메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 283-288

Caudal analgesia and anesthesia techniques in children

Author keywords

Caudal; Epidural analgesia; Epidural anesthesia; Review

Indexed keywords

17 METHYLNALTREXONE; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ACETYLCHOLINE; ADRENALIN; ALPHA 1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ALVIMOPAN; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; BUPIVACAINE; CHLOROPROCAINE; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CLONIDINE; DOLASETRON MESILATE; ESTERASE; KETAMINE; LAXATIVE; LEVOBUPIVACAINE; LIDOCAINE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MIDAZOLAM; MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR; NALBUPHINE; NALOXONE; NEOSTIGMINE; ONDANSETRON; OPIATE; OPIATE ANTAGONIST; PRESERVATIVE; ROPIVACAINE; SEROTONIN ANTAGONIST; TAMSULOSIN;

EID: 20444430844     PISSN: 09527907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.aco.0000169236.91185.5b     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (68)

References (50)
  • 1
    • 0034462460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risks and complications of regional anaesthesia in children
    • Giaufre E. Risks and complications of regional anaesthesia in children. Best Prac Res Anaesthesiol 2000; 14:659-671.
    • (2000) Best Prac Res Anaesthesiol , vol.14 , pp. 659-671
    • Giaufre, E.1
  • 2
  • 3
    • 4544220210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is tissue coring a real problem after caudal injection in children
    • Baris S, Guldogus F, Baris YS, et al. Is tissue coring a real problem after caudal injection in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2004; 14:755-758.
    • (2004) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.14 , pp. 755-758
    • Baris, S.1    Guldogus, F.2    Baris, Y.S.3
  • 4
    • 0037234441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 'swoosh' test - An evaluation of a modified 'whoosh' test in children
    • Orme RM, Berg SJ. The 'swoosh' test - an evaluation of a modified 'whoosh' test in children. Br J Anaesth 2003; 90:62-65.
    • (2003) Br J Anaesth , vol.90 , pp. 62-65
    • Orme, R.M.1    Berg, S.J.2
  • 5
    • 0032819678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Confirmation of caudal needle placement using nerve stimulation
    • Tsui BC, Tarkkila P, Gupta S, Kearney R. Confirmation of caudal needle placement using nerve stimulation. Anesthesiology 1999; 91:374-378.
    • (1999) Anesthesiology , vol.91 , pp. 374-378
    • Tsui, B.C.1    Tarkkila, P.2    Gupta, S.3    Kearney, R.4
  • 6
    • 0036242172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing anal sphincter tone predicts the effectiveness of caudal analgesia in children
    • Verghese ST, Mostello LA, Patel RI, et al. Testing anal sphincter tone predicts the effectiveness of caudal analgesia in children. Anesth Analg 2002; 94:1161-1164.
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.94 , pp. 1161-1164
    • Verghese, S.T.1    Mostello, L.A.2    Patel, R.I.3
  • 7
    • 4544380746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pupillary reflex dilation and skin temperature to assess sensory level during combined general and caudal anesthesia in children
    • Emery J, Ho D, MacKeen L, Heon E, Bissonnette B. Pupillary reflex dilation and skin temperature to assess sensory level during combined general and caudal anesthesia in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2004; 14:768-773.
    • (2004) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.14 , pp. 768-773
    • Emery, J.1    Ho, D.2    MacKeen, L.3    Heon, E.4    Bissonnette, B.5
  • 8
    • 2342467409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pediatric regional anesthesia update
    • Bosenberg A. Pediatric regional anesthesia update. Paediatr Anaesth 2004; 14:398-402. This is an excellent and comprehensive review and update in regional anesthesia.
    • (2004) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.14 , pp. 398-402
    • Bosenberg, A.1
  • 9
    • 0034752178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caudal epidural block: A review of test dosing and recognition of systemic injection in children
    • Tobias JD. Caudal epidural block: a review of test dosing and recognition of systemic injection in children. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:1156-1161.
    • (2001) Anesth Analg , vol.93 , pp. 1156-1161
    • Tobias, J.D.1
  • 10
    • 0036263735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The caudal catheter in neonates: Where are the restrictions?
    • Seefelder C. The caudal catheter in neonates: Where are the restrictions? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2002; 15:343-348.
    • (2002) Curr Opin Anaesthesiol , vol.15 , pp. 343-348
    • Seefelder, C.1
  • 11
    • 0036281513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thoracic epidural catheters placed by the caudal route in infants: The importance of radiographic confirmation
    • Valairucha S, Seefelder C, Houck CS. Thoracic epidural catheters placed by the caudal route in infants: the importance of radiographic confirmation. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:424-428.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.12 , pp. 424-428
    • Valairucha, S.1    Seefelder, C.2    Houck, C.S.3
  • 12
    • 1442283739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thoracic and lumbar epidural analgesia via the caudal approach using electrical stimulation guidance in pediatric patients: A review of 289 patients
    • Tsui BC, Wagner A, Cave D, Kearney R. Thoracic and lumbar epidural analgesia via the caudal approach using electrical stimulation guidance in pediatric patients: a review of 289 patients. Anesthesiology 2004; 100:683-689. This review uses clinical evidence to substantiate the usefulness of electrical stimulation to guide and confirm the placement of epidural catheters. In addition, this study demonstrates that placing thoracic epidurals via the caudal route in pediatric patients using nerve stimulation can be used on a routine basis instead of a direct approach.
    • (2004) Anesthesiology , vol.100 , pp. 683-689
    • Tsui, B.C.1    Wagner, A.2    Cave, D.3    Kearney, R.4
  • 13
    • 0036071712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thoracic epidural catheter placement via the caudal approach in infants by using electrocardiographic guidance
    • Tsui BC, Seal R, Koller J. Thoracic epidural catheter placement via the caudal approach in infants by using electrocardiographic guidance. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:326-330.
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.95 , pp. 326-330
    • Tsui, B.C.1    Seal, R.2    Koller, J.3
  • 14
    • 0142153937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of epidural catheters with ultrasound in children
    • Chawathe MS, Jones RM, Gildersleve CD, et al. Detection of epidural catheters with ultrasound in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:681-684.
    • (2003) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.13 , pp. 681-684
    • Chawathe, M.S.1    Jones, R.M.2    Gildersleve, C.D.3
  • 15
    • 1642321265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thoracic epidural catheter placement in children: Are we there yet?
    • Suresh S. Thoracic epidural catheter placement in children: are we there yet? Reg Anesth Pain Med 2004; 29:83-85.
    • (2004) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.29 , pp. 83-85
    • Suresh, S.1
  • 16
    • 1642374910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thoracic epidural catheter insertion using the caudal approach assisted with an electrical nerve stimulator in young children
    • Tamai H, Sawamura S, Kanamori Y, et al. Thoracic epidural catheter insertion using the caudal approach assisted with an electrical nerve stimulator in young children. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2004; 29:92-95.
    • (2004) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.29 , pp. 92-95
    • Tamai, H.1    Sawamura, S.2    Kanamori, Y.3
  • 17
    • 3042635980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound guidance in caudal epidural needle placement
    • Chen CP, Tang SF, Hsu TC, et al. Ultrasound guidance in caudal epidural needle placement. Anesthesiology 2004; 101:181-184.
    • (2004) Anesthesiology , vol.101 , pp. 181-184
    • Chen, C.P.1    Tang, S.F.2    Hsu, T.C.3
  • 18
    • 0037386268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caudal additives in children - Solutions or problems?
    • De Beer DA, Thomas ML. Caudal additives in children - solutions or problems? Br J Anaesth 2003; 90:487-498.
    • (2003) Br J Anaesth , vol.90 , pp. 487-498
    • De Beer, D.A.1    Thomas, M.L.2
  • 19
    • 0025986372 scopus 로고
    • Optimum concentration of bupivacaine for combined caudal-general anesthesia in children
    • Gunter JB, Dunn CM, Bennie JB, et al. Optimum concentration of bupivacaine for combined caudal-general anesthesia in children. Anesthesiology 1991; 75:57-61.
    • (1991) Anesthesiology , vol.75 , pp. 57-61
    • Gunter, J.B.1    Dunn, C.M.2    Bennie, J.B.3
  • 20
    • 0038121576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dose of caudal epidural analgesia and duration of postoperative analgesia
    • Schrock CR, Jones MB. The dose of caudal epidural analgesia and duration of postoperative analgesia. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:403-408.
    • (2003) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.13 , pp. 403-408
    • Schrock, C.R.1    Jones, M.B.2
  • 21
    • 0342813057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma concentrations of bupivacaine in neonates after continuous epidural infusion
    • Larsson BA, Lonnqvist PA, Olsson GL. Plasma concentrations of bupivacaine in neonates after continuous epidural infusion. Anesth Analg 1997; 84:501-505.
    • (1997) Anesth Analg , vol.84 , pp. 501-505
    • Larsson, B.A.1    Lonnqvist, P.A.2    Olsson, G.L.3
  • 22
    • 0030906476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurologic evaluation of infant and adult rats before and after sciatic nerve blockade
    • Hu D, Hu R, Berde CB. Neurologic evaluation of infant and adult rats before and after sciatic nerve blockade. Anesthesiology 1997; 86:957-965.
    • (1997) Anesthesiology , vol.86 , pp. 957-965
    • Hu, D.1    Hu, R.2    Berde, C.B.3
  • 23
    • 0031740106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sciatic nerve blockade in infant, adolescent, and adult rats: A comparison of ropivacaine with bupivacaine
    • Kohane DS, Sankar WN, Shubina M, et al. Sciatic nerve blockade in infant, adolescent, and adult rats: a comparison of ropivacaine with bupivacaine. Anesthesiology 1998; 89:1199-1208.
    • (1998) Anesthesiology , vol.89 , pp. 1199-1208
    • Kohane, D.S.1    Sankar, W.N.2    Shubina, M.3
  • 24
    • 2342620140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local anesthetics in children and infants: An update
    • Berde CB. Local anesthetics in children and infants: An update. Paediatr Anaesth 2004; 14:387-393. The effects of different local anesthetics for regional anesthesia were discussed and updated in this article.
    • (2004) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.14 , pp. 387-393
    • Berde, C.B.1
  • 25
    • 0027280416 scopus 로고
    • Continuous caudal anesthesia for inguinal hernia repair in former preterm infants
    • Henderson K, Sethna NF, Berde CB. Continuous caudal anesthesia for inguinal hernia repair in former preterm infants. J Clin Anesth 1993; 5:129-133.
    • (1993) J Clin Anesth , vol.5 , pp. 129-133
    • Henderson, K.1    Sethna, N.F.2    Berde, C.B.3
  • 26
    • 0142093177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuraxial blocks for anaesthesia and analgesia in children
    • Peutrell JM, Lonnqvist PA. Neuraxial blocks for anaesthesia and analgesia in children. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2003; 16:461-470.
    • (2003) Curr Opin Anaesthesiol , vol.16 , pp. 461-470
    • Peutrell, J.M.1    Lonnqvist, P.A.2
  • 27
    • 0037282342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of caudal injection of levobupivacaine, 0.25%, in children under 2 years of age undergoing inguinal hernia repair, circumcision or orchidopexy
    • Taylor R, Eyres R, Chalkiadis GA, Austin S. Efficacy and safety of caudal injection of levobupivacaine, 0.25%, in children under 2 years of age undergoing inguinal hernia repair, circumcision or orchidopexy. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:114-121.
    • (2003) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.13 , pp. 114-121
    • Taylor, R.1    Eyres, R.2    Chalkiadis, G.A.3    Austin, S.4
  • 28
    • 0036148851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ropivacaine undergoes slower systemic absorption from the caudal epidural space in children than bupivacaine
    • Karmakar MK, Aun CS, Wong EL, et al. Ropivacaine undergoes slower systemic absorption from the caudal epidural space in children than bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 2002; 94:259-265.
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.94 , pp. 259-265
    • Karmakar, M.K.1    Aun, C.S.2    Wong, E.L.3
  • 29
    • 0036039824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of 0.75% ropivacaine and 0.5% bupivacaine after ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve block in children
    • Ia-Kokko TI, Karinen J, Raiha E, et al. Pharmacokinetics of 0.75% ropivacaine and 0.5% bupivacaine after ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve block in children. Br J Anaesth 2002; 89:438-441.
    • (2002) Br J Anaesth , vol.89 , pp. 438-441
    • Ia-Kokko, T.I.1    Karinen, J.2    Raiha, E.3
  • 30
    • 0036394854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benefit and risks of local anesthetics in infants and children
    • Gunter JB. Benefit and risks of local anesthetics in infants and children. Paediatr Drugs 2002; 4:649-672.
    • (2002) Paediatr Drugs , vol.4 , pp. 649-672
    • Gunter, J.B.1
  • 31
    • 0036156238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of caudal ropivacaine 1, 2 and 3 mg × l(-1) for postoperative analgesia in children
    • Bosenberg A, Thomas J, Lopez T, et al. The efficacy of caudal ropivacaine 1, 2 and 3 mg × l(-1) for postoperative analgesia in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:53-58.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.12 , pp. 53-58
    • Bosenberg, A.1    Thomas, J.2    Lopez, T.3
  • 32
    • 0036281173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ropivacaine: Is it time for children?
    • Ivani G. Ropivacaine: is it time for children? Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:383-387.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.12 , pp. 383-387
    • Ivani, G.1
  • 33
    • 0036924223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of caudal-epidural opioids in children: Still state of the art or the beginning of the end?
    • Lonnqvist PA, Ivani G, Moriarty T. Use of caudal-epidural opioids in children: still state of the art or the beginning of the end? Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:747-749.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.12 , pp. 747-749
    • Lonnqvist, P.A.1    Ivani, G.2    Moriarty, T.3
  • 34
    • 0141455026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonopioid additives to local anaesthetics for caudal blockade in children: A systematic review
    • Ansermino M, Basu R, Vandebeek C, Montgomery C. Nonopioid additives to local anaesthetics for caudal blockade in children: a systematic review. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:561-573.
    • (2003) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.13 , pp. 561-573
    • Ansermino, M.1    Basu, R.2    Vandebeek, C.3    Montgomery, C.4
  • 35
    • 0036409367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apnoea in a former preterm infant after caudal bupivacaine with clonidine for inguinal herniorrhaphy
    • Fellmann C, Gerber AC, Weiss M. Apnoea in a former preterm infant after caudal bupivacaine with clonidine for inguinal herniorrhaphy. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:637-640.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.12 , pp. 637-640
    • Fellmann, C.1    Gerber, A.C.2    Weiss, M.3
  • 36
    • 0034962205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dose-response relationship for clonidine added to a postoperative continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine in children
    • De Negri P, Ivani G, Visconti C, et al. The dose-response relationship for clonidine added to a postoperative continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine in children. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:71-76.
    • (2001) Anesth Analg , vol.93 , pp. 71-76
    • De Negri, P.1    Ivani, G.2    Visconti, C.3
  • 37
    • 13944272665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caudal additives for postoperative pain management in children: S(+)-ketamine and neostigmine
    • Almenrader N, Passariello M, D'Amico G, et al. Caudal additives for postoperative pain management in children: S(+)-ketamine and neostigmine. Paediatr Anaesth 2004; 15:143-147.
    • (2004) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.15 , pp. 143-147
    • Almenrader, N.1    Passariello, M.2    D'Amico, G.3
  • 38
    • 4944236792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caudal analgesia in children: S(+)-ketamine vs S(+)-ketamine plus clonidine
    • Passariello M, Almenrader N, Canneti A, et al. Caudal analgesia in children: S(+)-ketamine vs S(+)-ketamine plus clonidine. Paediatr Anaesth 2004; 14:851-855.
    • (2004) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.14 , pp. 851-855
    • Passariello, M.1    Almenrader, N.2    Canneti, A.3
  • 39
    • 0036241402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caudal clonidine prolongs analgesia from caudal S(+)-ketamine in children
    • Hager H, Marhofer P, Sitzwohl C, et al. Caudal clonidine prolongs analgesia from caudal S(+)-ketamine in children. Anesth Analg 2002; 94:1169-1172.
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.94 , pp. 1169-1172
    • Hager, H.1    Marhofer, P.2    Sitzwohl, C.3
  • 40
    • 0036932564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repeated administration of ketamine may lead to neuronal degeneration in the developing rat brain
    • Hayashi H, Dikkes P, Soriano SG. Repeated administration of ketamine may lead to neuronal degeneration in the developing rat brain. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:770-774.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.12 , pp. 770-774
    • Hayashi, H.1    Dikkes, P.2    Soriano, S.G.3
  • 41
    • 0036902343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New insights and new issues in developmental neurotoxicology
    • Olney JW. New insights and new issues in developmental neurotoxicology. Neurotoxicology 2002; 23:659-668.
    • (2002) Neurotoxicology , vol.23 , pp. 659-668
    • Olney, J.W.1
  • 42
    • 0034054949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attenuation of the neuropsychiatric effects of ketamine with lamotrigine: Support for hyperglutamatergic effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists
    • Anand A, Charney DS, Oren DA, et al. Attenuation of the neuropsychiatric effects of ketamine with lamotrigine: support for hyperglutamatergic effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57:270-276.
    • (2000) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.57 , pp. 270-276
    • Anand, A.1    Charney, D.S.2    Oren, D.A.3
  • 43
    • 0035933557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection of S(+) ketamine isomer in global forebrain ischemia
    • Proescholdt M, Heimann A, Kempski O. Neuroprotection of S(+) ketamine isomer in global forebrain ischemia. Brain Res 2001; 904:245-251.
    • (2001) Brain Res , vol.904 , pp. 245-251
    • Proescholdt, M.1    Heimann, A.2    Kempski, O.3
  • 44
    • 0037282314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of fentanyl-bupivacaine or midazolam-bupivacaine mixtures with plain bupivacaine for caudal anaesthesia in children
    • Baris S, Karakaya D, Kelsaka E, et al. Comparison of fentanyl-bupivacaine or midazolam-bupivacaine mixtures with plain bupivacaine for caudal anaesthesia in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:126-131.
    • (2003) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.13 , pp. 126-131
    • Baris, S.1    Karakaya, D.2    Kelsaka, E.3
  • 45
    • 0036828486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caudal neostigmine, bupivacaine, and their combination for postoperative pain management after hypospadias surgery in children
    • Abdulatif M, El-Sanabary M. Caudal neostigmine, bupivacaine, and their combination for postoperative pain management after hypospadias surgery in children. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:1215-1218.
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.95 , pp. 1215-1218
    • Abdulatif, M.1    El-Sanabary, M.2
  • 46
    • 4143082815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subcutaneous tunneling of caudal catheters reduces the rate of bacterial colonization to that of lumbar epidural catheters
    • Bubeck J, Boos K, Krause H, Thies KC. Subcutaneous tunneling of caudal catheters reduces the rate of bacterial colonization to that of lumbar epidural catheters. Anesth Analg 2004; 99:689-693.
    • (2004) Anesth Analg , vol.99 , pp. 689-693
    • Bubeck, J.1    Boos, K.2    Krause, H.3    Thies, K.C.4
  • 47
    • 0042344936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sacral osteomyelitis after single-shot epidural anesthesia via the caudal approach in a child
    • Wittum S, Hofer CK, Rolli U, et al. Sacral osteomyelitis after single-shot epidural anesthesia via the caudal approach in a child. Anesthesiology 2003; 99:503-505.
    • (2003) Anesthesiology , vol.99 , pp. 503-505
    • Wittum, S.1    Hofer, C.K.2    Rolli, U.3
  • 48
    • 0009464915 scopus 로고
    • Single shot caudal block
    • Saint-Maurice C, Steinberg OS, editors. Fribourg: Mediglobe
    • Giaufre E. Single shot caudal block. In: Saint-Maurice C, Steinberg OS, editors. Regional anesthesia in children. Fribourg: Mediglobe; 1990. pp. 81-87.
    • (1990) Regional Anesthesia in Children , pp. 81-87
    • Giaufre, E.1
  • 49
    • 0038729605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caudal neostigmine for postoperative analgesia in paediatric surgery
    • Memis D, Turan A, Karamanlioglu B, et al. Caudal neostigmine for postoperative analgesia in paediatric surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:324-328.
    • (2003) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.13 , pp. 324-328
    • Memis, D.1    Turan, A.2    Karamanlioglu, B.3
  • 50
    • 3042800109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent developments in paediatric regional anaesthesia
    • Johr M, Berger TM. Recent developments in paediatric regional anaesthesia. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2004; 17:211-215. This review article focuses on the recent advances in pediatric regional anesthesia.
    • (2004) Curr Opin Anaesthesiol , vol.17 , pp. 211-215
    • Johr, M.1    Berger, T.M.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.