Radioresistant laryngeal cancer: Beyond the TNM stage

Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 105-114

  Nix, P A ^a,b   Greenman, J ^a   Cawkwell, L ^a   Stafford, N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HULL   (United Kingdom)

^b CASTLE HILL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Laryngeal cancer; Molecular markers; Radioresistance

Indexed keywords

CELL MARKER; CYCLIN D1; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; MESSENGER RNA; MOLECULAR MARKER; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN P21; PROTEIN P53; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; VASCULOTROPIN;

ANGIOGENESIS; APOPTOSIS; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL CYCLE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION; DNA MICROARRAY; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; KARYOTYPE; KARYOTYPING; LARYNX CANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RADIOSENSITIVITY; REVIEW;

CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; GENETIC MARKERS; HUMANS; LARYNGEAL NEOPLASMS; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; TREATMENT FAILURE; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 2042546077     PISSN: 03077772     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2273.2003.00796.x     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. VOKES E.E., WEICHSELBAUM R.R., LIPPMAN S.M. et al. (1993) Head and neck cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 328, 184-194
2. SHAHA A.R. & SHAH J.P. (1982) Carcinoma of the subglottic larynx. Am. J. Surg. 144, 456-458
3. TON-VAN J., LEFEBVRE J.L., STERN J.C. et al. (1991) Comparison of surgery and radiotherapy in T1 and T2 glottic carcinomas. Am. J. Surg. 162, 337-340
4. MORRIS M.R., CANONICO D. & BLANK C. (1994) A critical review of radiotherapy in the management of T1 glottic carcinoma. Am. J. Otolaryngol. 15, 276-280
5. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF OTOLARYNGOLOGISTS HEAD AND NECK SURGEONS (2002) Effective Head and Neck Cancer Management. British Association of Otorhinolaryngologists Head and Neck Surgeons
6. MCLAUGHLIN M.P., PARSONS J.T., FEIN D.A. et al. (1996) Salvage surgery after radiotherapy failure in T1-T2 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx. Head Neck 18, 229-235
7. BURKE L.S., GREVEN K.M., MCGUIRT W.T. et al. (1997) Definitive radiotherapy for early glottic carcinoma: prognostic factors and implications for treatment. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 38, 1001-1006
8. SMALL W., MITTAL B.B., BRANO W.N. et al. (1992) Results of radiation therapy in early glottic carcinoma: multivariate analysis of prognostic and radiation therapy variables. Radiology 183, 789-794
9. BENTZEN S.M., SAUNDERS M.I., DISCHE S. et al. (2001) Radiotherapy-related early morbidity in head and neck cancer: quantitative clinical radiobiology as deduced from the CHART trial. Radiother. Oncol. 60, 123-135
10. CARL J., ANDERSEN L.J., PEDERSEN M. et al. (1996) Prognostic factors of local control after radiotherapy in T1 glottic and supraglottic carcinoma of the larynx. Radiother. Oncol. 39, 229-233
11. FERNBERG J.O., RINGBORG U., SILFVERSWARD C. et al. (1989) Radiation therapy in early glottic cancer. Analysis of 177 consecutive cases. Acta Otolaryngol. 108, 478-481
12. KLINTENBERG C., LUNDGREN J., ADELL G. et al. (1996) Primary radiotherapy of T1 and T2 glottic carcinoma-analysis of treatment results and prognostic factors in 223 patients. Acta Oncol. 35 (Suppl. 8), 81-86
13. JOHANSEN L.V., GRAU C. & OVERGAARD J. (2002) Glottic carcinoma - patterns of failure and salvage treatment after curative radiotherapy in 861 consecutive patients. Radiother. Oncol. 63, 257-267
14. MENDENHALL W.M., AMDUR R.J., MORRIS C.G. et al. (2001) T1-T2N0 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx treated with radiation therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 4029-4036
15. JOHANSEN L.V., GRAU C. & OVERGAARD J. (2002) Supraglottic carcinoma: patterns of failure and salvage treatment after curatively intended radiotherapy in 410 consecutive patients. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 53, 948-958
16. SOOD S., BRADLEY P.J. & QURAISHI M.S. (2002) Second primary tumours in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck-incidence, site, location and prevention. Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. 8, 87-90
17. HOLLAND J.M., ARSANJANI A., LIEM B.J. et al. (2002) Second malignancies in early stage laryngeal carcinoma patients treated with radiotherapy. J. Laryngol. Otol. 116, 190-193
18. SLAUGHTER D.P., SOUTHWICK H.W. & SMEJKAL W. (1953) Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium: clinical implications of multicentric origin. Cancer 6, 963
19. MALARD O., TOQUET C., GAYET-DELACROIX M. et al. (2002) Radiation-induced cancers of the pharynx and larynx: a study of five clinical cases. Clin. Otolaryngol. 27, 68-74
20. GREENMAN J., HOMER J.J. & STAFFORD N.D. (2000) Markers in cancer of the larynx and pharynx. Clin. Otolaryngol. 25, 9-18
21. VAN DEN B.W., VAN DER S.E., HORIOT J.C. et al. (1995) The EORTC randomized trial on three fractions per day and misonidazole in advanced head and neck cancer: prognostic factors. Radiother. Oncol. 35, 100-106
22. JOHNSON C.R., THAMES H.D., HUANG D.T. et al. (1995) The tumor volume and clonogen number relationship: tumor control predictions based upon tumor volume estimates derived from computed tomography. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 33, 281-287
23. LO S.M., VENKATESAN V., MATTHEWS T.W. et al. (1998) Tumour volume: implications in T2/T3 glottic/supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma. J. Otolaryngol. 27, 247-251
24. GOLEN M., SKLADOWSKI K. & MACIEJEWSKI B. (1999) Comparative estimation of cure rates for supraglottic and glottic cancer in radiotherapy. Neoplasma 46, 66-71
25. PEKKOLA-HEINO K., JAAKKOLA M., KULMALA J. et al. (1995) Comparison of cellular radiosensitivity between different localizations of head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 121, 452-456
26. MAHESHWAR A.A. & GAFFNEY C.C. (2001) Radiotherapy for T1 glottic carcinoma: impact of anterior commissure involvement. J. Laryngol. Otol. 115, 298-301
27. SHVERO J., HADAR T., SEGAL K. et al. (1994) Early glottic carcinoma involving the anterior commissure. Clin. Otolaryngol. 19, 105-108
28. NOZAKI M., FURUTA M., MURAKAMI Y. et al. (2000) Radiation therapy for T1 glottic cancer: involvement of the anterior commissure. Anticancer Res. 20, 1121-1124
29. JIN J., LIAO Z., GAO L. et al. (2002) Analysis of prognostic factors for T(1)N(0)M(0) glottic cancer treated with definitive radiotherapy alone: experience of the cancer hospital of Peking Union Medical College and the Chinese Academy Of Medical Sciences. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 54, 471-478
30. LE Q.T., FU K.K., KROLL S. et al. (1997) Influence of fraction size, total dose, and overall time on local control of T1-T2 glottic carcinoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 39, 115-126
31. FU K.K., PAJAK T.F., TROTTI A. et al. (2000) A Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) phase III randomized study to compare hyperfractionation and two variants of accelerated fractionation to standard fractionation radiotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: first report of RTOG 9003. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 48, 7-16
32. GARDEN A.S., FORSTER K., WONG P.F. et al. (2003) Results of radiotherapy for T2N0 glottic carcinoma: does the "2" stand for twice-daily treatment? Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 55, 322-328
33. OVERGAARD J., ALSNER J., ERIKSEN J. et al. (2000) Importance of overall treatment time for the response to radiotherapy in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Rays 25, 313-319
34. SAARILAHTI K., KAJANTI M., LEHTONEN H. et al. (1998) Repopulation during radical radiotherapy for T1 glottic cancer. Radiother. Oncol. 47, 155-159
35. HORIOT J.C., BONTEMPS P., VAN DEN B.W. et al. (1997) Accelerated fractionation (AF) compared to conventional fractionation (CF) improves loco-regional control in the radiotherapy of advanced head and neck cancers: results of the EORTC 22851 randomized trial. Radiother. Oncol. 44, 111-121
36. GRIFFIN T.W., PAJAK T.F., GILLESPIE B.W. et al. (1984) Predicting the response of head and neck cancers to radiation therapy with a multivariate modelling system: an analysis of the RTOG head and neck registry. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 10, 481-487
37. SINGH B., BHAYA M., ZIMBLER M. et al. (1998) Impact of comorbidity on outcome of young patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 20, 1-7
38. JONES A.S., BEASLEY N., HOUGHTON D., PAJAK T.F., GILLESPIE B.W. et al. (1998) The effects of age on survival and other parameters in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. Clin. Otolaryngol. 23, 51-56
39. WARDE P., O'SULLIVAN B., BRISTOW R.G. et al. (1998) T1/T2 glottic cancer managed by external beam radiotherapy: the influence of pretreatment hemoglobin on local control. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 41, 347-353
40. VAN ACHT M.J., HERMANS J., BOKS D.E. et al. (1992) The prognostic value of hemoglobin and a decrease in hemoglobin during radiotherapy in laryngeal carcinoma. Radiother. Oncol. 23, 229-235
41. DAUGAARD B.J. & SAND H.H. (1998) Primary radiotherapy of carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx - a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 41, 355-360
42. RAMSAMOOJ P., KASID U. & DRITSCHILO A. (1992) Differential expression of proteins in radioresistant and radiosensitive human squamous carcinoma cells. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 84, 622-628
43. HANNA E., SHRIEVE D.C., RATANATHARATHORN V. et al. (2001) A novel alternative approach for prediction of radiation response of squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. Cancer Res. 61, 2376-2380
44. GUO Y.C., DESANTO L. & OSETINSKY G.V. (1989) Prognostic implications of nuclear DNA content in head and neck cancer. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 100, 95-98
45. WALTER M.A., PETERS G.E. & PEIPER S.C. (1991) Predicting radioresistance in early glottic squamous cell carcinoma by DNA content. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 100, 523-526
46. WESTERBEEK H.A., MOOI W.J., HILGERS F.J. et al. (1993) Ploidy status and the response of T1 glottic carcinoma to radiotherapy. Clin. Otolaryngol. 18, 98-101
47. STERN Y., ARONSON M., SHPITZER T. et al. (1995) Significance of DNA ploidy in the treatment of T1 glottic carcinoma. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 121, 1003-1005
48. II N., FUWA N., ANDO M. et al. (2002) DNA ploidy analysis performed prospectively using fresh tumor samples in early glottic carcinoma treated with radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 52, 415-419
49. TOFFOLI G., FRANCHIN G., BARZAN L. et al. (1995) Brief report: prognostic importance of cellular DNA content in T1-2 N0 laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas treated with radiotherapy. Laryngoscope 105, 649-652
50. KALLIONIEMI A., KALLIONIEMI O.P., SUDAR D. et al. (1992) Comparative genomic hybridization for molecular cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors. Science 258, 818-821
51. SMITH B.D. & HAFFTY B.G. (1999) Molecular markers as prognostic factors for local recurrence and radioresistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Radiat. Oncol. Invest. 7, 125-144
52. SINGH B., KIM S.H., CAREW J.F. et al. (2000) Genome-wide screening for radiation response factors in head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope 110, 1251-1256
53. HOMER J.J., GREENMAN J. & STAFFORD N.D. (2000) Angiogenesis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin. Otolaryngol. 25, 169-180
54. HARRISON L.B., CHADHA M., HILL R.J. et al. (2002) Impact of tumor hypoxia and anemia on radiation therapy outcomes. Oncologist 7, 492-508
55. DISCHE S., ANDERSON P.J., SEALY R. et al. (1983) Carcinoma of the cervix - anaemia, radiotherapy and hyperbaric oxygen. Br. J. Radiol. 56, 251-255
56. KAMIJO T., YOKOSE T., HASEBE T. et al. (2000) Potential role of microvessel density in predicting radiosensitivity of T1 and T2 stage laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated with radiotherapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 6, 3159-3165
57. JENSSEN N., BOYSEN M., KJAERHEIM A. et al. (1996) Low vascular density indicates poor response to radiotherapy in small glottic carcinomas. Pathol. Res. Pract. 192, 1090-1094
58. HOMER J.J., GREENMAN J. & STAFFORD N.D. (2001) The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF-C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance. Clin. Otolaryngol. 26, 498-504
59. BEGG A.C. (1995) The clinical status of Tpot as a predictor? Or why no tempest in the Tpot! Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 32, 1539-1541
60. MOTAMED M., BANERJEE A.R., BRADLEY P.J. et al. (2001) MIB-1 and p53 expression in radiotherapy-resistant T1aN0M0 glottic squamous cell carcinoma. Clin. Otolaryngol. 26, 227-230
61. CONDON L.T., ASHMAN J.N., ELL S.R. et al. (2002) Overexpression of Bcl-2 in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx: a marker of radioresistance. Int. J. Cancer 100, 472-415
62. BJORK-ERIKSSON T., WEST C.M., CVETSKOVSKA E. et al. (1999) The lack of correlation between proliferation (Ki-67, PCNA, LI, Tpot), p53 expression and radiosensitivity for head and neck cancers. Br. J. Cancer 80, 1400-1404
63. MAURIZI M., SCAMBIA G., BENEOETTI P.P. et al. (1992) EGF receptor expression in primary laryngeal cancer: correlation with clinico-pathological features and prognostic significance. Int. J. Cancer 52, 862-866
64. OZANNE B., RICHARDS C.S., HENDLER F. et al. (1986) Over-expression of the EGF receptor is a hallmark of squamous cell carcinomas. J. Pathol. 149, 9-14
65. KWOK T.T. & SUTHERLAND R.M. (1991) Differences in EGF related radiosensitisation of human squamous carcinoma cells with high and low numbers of EGF receptors. Br. J. Cancer 64, 251-254
66. MIYAGUCHI M., OLOFSSON J. & HELLQUIST H.B. (1991) Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in glottic carcinoma and its relation to recurrence after radiotherapy. Clin. Otolaryngol. 16, 466-469
67. WEN Q.H., MIWA T., YOSHIZAKI T. et al. (1996) Prognostic value of EGFR and TGF-alpha in early laryngeal cancer treated with radiotherapy. Laryngoscope 106, 884-888
68. BANKS L., MATLASHEWSKI G. & CRAWFORD L. (1986) Isolation of human-p53-specific monoclonal antibodies and their use in the studies of human p53 expression. Eur. J. Biochem. 159, 529-534
69. GUDKOV A.V. & KOMAROVA E.A. (2003) The role of p53 in determining sensitivity to radiotherapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 3, 117-129
70. NARAYANA A., VAUGHAN A.T., KATHURIA S. et al. (2000) P53 overexpression is associated with bulky tumor and poor local control in T1 glottic cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 46, 21-26
71. RAYBAUD-DIOGENE H., FORTIN A., MORENCY R. et al. (1997) Markers of radioresistance in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study. J. Clin. Oncol. 15, 1030-1038
72. KROPVELD A., SLOOTWEG P.J., VAN MANSFELD A.D. et al. (1996) Radioresistance and p53 status of T2 laryngeal carcinoma. Analysis by immunohistochemistry and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Cancer 78, 991-997
73. PAI H.H., ROCHON L., CLARK B. et al. (1998) Overexpression of p53 protein does not predict local-regional control or survival in patients with early-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx treated with radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 41, 37-42
74. KOKOSKA M.S., PICCIRILLO J.F., EL MOFTY S.K. et al. (1996) Prognostic significance of clinical factors and p53 expression in patients with glottic carcinoma treated with radiation therapy. Cancer 78, 1693-1700
75. FISHER C.J., GILLETT C.E., VOJTESEK B. et al. (1994) Problems with p53 immunohistochemical staining: the effect of fixation and variation in the methods of evaluation. Br. J. Cancer 69, 26-31
76. SAUNDERS M.E., MACKENZIE R., SHIPMAN R. et al. (1999) Patterns of p53 gene mutations in head and neck cancer: full-length gene sequencing and results of primary radiotherapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 5, 2455-2463
77. MORGAN D.O. (1996) The dynamics of cyclin dependent kinase structure. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8, 767-772
78. PATEL V., JAKUS J., HARRIS C.M. et al. (1997) Altered expression and activity of G1/S cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases characterize squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Int. J. Cancer 73, 551-555
79. ERBER R., KLEIN W., ANDL T. et al. (1997) Aberrant p21 (CIP1/WAF1) protein accumulation in head-and-neck cancer. Int. J. Cancer 74, 383-389
80. JEANNON J.P., SOAMES J., LUNEC J. et al. (2000) Expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1) and p53 tumour suppressor gene in laryngeal cancer. Clin. Otolaryngol. 25, 23-27
81. BARTKOVA J., LUKAS J., STRAUSS M. et al. (1994) Cell cycle-related variation and tissue-restricted expression of human cyclin D1 protein. J. Pathol. 172, 237-245
82. AKERVALL J.A., MICHALIDES R.J., MINETA H. et al. (1997) Amplification of cyclin D1 in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and the prognostic value of chromosomal abnormalities and cyclin D1 overexpression. Cancer 79, 380-389
83. SOFER-LEVI Y. & RESNITZKY D. (1996) Apoptosis induced by ectopic expression of cyclin D1 but not cyclin E. Oncogene 13, 2431-2437
84. YOO S.S., CARTER D., TURNER B.C. et al. (2000) Prognostic significance of cyclin D1 protein levels in early-stage larynx cancer treated with primary radiation. Int. J. Cancer 90, 22-28
85. REED J.C. (1999) Mechanisms of apoptosis avoidance in cancer. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 11, 68-75
86. MOW B.M., BLAJESKI A.L., CHANDRA J. et al. (2001) Apoptosis and the response to anticancer therapy. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 13, 453-462
87. KONSTANTINIDOU A.E., KORKOLOPOULOU P. & PATSOURIS E. (2002) Apoptotic markers for tumor recurrence: a minireview. Apoptosis 7, 461-470
88. REED J.C. (1995) Bcl-2: prevention of apoptosis as a mechanism of drug resistance. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 9, 451-473
89. GALLO O., BODDI V., CALZOLARI A. et al. (1996) Bcl-2 protein expression correlates with recurrence and survival in early stage head and neck cancer treated by radiotherapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 2, 261-267
90. FRIEDMAN M. GREY P., VENKATESAN T.K. et al. (1997) Prognostic significance of Bcl-2 expression in localized squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 106, 445-450
91. LAKHANI S.R. & ASHWORTH A. (2001) Microarray and histopathological analysis of tumours: the future and the past? Nat. Rev. Cancer 1, 151-157
92. PAISLEY S., WARDE P.R., O'SULLIVAN B. et al. (2002) Results of radiotherapy for primary subglottic squamous cell carcinoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 52, 1245-1250