3-10.
92. Hecht D. Measuring HIV treatment adherence in clinical practice. AIDS Clinical Care. 1998;10:57-9.
93. Van Rossum A, Bergshoeff AS, Fraavj PLA, Hugen PW, Hartwig NG, Geelen SP, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of indmavir and nelfinavir to assess adherence to therapy in human immunodeficiency virus infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21:743-7.
94. Stephenson J. AIDS researchers target poor adherence. JAMA. 1999;281: 1069.
95. Knobel H, Alonso J, Casado JL, Collazos J, González J, Ruiz I, et al. Validation of a simplified medication adherence questionnaire in a large cohort of HIV-infected patiente: the GEEMA Study. AIDS. 2002;16:605-13.
96. Farley J, Hines S, Musk A, Ferrus SH, Tepper V. Assessment of adherence to antiviral therapy in HIV-infected children using the medication event monitoring pharmacy refill, provider assessment, caregiver self-report, and appointment keeping. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003;33:211-8.
97. Van Dyke RB, Lee S, Johnson GM, Wiznia A, Mohan K, Stanley K, et al. Reported adherence as a determinant of response to HAART in children who have HIV infection. Pediatrics. 2002;109;e61.
98. Chong ChY, Husson RN. Lack of acceptance of guidelines for prevention of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in infants and children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;17:1131-5.
99. Murphy DA, Sarr M, Durako SJ, Mosdcki AB, Wilson CM, Muenz LR. Barriers to HAART adherence among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157:249-55.
100. Jaquet D, Levine M, Ortega-Rodríguez E, Faye A, Polak M, Vilmer E, et al. Clinical and metabolic presentation of the lipodystrophic syndrome in HIV-infected children. AIDS. 2000;14:2123-8.
101. Beregszaszi M, Jaquet D, Levine M, Ortega-Rodríguez E, Baltakse V, Polak M, et al. Severe insuline resistance contrasting with mild anthropometric changes in the adipose tissue of HIV-infected children with lipodystrophy. J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27:25-30.
102. Mora S, Sala N, Bricalli D, Zuin G, Chiumello G, Vigano A. Bone mineral loss through increased bone turnover in HIV-infected children treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2001;15:1823-9.
103. Sanchez-Torres AM, Muñoz R, Madero R, Borque C, Ga.-Miguel MJ, De José MI. Lipodystrophy prevalence and metabolic disorders in HIV-infected children. XIV International AIDS conference. Barcelona, 7-12 Julio 2002.
104. Amaya RA, Kozinetz CA, McMeans A, Schwarzwald H, Kline MW. Lipodystrophy syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21:405-10.
105. Vigano A, Mora S, Testolin C, Beccio S, Schneider L, Bricalli D, et al. Increased lypodistrophy is associated with increased exposure to highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003;32:48-59.
106. Moyle G. Mitochondrial toxicity hypothesis for lipoatrophy: a refutation. AIDS. 2001;15:413-5.
107. Vigano A, Zamproni I, Giacomet V, Bianchi R, Figini C, Mora S. Analysis of bone mineral content in antiretroviral-naive and highly active antiretroviral treated HIV-infected children, 11th Conference on Retrovirus and Opportunistic Infections. S. Francisco 2004. Abstract 943.
108. Mc Comsey GA, Leonard E. Metabolic complications of HIV therapy in children. AIDS. 2004;18:1753-68.
109. Fris-Moller N, Sabin CA, Weber R, D'Arminio Monforte A, El Sadr WM, Reiss F, et al. Combination antiretroviral therapy and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1993-2003.
110. Cheseaux JJ, Jotterand V, Aebi C, Gnehm H, Kind C, Nadal D, et al. Hyperlipidemia in HIV-infected children treated with protease inhibitors: relevance for cardiovascular diseases. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;30:288-93.
111. American Diet Association. Nutrition support for children with HIV/AIDS. J Am Diet Ass. 1997;97:473-4.
112. Glassman M, Spark A, Berezin S, Schwarz S, Medow M, Newman LJ. Treatment of type II hiperlipidemia in childhood by a simplified American Heart Association diet and fiber suplem. Am J Dis Child. 1990;144:973-6.
113. Taimela S, Lehtimaki T, Porkka KV, Rasanen L, Viikari JS. The effect of physical activity on serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations varies with apolipoprotein E phenotype in male children and young adults: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Metabolism. 1996;45:797-803.
114. Carr A, Workman C, Smith DE, Hoy J, Hudson J, Doong N, et al. Abacavir substitution for nucleoside analogues in patients with HIV lipoatrophy. JAMA. 2002;288:207-15.
115. Martin M, Smith DE, Carr A, Ringlard C, Amin J, Emery S, et al. Reversibility of lipoatrophy in HIV-infected patients 2 years after switching from a thymidine analogue to abacavir: The MITOX extension study. AIDS. 2004;18:1026-7.
116. Ribera E, Saudela S, Paradinero J, Tejada M, Andreu AL, Marti R, et al Increase in mitochondrial DNA in PBMCs and improvement of lipid profile and lactate levels in patients with lipoatrophy when stavudine is switched to tenofovir. 9th European AIDS Conference (EACS), Varsovia 2003. Abstract F15/4.
117. Tarwater PM, Parish MA, Gallant JE. Prolonged treatment interruption after immunologic response to highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:1541-8.
118. Koutkia P, Caravan B, Breu J, Torriaoi M, Kissko J, Grinspoon S. Growth hormone-releasing hormone in HIV-infected men with lipodystrophy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292:210-8.
119. Church JA, Mitchell WG, González-Gómez I, Christensen J, Vu TH, Dimauro S, et al. Mitochondrial DNA depletion, near-fatal metabolic addosis, and liver failure in an HIV-infected child treated with combination antiretroviral therapy. J Pediatr. 2001;138:748-51.
120. Barret B, Tardieu M, Rustin F, Lacroix C, Chabrol B, Desguerre I, et al; for the French Perinatal Cohort Study Group. Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction in HIV-1-exposed but uninfected infants: clinical screening in a large prospective cohort. AIDS. 2003;17:1769-85.
121. Miller K, Masur H, Jones EC, Joe GE, Rick ME, Kelly GG, et al. High prevalence of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in HIV-infected adults. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:17-24.
122. Gaughan DM, Mofenson LM, Hughes MD, Seage S, Oleske J for the PACTG 219 Team. Avascular necrosis of the hip (Leggs-Calve-Perthes disease) in HIV-infected children in long-term follow-up: PACTG Study 219. Pediatrics. 2002; 109: e74.
123. Mora S, Sala N, Bricalli D, Zuin G, Chiumello G, Vigano A. Bone mineral loss through increased bone turnover in HIV-infected children treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2001;15:1823-9.
124. Ramos JT, García L, Rojo P, Ruano C, Carreño P, Ruiz-Contreras J, et al. High prevalence of metabolic abnormalities in HIV-infected children treated with HAART. 10th Conference on Retrovirus and Opportunistic Infections. Boston 2003. Abstract 772.
125. Mondy K, Yarasheski K, Powderly WG, Whyte M, Claxton S, De Marco D, et al. Longitudinal evolution of bone mineral density and bone markers in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:482-90.
126. Mc Comsey GA, Leonard E. The effect of calcium and vitamin D on bone mineral density in HIV-infected children with osteoporosis. 10th Conference on Retrovirus and Opportunistic Infections. Boston 2003. Abstract 779.
127. Mondy K, Powderly WG, Claxton SA, Yarasheski KE, Stoneman JS, Hoffman ME, et al. Alendronate, vitamin D and calcium for the treatment of osteopenia/osteoporosis associated with HIV infection. 10th Conference on Retrovirus and Opportunistic Infections. Boston 2003. Abstract 134.
128. Gutierrez de Terán A, Muñoz-Bartolo G, Camarena C, De José MI. Contacte accidental con jeringa. En: Ruiz Domínguez JA, Montera R, Hernández González N, editores. Manual de diagnóstico y terapéutica en pediatría. 3.ed. Madrid: Publimed; 2003. p. 77-8.
129. Lindergren ML, Hanson IC, Hammet TA, Beil J, Fleming PL, Ward JW. Sexual abuse of children: intersection with the HIV epidemic. Pediatrics. 1998;102:e46.
130. Resnick L, Veren K, Salahuddin SZ, Tondreau S, Markham PD. Stability and inactivation of HTLV-III/LAV under clinical and laboratory enviroments. JAMA. 1986;255:1887-91.
131. Havens PL, and the Comité on Pediatrics AIDS. Postexposure prophylaxis in children and adolescents for nonoccupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus. Pediatrics. 2003;111:1475-89.
132. Richman KM, Richman LS. The potential for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus through human bites. J Acquir Immune Defie Syndr. 1993;6:402-6.
133. mne infection depends critically on timing of initiation and duration of treatment. J Virol. 1998;72:4265-73.
134. Otten RA, Smith DK, Adams DR, Pullium JK, Jackson E, Kim CN, et al. Efficacy of postexposure prophylaxis anfer intravaginal exposure of pig-tailed macaques to a human-derived retrovinis (human immunodeficiency virus type 2). J Virol. 2000;74:9771-5.
135. Almeda J, Casabona J y Grupo de Consenso Español sobre profilaxis postexposición no ocupacional al VIH. Recomendaciones para la profilaxis postexposición no ocupacional al VIH. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2002; 20:391-400.
136. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Serious adverse events attribute to nevirapine regimens for postexposure prophylaxis after HIV
137. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations of the US Public Health Service Task Force on the use of zidovudine to reduce perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1994;43(RR-11):1-20.
138. Resti M, Azzari CH, Bortolotti F. Hepatitis C virus infection in children coinfected with HIV. Epidemiology and management. Pediatr Drugs. 2002; 4:571-80.
139. Stephenne X, Sokal EM. Hepatitis C in children and adolescents: mode of acquisition, natural history and treatment. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2002; 65:95-8.
140. Guido M, Rugge M, Jara P, Hierro L, Giacchino R, Larrauri J, et al. Chronic hepatitis C in children: the pathological and clinical spectrum. Gastroenterology. 1998;115:1525-9.
141. Thuret I, Lacaille F, Canioni D, Roquelaure B, Michel G, Blanche S. Histopathology of the liver in adolescents co-infected with HIV and hepatitis C virus. AIDS. 2003;17;2265-7.
142. Manns MP, McHutchinson JG, Gordon SC, Rustgi VK, Shiffman M, Reindollar R, et al. Feginterferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C. A randomized trial. Lancet. 2001;358:958-65.
143. Fried MW, Shiffman ML, Reddy KR, Smith C, Marinos G, Goncales FL, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:975-82.
144. Di Martino V, Thevenot T, Boyer N, Cazals-Hatem D, Degott C, Valla D, et al. HIV coinfection does not compromise liver histdogical response to interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. AIDS. 2002;16:441-5.
145. Torriani FJ, Rodríguez-Torres M, Rockstroh JK, Linen E, González-García J, Lazzarin A, et al. Peginterferon Alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med 2004;29: 438-50.
146. Hierro L, Díaz MC, Camarena C, De la Vega A, Frauca E, Muñoz-Bartolo G, et al. Resultados preliminares del tratamiento combinado con PEG-interferón alfa 2b y ribavirina en niños con hepatitis crónica C. X Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pedietrica. Madrid 2003. Abstract 17.
147. McNair AN, Main J, Thomas HC. Interactions of the human immunodeficiency virus and the hepatotropic viruses. Sem Liver Dis. 1992;12:188-96.
148. Rouanet I, Peyriere H, Mauboussin JM, Terrail N, Vincent D. Acute clinical hepatitis by immune restoration in a human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis B virus coinfected patient receiving antiretroviral therapy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;15:95-7.
149. Ristig MB, Crippin J, Aberg JA, Powderly WG, Lisker-Melman M, Kessels L, et al. Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate therapy for chronic hepatitis B in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis B virus coinfected individuals for whom Interferon alfa and lamivudine therapy have failed. J Infect Dis. 2002;186:1844-7.
150. Nelson M, Portsmouth S, Stebbing J, Atkins M, Barr A, Matthews G, et al. An open-label study of tenofovir in HIV-1 and hepatitis B virus co-infected individuals. AIDS. 2003;17:1-4.
151. a ed. Madrid: Editorial Team Pharma; 2001. p. 143-59.
152. Schwartz R, Kazanjian P, Slater L, Hathaway B, Markowitz M, Wheeler D, et al. Resistance to tipranavir is uncommon in a randomized trial of tipranavir/ritonavir in multiple PI-failure patients. 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Seattle 2002. Abstract 562.
153. Gazzard BG, Pozniak AL, Rosenbaum W, Yeni GP. Staszewski S, Arasteh K, et al. An open-label assessment of TMC 125-a new, next-generation NNRTI, for 7 days in HIV-1 infected individuals with NNRTI resistance. AIDS 2003,17: F49-54.
154. De Clercq E. HIV chemotherapy and prophylaxis: new drugs, leads and approaches. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004;36:1800-22.
155. Chun TW, Justement JS, Lempicki RA, Yang J, Dennis G, Hallahan CH, et al. Gene expression and viral prodution in latently infected, resting CD4+ T cells in viremic versus aviremic HIV-infected individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:1908-13.
156. Blankson JN, Persaud D, Siliciano RF. The challenge of viral reservoirs in HTV-1 infection. Annu Rev Med. 2002;53:557-93.
157. De Boer AW, Markowitz N, Lane HC, Saravolatz LD, Koletar SL, Donabedian H, et al. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of intermittent 3-, 4-, and 5-day cycles of intravenous recombinant human interleukin-2 combined with antiretroviral therapy (ART) versus ART alone in HTV-seropositive patients with 100-300 CD4+ T cells. Clin Immunol. 2003;106:188-96.
158. Saavedra-Lozano J, McCoig C, Xu J, Cao Y, Keiser P, Ghetie V, et al. An anti-CD45RO immunotoxin kills latently infected human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) CD4 T cells in the blood of HIV-positive persons. J Infect Dis. 2002;185:306-14.
159. Alcami J. Situación actual en el desarrollo de una vacuna frente al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Enf Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2002;20:511-22.
160. Safrit JT. HIV vaccines in infants and children: past trials, present plans and future perspectives. Curr Mol Med. 2003;3:309-18.
161. Mc Farland E, Johnson D, Fenton T, Muresan P, McNamara J, Hawkins E, et al. A phase MI study of the safety and immunogenicity of an HIV-1 ALVAC vaccine in infants born to HIV-infected mothers. 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Boston 2003. Abstract 99.
162. Safrit J, Ruprecht R, Ferrantelli F, Xu W, Kitabwalla M, Van Rompay K, et al. Immunoprophylaxia to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;35:169-77.
163. Coovadia H. Antiretroviral Agents- How best to protect infants from HIV and save their mothers from AIDS. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:289-92.
164. ¿Qué es el proyecto Esther? Ministerio de Sanidad, noviembre 2003. (acceso el 11 dejulio de 2004). Disponible en: http://www.msc.es
165. Delgado E. Coste de la terapia antirretroviral. Boletía inforœativo SEFH. 2003, TomoXXVII106:7-13.
166. Freedberg KA, Losina E, Wienstein C, Paltiel AD, Cohen CJ, Seage GR, et al. The cost-effectiveness of combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:824-31.