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1
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A report of twelve operations in infants and young children during spinal anesthesia
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Bainbridge WS. A report of twelve operations in infants and young children during spinal anesthesia. Arch Pediatr 1901; 18:510-520.
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Bainbridge, W.S.1
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0037282342
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Efficacy and safety of caudal injection of levobupivacaine, 0.25% in children under 2 years of age undergoing inguinal hernia repair, circumcision or orchidopexy
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Taylor R, Eyres R, Chalkiadis GA, Austin S. Efficacy and safety of caudal injection of levobupivacaine, 0.25% in children under 2 years of age undergoing inguinal hernia repair, circumcision or orchidopexy. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:114-121.
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Paediatr Anaesth
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Taylor, R.1
Eyres, R.2
Chalkiadis, G.A.3
Austin, S.4
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3
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0036148851
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Ropivacaine undergoes slower systemic absorption from the caudal epidural space in children than bupivacaine
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Karmaker MK, Aun CST, Wong ELY, et al. Ropivacaine undergoes slower systemic absorption from the caudal epidural space in children than bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 2002; 94:259-265.
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Anesth Analg
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Karmaker, M.K.1
Aun, C.S.T.2
Wong, E.L.Y.3
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4
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0031439403
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Systemic absorption and block after epidural injection of ropivacaine in healthy volunteers
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Emanuelsson BM, Persson J, Alm C, et al. Systemic absorption and block after epidural injection of ropivacaine in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology 1997; 87:1309-1317.
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Anesthesiology
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Emanuelsson, B.M.1
Persson, J.2
Alm, C.3
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5
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0036265464
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The minimum local anesthetic concentration of ropivacaine for caudal analgesia in children
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95 was 0.13% (CI 0.12-0.21%). The authors did not comment on the effectiveness of postoperative analgesia.
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Anesth Analg
, vol.94
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Deng, X.-M.1
Xiao, W.-J.2
Tang, G.-Z.3
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Dixon WJ. Staircase bioassay: the up-and-down method. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1991; 15:47-50.
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Dixon, W.J.1
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Comparison of racemic bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and levo-bupivacaine for pediatric caudal anesthesia: Effects on postoperative analgesia and motor block
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Ivani G, DeNegri P, Conio A, et al. Comparison of racemic bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and levo-bupivacaine for pediatric caudal anesthesia: effects on postoperative analgesia and motor block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2002; 27:157-161. The authors recruited 60 children aged 1-7 years of age having caudal blockade for either peno-scrotal or groin surgery. After induction of general anaesthesia, the children were randomized to receive 1 ml/kg of ropivacaine 0.2%, levobupivacaine 0.25% or bupivacaine 0.25%. Caudal blockade was considered successful if the rise in systolic blood pressure or heart rate was less than 20% of baseline values in response to surgery and the observational pain score was satisfactory during the initial stages of recovery. A nurse 'blinded' to the local anaesthetics used made all the pain assessments. 'Rescue analgesia' was given according to the observational pain score. The authors classified the degree of motor block using a three-point scale. All blocks were successful with a similar time to onset (assessed by pin-prick) in all children. There were no differences in the number of children requiring supplemental analgesia (five in each group) or time to first postoperative dose. Ropivacaine was associated with a lower incidence of motor blockade during the first hour compared with racemic bupivacaine (P < 0.02) but not levobupivacaine. No child had motor block beyond the first hour.
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(2002)
Reg Anesth Pain Med
, vol.27
, pp. 157-161
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Ivani, G.1
Denegri, P.2
Conio, A.3
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8
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0036839971
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Paediatric regional anaesthesia, a survey of practice in the United Kingdom
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Sanders JC. Paediatric regional anaesthesia, a survey of practice in the United Kingdom. Br J Anaesth 2002; 89:707-710.
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Br J Anaesth
, vol.89
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Sanders, J.C.1
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9
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0034962205
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The dose-response relationship for clonidine added to a postoperative continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine in children
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De Negri P, Ivani G, Visconti C, et al. The dose-response relationship for clonidine added to a postoperative continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine in children. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:71-76.
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(2001)
Anesth Analg
, vol.93
, pp. 71-76
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De Negri, P.1
Ivani, G.2
Visconti, C.3
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10
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0037219250
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Hemodynamic response to caudal epidural clonidine in a pediatric cardiac patient
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Diaz LK, Cantu F. Hemodynamic response to caudal epidural clonidine in a pediatric cardiac patient. Anesth Analg 2003; 96:88-90.
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(2003)
Anesth Analg
, vol.96
, pp. 88-90
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Diaz, L.K.1
Cantu, F.2
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11
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0036409367
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Apnoea in a former preterm infant after caudal bupivacaine with clonidine for inguinal herniorrhaphy
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Fellmann C, Gerber AC, Weiss M. Apnoea in a former preterm infant after caudal bupivacaine with clonidine for inguinal herniorrhaphy. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:637-640.
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(2002)
Paediatr Anaesth
, vol.12
, pp. 637-640
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Fellmann, C.1
Gerber, A.C.2
Weiss, M.3
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12
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0037243457
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A comparison between local anaesthetic dorsal nerve block and caudal bupivacaine with ketamine for paediatric circumcision
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Gauntlett I. A comparison between local anaesthetic dorsal nerve block and caudal bupivacaine with ketamine for paediatric circumcision. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:38-42.
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Paediatr Anaesth
, vol.13
, pp. 38-42
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Gauntlett, I.1
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13
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0037240813
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Caudal bupivacaine and S (+)-ketamine for postoperative analgesia in children
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Weber F, Wulf H. Caudal bupivacaine and S (+)-ketamine for postoperative analgesia in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:244-248.
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(2003)
Paediatr Anaesth
, vol.13
, pp. 244-248
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Weber, F.1
Wulf, H.2
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14
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0025949311
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Ketamine for caudal analgesia in children: Comparison with caudal bupivacaine
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Naguib M, Sharif AM, Seraj M, et al. Ketamine for caudal analgesia in children: comparison with caudal bupivacaine. BJA 1991; 67:559-564.
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(1991)
BJA
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Naguib, M.1
Sharif, A.M.2
Seraj, M.3
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15
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0033996153
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S (+)-ketamine for caudal block in paediatric anaesthesia
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Marhofer P, Krenn CG, Plochl W, et al. S (+)-ketamine for caudal block in paediatric anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2000; 84:341-345.
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Br J Anaesth
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, pp. 341-345
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Marhofer, P.1
Krenn, C.G.2
Plochl, W.3
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16
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0036241402
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Caudal clonidine prolongs analgesia from caudal S (+)-ketamine in children
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Hager H, Marhofer P, Sitzwohl C, et al. Caudal clonidine prolongs analgesia from caudal S (+)-ketamine in children. Anesth Analg 2002; 94:1169-1172. In this randomized double-blinded study of children aged 1-72 months, the authors found that clonidine (1 or 2 μg/kg) added to S (+)-ketamine 1 mg/kg significantly improved the quality and duration of caudal analgesia after inguinal herniotomy compared with ketamine alone.
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(2002)
Anesth Analg
, vol.94
, pp. 1169-1172
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Hager, H.1
Marhofer, P.2
Sitzwohl, C.3
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17
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0029091641
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Midazolam for caudal analgesia in children: Comparison with caudal bupivacaine
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Naguib M, el Gammal M, Elhattab YS, et al. Midazolam for caudal analgesia in children: comparison with caudal bupivacaine. Can J Anaesth 1995; 42:758-764.
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(1995)
Can J Anaesth
, vol.42
, pp. 758-764
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Naguib, M.1
El Gammal, M.2
Elhattab, Y.S.3
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18
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0031841689
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Comparison of caudal bupivacaine, bupivacaine-morphine and bupivacaine-midazolam mixtures for post-operative analgesia in children
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Gulec S, Buyukkidan B, Oral N, et al. Comparison of caudal bupivacaine, bupivacaine-morphine and bupivacaine-midazolam mixtures for post-operative analgesia in children. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1998; 15:161-165.
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(1998)
Eur J Anaesthesiol
, vol.15
, pp. 161-165
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Gulec, S.1
Buyukkidan, B.2
Oral, N.3
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19
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0037282314
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Comparison of fentanyl-bupivacaine or midazolam-bupivacaine mixtures with plain bupivacaine for caudal anaesthesia in children
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Baris S, Karakaya D, Kelsaka E, et al. Comparison of fentanyl- bupivacaine or midazolam-bupivacaine mixtures with plain bupivacaine for caudal anaesthesia in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:126-131.
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(2003)
Paediatr Anaesth
, vol.13
, pp. 126-131
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Baris, S.1
Karakaya, D.2
Kelsaka, E.3
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20
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0036828486
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Caudal neostigmine, bupivacaine, and their combination for post-operative pain management after hypospadias repair in children
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Abdulatif M, El-Sanabary M. Caudal neostigmine, bupivacaine, and their combination for post-operative pain management after hypospadias repair in children. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:1215-1218. This is the first report of the use of neostigmine along the neuraxis in children. The authors recruited 60 boys aged 2-10 years for hypospadias repair and randomized them to receive caudal blockade using 1 ml/kg of either neostigmine 2 μg/kg, bupivacaine 2.5 mg/kg or neostigmine 2 μg/kg + bupivacaine 2.5 mg/ kg. They concluded that neostigmine alone confers equivalent postoperative analgesia to bupivacaine, although it is less efficacious during surgery. More importantly, the drugs are synergistic in combination. Neostigmine, however, is associated with a significantly greater incidence of vomiting (in nearly one-third compared with 10% for bupivacaine alone), which may limit its use.
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(2002)
Anesth Analg
, vol.95
, pp. 1215-1218
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Abdulatif, M.1
El-Sanabary, M.2
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21
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0036924223
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Use of caudal-epidural opioids in children: Still state of the art or the beginning of the end?
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Lonnqvist PA, Ivani G, Moriarty T. Use of caudal-epidural opioids in children: still state of the art or the beginning of the end? Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:747-749. The authors question the routine use of opioids as an adjunct to neuraxial blocks in children.
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(2002)
Paediatr Anaesth
, vol.12
, pp. 747-749
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Lonnqvist, P.A.1
Ivani, G.2
Moriarty, T.3
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22
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0036928427
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Effect of route of buprenorphine on recovery and postoperative analgesic requirement in paediatric patients
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Khan FA, Memon GA, Kamal RS. Effect of route of buprenorphine on recovery and postoperative analgesic requirement in paediatric patients. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:786-790.
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(2002)
Paediatr Anaesth
, vol.12
, pp. 786-790
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Khan, F.A.1
Memon, G.A.2
Kamal, R.S.3
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23
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0036207885
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The analgesic efficacy and neuro-endocrine response in paediatric patients treated with two analgesic techniques: Using morphine-epidural and patient-controlled analgesia
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Bozkurt P. The analgesic efficacy and neuro-endocrine response in paediatric patients treated with two analgesic techniques: using morphine-epidural and patient-controlled analgesia. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:248-254.
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(2002)
Paediatr Anaesth
, vol.12
, pp. 248-254
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Bozkurt, P.1
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24
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0036237989
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Lidocaine with fentanyl, compared to morphine, marginally improves postoperative epidural analgesia in children
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Reinoso-Barbero F, Saavedra B, Hervilla S, et al. Lidocaine with fentanyl, compared to morphine, marginally improves postoperative epidural analgesia in children. Can J Anaesth 2002; 49:67-71.
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(2002)
Can J Anaesth
, vol.49
, pp. 67-71
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Reinoso-Barbero, F.1
Saavedra, B.2
Hervilla, S.3
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25
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0036406945
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The comparison of caudal ketamine, alfentanil and ketamine plus alfentanil administration for postoperative analgesia in children
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Ozbek H, Bilen A, Ozcengiz D, et al. The comparison of caudal ketamine, alfentanil and ketamine plus alfentanil administration for postoperative analgesia in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:610-616.
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(2002)
Paediatr Anaesth
, vol.12
, pp. 610-616
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Ozbek, H.1
Bilen, A.2
Ozcengiz, D.3
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26
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0036700302
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Epinephrine does not reduce the plasma concentration of lidocaine during continuous epidural infusion in children
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Miyabe M, Kakiuchi Y, Inomata S, et al. Epinephrine does not reduce the plasma concentration of lidocaine during continuous epidural infusion in children. Can J Anaesth 2002; 49:706-710.
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(2002)
Can J Anaesth
, vol.49
, pp. 706-710
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Miyabe, M.1
Kakiuchi, Y.2
Inomata, S.3
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27
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0037234441
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The 'swoosh' test: An evaluation of a modified 'whoosh' test in children
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Orme RML'E, Berg SJ. The 'swoosh' test: an evaluation of a modified 'whoosh' test in children. Br J Anaesth 2003; 90:62-65.
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(2003)
Br J Anaesth
, vol.90
, pp. 62-65
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Orme, R.M.L.'E.1
Berg, S.J.2
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28
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0036242172
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Testing anal sphincter tone predicts the effectiveness of caudal analgesia in children
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Verghese ST, Mostello LA, Patel RI, et al. Testing anal sphincter tone predicts the effectiveness of caudal analgesia in children. Anesth Analg 2002; 94:1161-1164.
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(2002)
Anesth Analg
, vol.94
, pp. 1161-1164
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Verghese, S.T.1
Mostello, L.A.2
Patel, R.I.3
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29
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0037240993
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Spread of radioopaque dye in the epidural space in infants
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Vas L, Kulkarni V, Mali M, Bagry H. Spread of radioopaque dye in the epidural space in infants. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:233-243. The authors assessed the radiological appearance of either 0.5 or 1.0 ml/kg of contrast injected through epidural catheters in 10 babies aged 2-36 days after major surgery and found that both the quality and extent of spread were different for every baby. Filling defects and 'skipped' segments were common. Spread was more extensive after 1 ml/kg compared with 0.5 ml/kg, but not twice as great.
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(2003)
Paediatr Anaesth
, vol.13
, pp. 233-243
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Vas, L.1
Kulkarni, V.2
Mali, M.3
Bagry, H.4
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31
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0036281513
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Thoracic epidural catheters placed by the caudal route in infants: The importance of radiographic confirmation
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Valairucha S, Seefelder C, Houck CS. Thoracic epidural catheters placed by the caudal route in infants: the importance of radiographic confirmation. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:424-428. In this retrospective review of attempted thoracic epidural analgesia using caudal catheters in babies younger than 6 months of age, the position on X-ray of 28/86 catheter tips was not optimal; 10 were too high and 17 catheters were coiled at the lumbo-sacral level. One other lay within the pre-sacral area. To optimize analgesia and reduce complications, the authors recommended always evaluating the position of epidural catheters threaded from the sacral hiatus formally with X-ray.
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(2002)
Paediatr Anaesth
, vol.12
, pp. 424-428
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Valairucha, S.1
Seefelder, C.2
Houck, C.S.3
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32
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0036071712
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Thoracic epidural catheter placement via the caudal approach in infants by using electrocardiographic guidance
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Tsui BCH, Seal R, Koller J. Thoracic epidural catheter placement via the caudal approach in infants by using electrocardiographic guidance. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:326-330. The authors used a specially devised catheter to obtain an electrocardiograph signal from the tip, which was then compared with one from a surface electrode positioned at the 'target' segmental level. This allowed them to continuously monitor the insertion of a caudal catheter to thoracic levels in 20 children aged 0-36 months. The tips lay within two vertebral spaces of the 'target' level in all children.
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(2002)
Anesth Analg
, vol.95
, pp. 326-330
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Bch, T.1
Seal, R.2
Koller, J.3
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33
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0034752443
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Thoracic epidural analgesia via the caudal approach in pediatric patients undergoing fundoplication using nerve stimulation guidance
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Tsui BCH, Seal R, Koller J, et al. Thoracic epidural analgesia via the caudal approach in pediatric patients undergoing fundoplication using nerve stimulation guidance. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:1152-1155.
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(2001)
Anesth Analg
, vol.93
, pp. 1152-1155
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Tsui, B.C.H.1
Seal, R.2
Koller, J.3
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34
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0036860177
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Ultrasound in local anaesthesia: Part I. Technical developments and background
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Kapral S, Marhofer P, Grau T. Ultrasound in local anaesthesia: part I. Technical developments and background. Anaesthetist 2002; 51:931-937. For the German-speaking reader, this paper is an excellent overview of a new and exciting technique.
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(2002)
Anaesthetist
, vol.51
, pp. 931-937
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Kapral, S.1
Marhofer, P.2
Grau, T.3
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35
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0036828408
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Caudal anesthesia in children: Effect of volume versus concentration of bupivacaine on blocking spermatic cord traction response during orchidopexy
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Verghese ST, Hannallah RS, Rice LJ, et al. Caudal anesthesia in children: effect of volume versus concentration of bupivacaine on blocking spermatic cord traction response during orchidopexy. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:1219-1223. In a blinded study, 50 ASA l un-premedicated boys aged 1-6 years scheduled for outpatient unilateral orchidopexy were randomized to caudal blockade with bupivacaine 2 mg/kg + epinephrine 1:400 000 and sodium bicarbonate delivered in volumes of either 0.8 or 1.0 ml/kg. The same urologist operated on all children in an attempt to standardize the amount of spermatic cord traction. The inspired halothane concentration was adjusted according to clinical response and then expressed in 'MAC minutes'. Rescue analgesia was given according to observers' assessments of pain (either fentanyl 1 μg/kg in postanaesthesia care unit or paracetamol in the short-stay recovery ward). The authors reported that, whilst the larger volume was more effective in blocking the response to spermatic cord traction, there were no differences for the 'MAC minutes' of volatile agent, quality of postoperative analgesia, recovery or discharge times.
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(2002)
Anesth Analg
, vol.95
, pp. 1219-1223
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Verghese, S.T.1
Hannallah, R.S.2
Rice, L.J.3
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36
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0036932491
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Effect of ilioinguinal nerve block on the catecholamine plasma levels in orchidopexy: Comparison with caudal epidural block
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Somri M, Gaitini LA, Vaida SJ, et al. Effect of ilioinguinal nerve block on the catecholamine plasma levels in orchidopexy: comparison with caudal epidural block. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:791-797.
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(2002)
Paediatr Anaesth
, vol.12
, pp. 791-797
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Somri, M.1
Gaitini, L.A.2
Vaida, S.J.3
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37
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0036280309
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Retrospective evaluation of continuous epidural infusion for post-operative pain in children
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Jylli L, Lundeberg S, Olsson GL. Retrospective evaluation of continuous epidural infusion for post-operative pain in children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002; 46:654-659.
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(2002)
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand
, vol.46
, pp. 654-659
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Jylli, L.1
Lundeberg, S.2
Olsson, G.L.3
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38
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0029894152
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Thoracic epidural anesthesia via the lumbar approach in infants and children
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Blanco D, Llamazares J, Rincon R, et al. Thoracic epidural anesthesia via the lumbar approach in infants and children. Anesthesiology 1996; 84:1312-1316.
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(1996)
Anesthesiology
, vol.84
, pp. 1312-1316
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Blanco, D.1
Llamazares, J.2
Rincon, R.3
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39
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0036372957
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Epidural anaesthesia in a child with possible spinal muscular atrophy
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Veen A, Molenbuur B, Richardson FJ. Epidural anaesthesia in a child with possible spinal muscular atrophy. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:556-558.
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(2002)
Paediatr Anaesth
, vol.12
, pp. 556-558
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Veen, A.1
Molenbuur, B.2
Richardson, F.J.3
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40
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0036829938
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Intrathecal versus IV fentanyl in pediatric cardiac anesthesia
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Pirat A, Akpek E, Arslan G. Intrathecal versus IV fentanyl in pediatric cardiac anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:1207-1214. After induction with intravenous fentanyl 10 μg/kg, 30 children aged between 6 months and 6 years having cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease were randomized into one of three groups to receive either fentanyl 10 μg/kg/h intravenously (IV group); fentanyl 2 μg/kg intrathecally injected at L3-L4 or L4-L5 (IT group); fentanyl 10 μg/kg/h intravenously + 2 μg/kg intrathecally (IV + IT group). Additional fentanyl 2 μg/kg was given intravenously if the blood pressure or heart rate exceeded 15% of baseline values. Patients in all three groups had similar haemodynamic changes associated with the different stages of surgery and similar requirements for intravenous fentanyl supplements. There were no differences in the quality of postoperative analgesia. Similar changes occurred in the hormonal markers of the stress response (except for glucose concentrations in the IT group during re-warming). Children in the combination group were extubated significantly earlier than those in either of the other two groups (P < 0.05).
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(2002)
Anesth Analg
, vol.95
, pp. 1207-1214
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Pirat, A.1
Akpek, E.2
Arslan, G.3
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41
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12244270338
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Haemodynamic changes during high spinal anaesthesia in children having open heart surgery
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Finkel JC, Boltz MG, Conran AM. Haemodynamic changes during high spinal anaesthesia in children having open heart surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 13:48-52. After induction of general anaesthesia in 30 children aged between 7 months and 13 years having cardiac surgery, the authors injected hyperbaric tetracaine + preservative-free morphine into the subarachnoid space at L2-L3 or L3-L4. During lumbar puncture and for 10 min thereafter, the children were positioned 30° head-down. Heart rate and systemic blood pressure were recorded at various points after induction and during surgery. General anaesthesia was maintained throughout surgery with 0.2-0.5% isoflurane in oxygen-enriched air, adjusted to maintain the blood pressure within 20% of preinduction values. The authors reported that, generally, heart rates and systolic blood pressures remained stable. Specifically, no child received more than 10 ml/kg of crystalloid before sternotomy and none required atropine or vasopressors. All children were able to move their limbs at the end of surgery and were successfully extubated in the operating theatre.
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(2002)
Paediatr Anaesth
, vol.13
, pp. 48-52
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Finkel, J.C.1
Boltz, M.G.2
Conran, A.M.3
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42
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0018406087
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Age related changes in blood pressure and duration of motor block in spinal anesthesia
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Dohi S, Naito H, Takahashi T. Age related changes in blood pressure and duration of motor block in spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1979; 50:319-323.
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(1979)
Anesthesiology
, vol.50
, pp. 319-323
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Dohi, S.1
Naito, H.2
Takahashi, T.3
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43
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85069117069
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Reply to correspondence from Dohi S, Seino H. Spinal anesthesia in premature infants: Dosage and effects of sympathectomy
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