메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 16, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 461-470

Neuraxial blocks for anaesthesia and analgesia in children

Author keywords

Analgesia; Epidural caudal; Infarct; Local anaesthetics; Post operative anaesthesia

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; ALFENTANIL; BUPIVACAINE; BUPRENORPHINE; CLONIDINE; FENTANYL; KETAMINE; LEVOBUPIVACAINE; LIDOCAINE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MIDAZOLAM; MORPHINE; NEOSTIGMINE; OPIATE; ROPIVACAINE;

EID: 0142093177     PISSN: 09527907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001503-200310000-00005     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (13)

References (60)
  • 1
    • 0001496285 scopus 로고
    • A report of twelve operations in infants and young children during spinal anesthesia
    • Bainbridge WS. A report of twelve operations in infants and young children during spinal anesthesia. Arch Pediatr 1901; 18:510-520.
    • (1901) Arch Pediatr , vol.18 , pp. 510-520
    • Bainbridge, W.S.1
  • 2
    • 0037282342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of caudal injection of levobupivacaine, 0.25% in children under 2 years of age undergoing inguinal hernia repair, circumcision or orchidopexy
    • Taylor R, Eyres R, Chalkiadis GA, Austin S. Efficacy and safety of caudal injection of levobupivacaine, 0.25% in children under 2 years of age undergoing inguinal hernia repair, circumcision or orchidopexy. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:114-121.
    • (2003) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.13 , pp. 114-121
    • Taylor, R.1    Eyres, R.2    Chalkiadis, G.A.3    Austin, S.4
  • 3
    • 0036148851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ropivacaine undergoes slower systemic absorption from the caudal epidural space in children than bupivacaine
    • Karmaker MK, Aun CST, Wong ELY, et al. Ropivacaine undergoes slower systemic absorption from the caudal epidural space in children than bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 2002; 94:259-265.
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.94 , pp. 259-265
    • Karmaker, M.K.1    Aun, C.S.T.2    Wong, E.L.Y.3
  • 4
    • 0031439403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic absorption and block after epidural injection of ropivacaine in healthy volunteers
    • Emanuelsson BM, Persson J, Alm C, et al. Systemic absorption and block after epidural injection of ropivacaine in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology 1997; 87:1309-1317.
    • (1997) Anesthesiology , vol.87 , pp. 1309-1317
    • Emanuelsson, B.M.1    Persson, J.2    Alm, C.3
  • 5
    • 0036265464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The minimum local anesthetic concentration of ropivacaine for caudal analgesia in children
    • 95 was 0.13% (CI 0.12-0.21%). The authors did not comment on the effectiveness of postoperative analgesia.
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.94 , pp. 1465-1468
    • Deng, X.-M.1    Xiao, W.-J.2    Tang, G.-Z.3
  • 6
    • 0025860304 scopus 로고
    • Staircase bioassay: The up-and-down method
    • Dixon WJ. Staircase bioassay: the up-and-down method. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1991; 15:47-50.
    • (1991) Neurosci Biobehav Rev , vol.15 , pp. 47-50
    • Dixon, W.J.1
  • 7
    • 0036207254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of racemic bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and levo-bupivacaine for pediatric caudal anesthesia: Effects on postoperative analgesia and motor block
    • Ivani G, DeNegri P, Conio A, et al. Comparison of racemic bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and levo-bupivacaine for pediatric caudal anesthesia: effects on postoperative analgesia and motor block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2002; 27:157-161. The authors recruited 60 children aged 1-7 years of age having caudal blockade for either peno-scrotal or groin surgery. After induction of general anaesthesia, the children were randomized to receive 1 ml/kg of ropivacaine 0.2%, levobupivacaine 0.25% or bupivacaine 0.25%. Caudal blockade was considered successful if the rise in systolic blood pressure or heart rate was less than 20% of baseline values in response to surgery and the observational pain score was satisfactory during the initial stages of recovery. A nurse 'blinded' to the local anaesthetics used made all the pain assessments. 'Rescue analgesia' was given according to the observational pain score. The authors classified the degree of motor block using a three-point scale. All blocks were successful with a similar time to onset (assessed by pin-prick) in all children. There were no differences in the number of children requiring supplemental analgesia (five in each group) or time to first postoperative dose. Ropivacaine was associated with a lower incidence of motor blockade during the first hour compared with racemic bupivacaine (P < 0.02) but not levobupivacaine. No child had motor block beyond the first hour.
    • (2002) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.27 , pp. 157-161
    • Ivani, G.1    Denegri, P.2    Conio, A.3
  • 8
    • 0036839971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paediatric regional anaesthesia, a survey of practice in the United Kingdom
    • Sanders JC. Paediatric regional anaesthesia, a survey of practice in the United Kingdom. Br J Anaesth 2002; 89:707-710.
    • (2002) Br J Anaesth , vol.89 , pp. 707-710
    • Sanders, J.C.1
  • 9
    • 0034962205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dose-response relationship for clonidine added to a postoperative continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine in children
    • De Negri P, Ivani G, Visconti C, et al. The dose-response relationship for clonidine added to a postoperative continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine in children. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:71-76.
    • (2001) Anesth Analg , vol.93 , pp. 71-76
    • De Negri, P.1    Ivani, G.2    Visconti, C.3
  • 10
    • 0037219250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hemodynamic response to caudal epidural clonidine in a pediatric cardiac patient
    • Diaz LK, Cantu F. Hemodynamic response to caudal epidural clonidine in a pediatric cardiac patient. Anesth Analg 2003; 96:88-90.
    • (2003) Anesth Analg , vol.96 , pp. 88-90
    • Diaz, L.K.1    Cantu, F.2
  • 11
    • 0036409367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apnoea in a former preterm infant after caudal bupivacaine with clonidine for inguinal herniorrhaphy
    • Fellmann C, Gerber AC, Weiss M. Apnoea in a former preterm infant after caudal bupivacaine with clonidine for inguinal herniorrhaphy. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:637-640.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.12 , pp. 637-640
    • Fellmann, C.1    Gerber, A.C.2    Weiss, M.3
  • 12
    • 0037243457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison between local anaesthetic dorsal nerve block and caudal bupivacaine with ketamine for paediatric circumcision
    • Gauntlett I. A comparison between local anaesthetic dorsal nerve block and caudal bupivacaine with ketamine for paediatric circumcision. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:38-42.
    • (2003) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.13 , pp. 38-42
    • Gauntlett, I.1
  • 13
    • 0037240813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caudal bupivacaine and S (+)-ketamine for postoperative analgesia in children
    • Weber F, Wulf H. Caudal bupivacaine and S (+)-ketamine for postoperative analgesia in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:244-248.
    • (2003) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.13 , pp. 244-248
    • Weber, F.1    Wulf, H.2
  • 14
    • 0025949311 scopus 로고
    • Ketamine for caudal analgesia in children: Comparison with caudal bupivacaine
    • Naguib M, Sharif AM, Seraj M, et al. Ketamine for caudal analgesia in children: comparison with caudal bupivacaine. BJA 1991; 67:559-564.
    • (1991) BJA , vol.67 , pp. 559-564
    • Naguib, M.1    Sharif, A.M.2    Seraj, M.3
  • 15
    • 0033996153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S (+)-ketamine for caudal block in paediatric anaesthesia
    • Marhofer P, Krenn CG, Plochl W, et al. S (+)-ketamine for caudal block in paediatric anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2000; 84:341-345.
    • (2000) Br J Anaesth , vol.84 , pp. 341-345
    • Marhofer, P.1    Krenn, C.G.2    Plochl, W.3
  • 16
    • 0036241402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caudal clonidine prolongs analgesia from caudal S (+)-ketamine in children
    • Hager H, Marhofer P, Sitzwohl C, et al. Caudal clonidine prolongs analgesia from caudal S (+)-ketamine in children. Anesth Analg 2002; 94:1169-1172. In this randomized double-blinded study of children aged 1-72 months, the authors found that clonidine (1 or 2 μg/kg) added to S (+)-ketamine 1 mg/kg significantly improved the quality and duration of caudal analgesia after inguinal herniotomy compared with ketamine alone.
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.94 , pp. 1169-1172
    • Hager, H.1    Marhofer, P.2    Sitzwohl, C.3
  • 17
    • 0029091641 scopus 로고
    • Midazolam for caudal analgesia in children: Comparison with caudal bupivacaine
    • Naguib M, el Gammal M, Elhattab YS, et al. Midazolam for caudal analgesia in children: comparison with caudal bupivacaine. Can J Anaesth 1995; 42:758-764.
    • (1995) Can J Anaesth , vol.42 , pp. 758-764
    • Naguib, M.1    El Gammal, M.2    Elhattab, Y.S.3
  • 18
    • 0031841689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of caudal bupivacaine, bupivacaine-morphine and bupivacaine-midazolam mixtures for post-operative analgesia in children
    • Gulec S, Buyukkidan B, Oral N, et al. Comparison of caudal bupivacaine, bupivacaine-morphine and bupivacaine-midazolam mixtures for post-operative analgesia in children. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1998; 15:161-165.
    • (1998) Eur J Anaesthesiol , vol.15 , pp. 161-165
    • Gulec, S.1    Buyukkidan, B.2    Oral, N.3
  • 19
    • 0037282314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of fentanyl-bupivacaine or midazolam-bupivacaine mixtures with plain bupivacaine for caudal anaesthesia in children
    • Baris S, Karakaya D, Kelsaka E, et al. Comparison of fentanyl- bupivacaine or midazolam-bupivacaine mixtures with plain bupivacaine for caudal anaesthesia in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:126-131.
    • (2003) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.13 , pp. 126-131
    • Baris, S.1    Karakaya, D.2    Kelsaka, E.3
  • 20
    • 0036828486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caudal neostigmine, bupivacaine, and their combination for post-operative pain management after hypospadias repair in children
    • Abdulatif M, El-Sanabary M. Caudal neostigmine, bupivacaine, and their combination for post-operative pain management after hypospadias repair in children. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:1215-1218. This is the first report of the use of neostigmine along the neuraxis in children. The authors recruited 60 boys aged 2-10 years for hypospadias repair and randomized them to receive caudal blockade using 1 ml/kg of either neostigmine 2 μg/kg, bupivacaine 2.5 mg/kg or neostigmine 2 μg/kg + bupivacaine 2.5 mg/ kg. They concluded that neostigmine alone confers equivalent postoperative analgesia to bupivacaine, although it is less efficacious during surgery. More importantly, the drugs are synergistic in combination. Neostigmine, however, is associated with a significantly greater incidence of vomiting (in nearly one-third compared with 10% for bupivacaine alone), which may limit its use.
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.95 , pp. 1215-1218
    • Abdulatif, M.1    El-Sanabary, M.2
  • 21
    • 0036924223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of caudal-epidural opioids in children: Still state of the art or the beginning of the end?
    • Lonnqvist PA, Ivani G, Moriarty T. Use of caudal-epidural opioids in children: still state of the art or the beginning of the end? Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:747-749. The authors question the routine use of opioids as an adjunct to neuraxial blocks in children.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.12 , pp. 747-749
    • Lonnqvist, P.A.1    Ivani, G.2    Moriarty, T.3
  • 22
    • 0036928427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of route of buprenorphine on recovery and postoperative analgesic requirement in paediatric patients
    • Khan FA, Memon GA, Kamal RS. Effect of route of buprenorphine on recovery and postoperative analgesic requirement in paediatric patients. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:786-790.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.12 , pp. 786-790
    • Khan, F.A.1    Memon, G.A.2    Kamal, R.S.3
  • 23
    • 0036207885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The analgesic efficacy and neuro-endocrine response in paediatric patients treated with two analgesic techniques: Using morphine-epidural and patient-controlled analgesia
    • Bozkurt P. The analgesic efficacy and neuro-endocrine response in paediatric patients treated with two analgesic techniques: using morphine-epidural and patient-controlled analgesia. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:248-254.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.12 , pp. 248-254
    • Bozkurt, P.1
  • 24
    • 0036237989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lidocaine with fentanyl, compared to morphine, marginally improves postoperative epidural analgesia in children
    • Reinoso-Barbero F, Saavedra B, Hervilla S, et al. Lidocaine with fentanyl, compared to morphine, marginally improves postoperative epidural analgesia in children. Can J Anaesth 2002; 49:67-71.
    • (2002) Can J Anaesth , vol.49 , pp. 67-71
    • Reinoso-Barbero, F.1    Saavedra, B.2    Hervilla, S.3
  • 25
    • 0036406945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The comparison of caudal ketamine, alfentanil and ketamine plus alfentanil administration for postoperative analgesia in children
    • Ozbek H, Bilen A, Ozcengiz D, et al. The comparison of caudal ketamine, alfentanil and ketamine plus alfentanil administration for postoperative analgesia in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:610-616.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.12 , pp. 610-616
    • Ozbek, H.1    Bilen, A.2    Ozcengiz, D.3
  • 26
    • 0036700302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epinephrine does not reduce the plasma concentration of lidocaine during continuous epidural infusion in children
    • Miyabe M, Kakiuchi Y, Inomata S, et al. Epinephrine does not reduce the plasma concentration of lidocaine during continuous epidural infusion in children. Can J Anaesth 2002; 49:706-710.
    • (2002) Can J Anaesth , vol.49 , pp. 706-710
    • Miyabe, M.1    Kakiuchi, Y.2    Inomata, S.3
  • 27
    • 0037234441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 'swoosh' test: An evaluation of a modified 'whoosh' test in children
    • Orme RML'E, Berg SJ. The 'swoosh' test: an evaluation of a modified 'whoosh' test in children. Br J Anaesth 2003; 90:62-65.
    • (2003) Br J Anaesth , vol.90 , pp. 62-65
    • Orme, R.M.L.'E.1    Berg, S.J.2
  • 28
    • 0036242172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing anal sphincter tone predicts the effectiveness of caudal analgesia in children
    • Verghese ST, Mostello LA, Patel RI, et al. Testing anal sphincter tone predicts the effectiveness of caudal analgesia in children. Anesth Analg 2002; 94:1161-1164.
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.94 , pp. 1161-1164
    • Verghese, S.T.1    Mostello, L.A.2    Patel, R.I.3
  • 29
    • 0037240993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spread of radioopaque dye in the epidural space in infants
    • Vas L, Kulkarni V, Mali M, Bagry H. Spread of radioopaque dye in the epidural space in infants. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:233-243. The authors assessed the radiological appearance of either 0.5 or 1.0 ml/kg of contrast injected through epidural catheters in 10 babies aged 2-36 days after major surgery and found that both the quality and extent of spread were different for every baby. Filling defects and 'skipped' segments were common. Spread was more extensive after 1 ml/kg compared with 0.5 ml/kg, but not twice as great.
    • (2003) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.13 , pp. 233-243
    • Vas, L.1    Kulkarni, V.2    Mali, M.3    Bagry, H.4
  • 31
    • 0036281513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thoracic epidural catheters placed by the caudal route in infants: The importance of radiographic confirmation
    • Valairucha S, Seefelder C, Houck CS. Thoracic epidural catheters placed by the caudal route in infants: the importance of radiographic confirmation. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:424-428. In this retrospective review of attempted thoracic epidural analgesia using caudal catheters in babies younger than 6 months of age, the position on X-ray of 28/86 catheter tips was not optimal; 10 were too high and 17 catheters were coiled at the lumbo-sacral level. One other lay within the pre-sacral area. To optimize analgesia and reduce complications, the authors recommended always evaluating the position of epidural catheters threaded from the sacral hiatus formally with X-ray.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.12 , pp. 424-428
    • Valairucha, S.1    Seefelder, C.2    Houck, C.S.3
  • 32
    • 0036071712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thoracic epidural catheter placement via the caudal approach in infants by using electrocardiographic guidance
    • Tsui BCH, Seal R, Koller J. Thoracic epidural catheter placement via the caudal approach in infants by using electrocardiographic guidance. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:326-330. The authors used a specially devised catheter to obtain an electrocardiograph signal from the tip, which was then compared with one from a surface electrode positioned at the 'target' segmental level. This allowed them to continuously monitor the insertion of a caudal catheter to thoracic levels in 20 children aged 0-36 months. The tips lay within two vertebral spaces of the 'target' level in all children.
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.95 , pp. 326-330
    • Bch, T.1    Seal, R.2    Koller, J.3
  • 33
    • 0034752443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thoracic epidural analgesia via the caudal approach in pediatric patients undergoing fundoplication using nerve stimulation guidance
    • Tsui BCH, Seal R, Koller J, et al. Thoracic epidural analgesia via the caudal approach in pediatric patients undergoing fundoplication using nerve stimulation guidance. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:1152-1155.
    • (2001) Anesth Analg , vol.93 , pp. 1152-1155
    • Tsui, B.C.H.1    Seal, R.2    Koller, J.3
  • 34
    • 0036860177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound in local anaesthesia: Part I. Technical developments and background
    • Kapral S, Marhofer P, Grau T. Ultrasound in local anaesthesia: part I. Technical developments and background. Anaesthetist 2002; 51:931-937. For the German-speaking reader, this paper is an excellent overview of a new and exciting technique.
    • (2002) Anaesthetist , vol.51 , pp. 931-937
    • Kapral, S.1    Marhofer, P.2    Grau, T.3
  • 35
    • 0036828408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caudal anesthesia in children: Effect of volume versus concentration of bupivacaine on blocking spermatic cord traction response during orchidopexy
    • Verghese ST, Hannallah RS, Rice LJ, et al. Caudal anesthesia in children: effect of volume versus concentration of bupivacaine on blocking spermatic cord traction response during orchidopexy. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:1219-1223. In a blinded study, 50 ASA l un-premedicated boys aged 1-6 years scheduled for outpatient unilateral orchidopexy were randomized to caudal blockade with bupivacaine 2 mg/kg + epinephrine 1:400 000 and sodium bicarbonate delivered in volumes of either 0.8 or 1.0 ml/kg. The same urologist operated on all children in an attempt to standardize the amount of spermatic cord traction. The inspired halothane concentration was adjusted according to clinical response and then expressed in 'MAC minutes'. Rescue analgesia was given according to observers' assessments of pain (either fentanyl 1 μg/kg in postanaesthesia care unit or paracetamol in the short-stay recovery ward). The authors reported that, whilst the larger volume was more effective in blocking the response to spermatic cord traction, there were no differences for the 'MAC minutes' of volatile agent, quality of postoperative analgesia, recovery or discharge times.
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.95 , pp. 1219-1223
    • Verghese, S.T.1    Hannallah, R.S.2    Rice, L.J.3
  • 36
    • 0036932491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of ilioinguinal nerve block on the catecholamine plasma levels in orchidopexy: Comparison with caudal epidural block
    • Somri M, Gaitini LA, Vaida SJ, et al. Effect of ilioinguinal nerve block on the catecholamine plasma levels in orchidopexy: comparison with caudal epidural block. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:791-797.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.12 , pp. 791-797
    • Somri, M.1    Gaitini, L.A.2    Vaida, S.J.3
  • 37
    • 0036280309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrospective evaluation of continuous epidural infusion for post-operative pain in children
    • Jylli L, Lundeberg S, Olsson GL. Retrospective evaluation of continuous epidural infusion for post-operative pain in children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002; 46:654-659.
    • (2002) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.46 , pp. 654-659
    • Jylli, L.1    Lundeberg, S.2    Olsson, G.L.3
  • 38
    • 0029894152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thoracic epidural anesthesia via the lumbar approach in infants and children
    • Blanco D, Llamazares J, Rincon R, et al. Thoracic epidural anesthesia via the lumbar approach in infants and children. Anesthesiology 1996; 84:1312-1316.
    • (1996) Anesthesiology , vol.84 , pp. 1312-1316
    • Blanco, D.1    Llamazares, J.2    Rincon, R.3
  • 39
    • 0036372957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidural anaesthesia in a child with possible spinal muscular atrophy
    • Veen A, Molenbuur B, Richardson FJ. Epidural anaesthesia in a child with possible spinal muscular atrophy. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:556-558.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.12 , pp. 556-558
    • Veen, A.1    Molenbuur, B.2    Richardson, F.J.3
  • 40
    • 0036829938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrathecal versus IV fentanyl in pediatric cardiac anesthesia
    • Pirat A, Akpek E, Arslan G. Intrathecal versus IV fentanyl in pediatric cardiac anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:1207-1214. After induction with intravenous fentanyl 10 μg/kg, 30 children aged between 6 months and 6 years having cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease were randomized into one of three groups to receive either fentanyl 10 μg/kg/h intravenously (IV group); fentanyl 2 μg/kg intrathecally injected at L3-L4 or L4-L5 (IT group); fentanyl 10 μg/kg/h intravenously + 2 μg/kg intrathecally (IV + IT group). Additional fentanyl 2 μg/kg was given intravenously if the blood pressure or heart rate exceeded 15% of baseline values. Patients in all three groups had similar haemodynamic changes associated with the different stages of surgery and similar requirements for intravenous fentanyl supplements. There were no differences in the quality of postoperative analgesia. Similar changes occurred in the hormonal markers of the stress response (except for glucose concentrations in the IT group during re-warming). Children in the combination group were extubated significantly earlier than those in either of the other two groups (P < 0.05).
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.95 , pp. 1207-1214
    • Pirat, A.1    Akpek, E.2    Arslan, G.3
  • 41
    • 12244270338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haemodynamic changes during high spinal anaesthesia in children having open heart surgery
    • Finkel JC, Boltz MG, Conran AM. Haemodynamic changes during high spinal anaesthesia in children having open heart surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 13:48-52. After induction of general anaesthesia in 30 children aged between 7 months and 13 years having cardiac surgery, the authors injected hyperbaric tetracaine + preservative-free morphine into the subarachnoid space at L2-L3 or L3-L4. During lumbar puncture and for 10 min thereafter, the children were positioned 30° head-down. Heart rate and systemic blood pressure were recorded at various points after induction and during surgery. General anaesthesia was maintained throughout surgery with 0.2-0.5% isoflurane in oxygen-enriched air, adjusted to maintain the blood pressure within 20% of preinduction values. The authors reported that, generally, heart rates and systolic blood pressures remained stable. Specifically, no child received more than 10 ml/kg of crystalloid before sternotomy and none required atropine or vasopressors. All children were able to move their limbs at the end of surgery and were successfully extubated in the operating theatre.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.13 , pp. 48-52
    • Finkel, J.C.1    Boltz, M.G.2    Conran, A.M.3
  • 42
    • 0018406087 scopus 로고
    • Age related changes in blood pressure and duration of motor block in spinal anesthesia
    • Dohi S, Naito H, Takahashi T. Age related changes in blood pressure and duration of motor block in spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1979; 50:319-323.
    • (1979) Anesthesiology , vol.50 , pp. 319-323
    • Dohi, S.1    Naito, H.2    Takahashi, T.3
  • 43
    • 85069117069 scopus 로고
    • Reply to correspondence from Dohi S, Seino H. Spinal anesthesia in premature infants: Dosage and effects of sympathectomy
    • Anesthesiology 1986; 65:559-560
    • Harnik EV. Reply to correspondence from Dohi S, Seino H. Spinal anesthesia in premature infants: dosage and effects of sympathectomy [Anesthesiology 1986; 65:559-560]. Anesthesiology 1986; 65:560-561.
    • (1986) Anesthesiology , vol.65 , pp. 560-561
    • Harnik, E.V.1
  • 44
    • 0028835370 scopus 로고
    • Infants tolerate spinal anesthesia with minimal overall autonomic changes: Analysis of heart rate variability in former premature infants undergoing hernia repair
    • Oberlander TF, Berde CB, Kar HL, et al. Infants tolerate spinal anesthesia with minimal overall autonomic changes: analysis of heart rate variability in former premature infants undergoing hernia repair. Anesth Analg 1995; 80:20-27.
    • (1995) Anesth Analg , vol.80 , pp. 20-27
    • Oberlander, T.F.1    Berde, C.B.2    Kar, H.L.3
  • 45
    • 0023444282 scopus 로고
    • Pulsed Doppler ascending aortic, carotid, brachial, and femoral artery blood flows during caudal anesthesia in infants
    • Payen D, Ecoffey C, Carli P, Dubousset A-M. Pulsed Doppler ascending aortic, carotid, brachial, and femoral artery blood flows during caudal anesthesia in infants. Anesthesiology 1987; 67:681-685.
    • (1987) Anesthesiology , vol.67 , pp. 681-685
    • Payen, D.1    Ecoffey, C.2    Carli, P.3    Dubousset, A.-M.4
  • 46
    • 0036097770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary Doppler flow velocity pattern during caudal epidural anaesthesia in children
    • Ozasa H, Hashimoto K, Saito Y. Pulmonary Doppler flow velocity pattern during caudal epidural anaesthesia in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:317-321.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.12 , pp. 317-321
    • Ozasa, H.1    Hashimoto, K.2    Saito, Y.3
  • 47
    • 18744403936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal anaesthesia for inguinal herniotomy in preterm infants sedated with nitrous oxide: A comparison of lumbar puncture in the lateral or sitting position
    • Vila R, Lloret J, Munar F, Vinzo J. Spinal anaesthesia for inguinal herniotomy in preterm infants sedated with nitrous oxide: a comparison of lumbar puncture in the lateral or sitting position. Anaesthesia 2002; 57:1164-1167. The authors randomized 30 preterm babies to subarachnoid block in either the lateral or sitting positions using a 22-gauge lumbar puncture needle and 1 mg/kg of isobaric bupivacaine 0.5% with epinephrine. The median height and duration of block in both groups were similar (median height in both groups T5; median duration 67 versus 63 min for the lateral versus sitting positions). There were no differences in the incidence of 'bloody tap' (33% in both groups) or number of attempts required for lumbar puncture (median 1 and range 1-3 in both groups). The baby's position during lumbar puncture does not seem to affect either the characteristics of the block or the incidence of technical difficulties.
    • (2002) Anaesthesia , vol.57 , pp. 1164-1167
    • Vila, R.1    Lloret, J.2    Munar, F.3    Vinzo, J.4
  • 48
    • 0036234768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal anesthesia in 62 premature, former-premature or young infants: Technical aspects and pitfalls
    • Shenkman Z, Hoppenstein D, Litmanowitz I, et al. Spinal anesthesia in 62 premature, former-premature or young infants: technical aspects and pitfalls. Can J Anaesth 2002; 49:262-269.
    • (2002) Can J Anaesth , vol.49 , pp. 262-269
    • Shenkman, Z.1    Hoppenstein, D.2    Litmanowitz, I.3
  • 49
    • 0021340844 scopus 로고
    • Spinal anesthesia for surgery in the high-risk infant
    • Abajian JC, Mellish RWP, Browne AF, et al. Spinal anesthesia for surgery in the high-risk infant. Anesth Analg 1984; 63:359-362.
    • (1984) Anesth Analg , vol.63 , pp. 359-362
    • Abajian, J.C.1    Mellish, R.W.P.2    Browne, A.F.3
  • 51
  • 52
    • 0035103604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Post-operative recovery after inguinal herniotomy in ex-premature infants: Comparison between sevoflurane and spinal anaesthesia
    • Williams JM, Stoddart PA, Williams SAR, Wolf AR. Post-operative recovery after inguinal herniotomy in ex-premature infants: comparison between sevoflurane and spinal anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2001; 86:366-371.
    • (2001) Br J Anaesth , vol.86 , pp. 366-371
    • Williams, J.M.1    Stoddart, P.A.2    Williams, S.A.R.3    Wolf, A.R.4
  • 53
    • 0025350943 scopus 로고
    • Postoperative apnea in former preterm infants: Prospective comparison of spinal and general anesthesia
    • Welborn LG, Rice LJ, Hannallah RS, et al. Postoperative apnea in former preterm infants: prospective comparison of spinal and general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1990; 72:838-842.
    • (1990) Anesthesiology , vol.72 , pp. 838-842
    • Welborn, L.G.1    Rice, L.J.2    Hannallah, R.S.3
  • 54
    • 0037238138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness and safety of spinal anaesthesia in the pyloromyotomy procedure
    • Somri M, Gaitini LA, Vaida SJ, et al. The effectiveness and safety of spinal anaesthesia in the pyloromyotomy procedure. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:32-37.
    • (2003) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.13 , pp. 32-37
    • Somri, M.1    Gaitini, L.A.2    Vaida, S.J.3
  • 56
    • 0032767099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postdural puncture headache is not an age-related symptom in children: A prospective, open-randomized, parallel group study comparing a 22-gauge Quincke with a 22-gauge Whitacre needle
    • Kokki H, Salonvaara M, Herrgard E, et al. Postdural puncture headache is not an age-related symptom in children: a prospective, open-randomized, parallel group study comparing a 22-gauge Quincke with a 22-gauge Whitacre needle. Paediatr Anaesth 1999; 9:429-434.
    • (1999) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.9 , pp. 429-434
    • Kokki, H.1    Salonvaara, M.2    Herrgard, E.3
  • 57
    • 0036360472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of postdural puncture headache with epidural blood patch in children
    • Ylonen P, Kokki H. Management of postdural puncture headache with epidural blood patch in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:526-529.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.12 , pp. 526-529
    • Ylonen, P.1    Kokki, H.2
  • 58
    • 0037221553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord injury in a child caused by an accidental dural puncture with a single-shot thoracic epidural needle
    • Kasai T, Yaegashi K, Hirose M, Tanaka Y. Spinal cord injury in a child caused by an accidental dural puncture with a single-shot thoracic epidural needle. Anesth Analg 2003; 96:65-67.
    • (2003) Anesth Analg , vol.96 , pp. 65-67
    • Kasai, T.1    Yaegashi, K.2    Hirose, M.3    Tanaka, Y.4
  • 59
    • 0037223050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord injury in a child after singie-shot epidural anesthesia
    • Rose JB. Spinal cord injury in a child after singie-shot epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2003; 96:3-6.
    • (2003) Anesth Analg , vol.96 , pp. 3-6
    • Rose, J.B.1
  • 60
    • 0036924270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe back pain post caudal injection
    • Mackersie A. Severe back pain post caudal injection. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:810.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.12 , pp. 810
    • Mackersie, A.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.