Angiogenesis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 169-180

  Homer, Jarrod J ^a,b   Greenman, J ^a   Stafford, N D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HULL   (United Kingdom)

^b CASTLE HILL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANGIOPOIETIN 1; ANGIOPOIETIN 2; ANGIOSTATIN; BASIC FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; ENDOSTATIN; INTERLEUKIN 8; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; PLATELET DERIVED ENDOTHELIAL CELL GROWTH FACTOR; THROMBOSPONDIN; VASCULOTROPIN;

ANGIOGENESIS; HEAD CANCER; HUMAN; NECK CANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA;

ANGIOGENESIS INDUCING AGENTS; CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY; CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; GROWTH SUBSTANCES; HEAD AND NECK NEOPLASMS; HUMANS;

EID: 0033940954     PISSN: 03077772     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2273.2000.00356.x     Document Type: Review

References (163)

1. 1 FOLKMAN J. (1971) Tumor angiogenesis: therepeutic implications. N. Eng. J. Med. 85, 1182-1186
2. 2 COMAN D.R. & SHELDON W.F. (1946) The significance of hyperemia around tumour implants. Am. J. Pathol. 22, 821-826
3. 3 FOLKMAN J. (1990) What is the evidence that tumors are angiogenesis dependent? J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 82, 4-6
4. 4 HOLASH J., MAISONPIERRE P.C., COMPTON D. et al. (1999) Vessel co-option, regression, and growth in tumors mediated by angiopoietins and VEGF. Science 284, 1994-1998
5. 5 NAGY J.A., BROWN L.F., SENGER D.R. et al. (1989) Pathogenesis of tumor stroma generation: a critical role for leaky blood vessels and fibrin deposition. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 948, 305-326
6. 6 SKOBE M., ROCKWELL P., GOLDSTEIN N. et al. (1997) Halting angiogenesis suppresses carcinoma cell invasion. Nat. Med. 3, 1222-1227
7. 7 HOLMGREN L., O'REILLY M.S. & FOLKMAN J. (1995) Dormancy of micrometastases: balanced proliferation and apoptosis in the presence of angiogenesis suppression [see comments]. Nat. Med. 1, 149-153
8. 8 KURIZAKI T., TOI M. & TOMINAGA T. (1998) Relationship between matrix metalloproteinase expression and tumor angiogenesis in human breast carcinoma. Oncol. Report 5, 673-677
9. 9 DVORAK H.F. (1986) Tumours: wounds that do not heal. N. Eng. J. Med. 315, 1650-1658
10. 10 POTGENS A.J., WESTPHAL H.R., DE WAAL R.M. et al. (1995) The role of vascular permeability factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in tumor angiogenesis. Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler 376, 57-70
11. 11 DVORAK H.F., BROWN L.F., DETMAR M. et al. (1995) Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor, microvascular hyperpermeability, and angiogenesis. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 1029-1039
12. 12 RUF W. & MUELLER B.M. (1996) Tissue factor in cancer angiogenesis and metastasis. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 3, 379-384
13. 13 PINEDO H.M., VERHEUL H.M., D'AMATO R.J. et al. (1998) Involvement of platelets in tumour angiogenesis? Lancet 352, 1775-1777
14. 14 VERHEUL H.M., HOEKMAN K., LUYKX-DE BAKKER S. et al. (1997) Platelet: transporter of vascular endothelial growth factor. Clin. Cancer Res. 3, 2187-2190
15. 15 HUANG G.W., NONG H.T., YU Q.I. et al. (1997) Platelet aggregation in head and neck tumors in China. Laryngoscope 107, 1142-1145
16. 16 WERB Z., BANDA M.J. & JONES P.A. (1980) Degradation of connective tissue matrices by macrophages. I. Proteolysis of elastin, glycoproteins, and collagen by proteinases isolated from macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 152, 1340-1357
17. 17 STETLER-STEVENSON W.G. & CORCORAN M.L. (1997) Tumor angiogenesis: functional similarities with tumor invasion. EXS 79, 413-418
18. 18 BARDOS H., JUHASZ A., REPASSY G. et al. (1998) Fibrin deposition in squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx and hypopharynx. Thromb. Haemost. 80, 767-772
19. 19 WEIDNER N., SEMPLE J.P., WELCH W.R. et al. (1991) Tumor angiogenesis and metastasis-correlation with invasive breast carcinoma. N. Eng. J. Med. 324, 1-7
20. 20 WEIDNER N., CARROLL P.R., FLAX J. et al. (1993) Tumor angiogenesis correlates with metastasis in invasive prostate carcinoma. Am. J. Path. 143, 401-409
21. 21 SRIVASTAVA A., LAIDLER P. & DAVIES R. (1986) The prognostic significance of tumor vascularity in intermediate-thickness skin melanoma. Am. J. Pathol. 133, 419-423
22. 22 MACCHIARINI P., FONTANINI G., HARDIN M.J. et al. (1992) Relation of neovascularisation to metastasis of non-small-cell lung cancer. Lancet 340, 145-146
23. 23 LI V.W., FOLKERTH R.D., WATANABE H. et al. (1994) Microvessel count and cerebrospinal fluid basic fibroblast growth factor in children with brain tumours. Lancet 344, 82-86
24. 24 EPPENBERGER U., KUENG W., SCHLAEPPI J.M. et al. (1998) Markers of tumor angiogenesis and proteolysis independently define high- and low-risk subsets of node-negative breast cancer patients. J. Clin. Oncol. 16, 3129-3136
25. 25 MARME D. (1996) Tumor angiogenesis: the pivotal role of vascular endothelial growth factor. World J. Urol. 14, 166-174
26. 26 GLEICH L.L., BIDDINGER P.W., PAVELIC Z.P. et al. (1996) Tumor angiogenesis in T1 oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: role in predicting tumor aggressiveness. Head Neck 18, 343-346
27. 27 GLEICH L.L., BIDDINGER P.W., DUPERIER F.D. et al. (1997) Tumor angiogenesis as a prognostic indicator in T2-T4 oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: a clinical-pathologic correlation. Head Neck 19, 276-280
28. 28 DRAY T.G., HARDIN N.J. & SOFFERMAN R.A. (1995) Angiogenesis as a prognostic marker in early head and neck cancer. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 104, 724-729
29. 29 CARRAU R.L., BARNES E.L., SNYDERMAN C.H. et al. (1995) Tumor angiogenesis as a predictor of tumor aggressiveness and metastatic potential in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Invasion. Metast. 15, 197-202
30. 30 LEEDY D.A., TRUNE D.R., KRONZ J.D. et al. (1994) Tumor Angiogenesis, The p53 antigen, and cervical metastasis in squamous carcinoma of the tongue. Otolaryngol. Head. Neck Surg. 111, 417-422
31. 31 WILLIAMS J.K., CARLSON G.W., COHEN C. et al. (1994) Tumor angiogenesis as a prognostic factor in oral cavity tumors. Am. J. Surg. 168, 373-380
32. 32 GASPARINI G., WEIDNER N., MALUTA S. et al. (1993) Intratumoral microvessel density and the p53 protein: correlation with metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer 55, 739-744
33. 33 MURRAY J.D., CARLSON G.W., MCLAUGHLIN K. et al. (1997) Tumor angiogenesis as a prognostic factor in laryngeal cancer. Am. J. Surg. 174, 523-526
34. 34 SHPITZER T., CHAIMOFF M., GAL R. et al. (1996) Tumor angiogenesis as a prognostic factor in early oral tongue cancer. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head. Neck Surg. 122, 865-868
35. 35 MORIYAMA M., KUMAGI S., KAWASHIRI S. et al. (1997) Immunohistochemical study of tumour angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Clin. Oncol. 33, 396-374
36. 36 ZATTERSTROM U.K., BRUN E., WILLEN R. et al. (1995) Tumor angiogenesis and prognosis in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck 17, 312-318
37. 37 PAZOUKI S., CHISHOLM D.M., ADI M.M. et al. (1997) The association between tumour progression and vascularity in the oral mucosa. J. Pathol. 183, 39-43
38. 38 GIATROMANOLAKI A., FOUNTZILAS G., KOUKOURAKIS M.I. et al. (1998) Neo-angiogenesis in locally advanced squamous cell head and neck cancer correlates with thymidine phosphorylase expression and p53 nuclear oncoprotein accumulation. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 16, 665-672
39. 39 BEATRICE F., CAMMAROTA R., GIORDANO C. et al. (1998) Angiogenesis: prognostic significance in laryngeal cancer. Anticancer Res. 18, 4737-4740
40. 40 JANOT F., KLIJANIENKO J., RUSSO A. et al. (1996) Prognostic value of clinicopathological parameters in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a prospective analysis. Br. J. Cancer 73, 531-538
41. 41 ALCALDE R.E., TERAKADO N., OTSUKI K. et al. (1997) Angiogenesis and expression of platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncology 54, 324-328
42. 42 PENFOLD C.N., PARTRIDGE M., ROJAS R. et al. (1996) The role of angiogenesis in the spread of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 34, 37-41
43. 43 HORAK E.R., LEEK R., KLENK N. et al. (1992) Angiogenesis, assessed by platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule antibodies, as indicator of node metastases and survival in breast cancer. Lancet 340, 1120-1124
44. 44 TAKES R.P., BAATENBURG DE JONG R.J., KEUNING J. et al. (1998) Protein expression of cancer associated genes: biopsy material compared to resection material in laryngeal cancer. Anticancer Res. 18, 4787-4791
45. 45 GALLO O., MASINI E., MORBIDELLI L. et al. (1998) Role of nitric oxide in angiogenesis and tumor progression in head and neck cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 90, 587-596
46. 46 FIDLER I.J. & ELLIS L.M. (1994) The implications of angiogenesis for the biology and therapy of cancer metastasis. Cell 79, 185-188
47. 47 DE VRIES C., ESCOBEDO J.A., UENO H. et al. (1992) The fms-like tyrosine kinase, a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor. Science 255, 1579-1586
48. 48 MILLAUER B., WIZIGMANN V., SCHMURCH H. et al. (1993) High affinity VEGF binding and developmental expression suggest Flk-1 as a major regulator of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Cell 72, 835-846
49. 49 SHALABY F., ROSSANT J., YAMAGUCHI T.P. et al. (1995) Failure of blood-island formation and vasculogenesis in Flk-1-deficient mice. Nature 376, 62-66
50. 50 FONG G.H., ROSSANT J., GERTSENSTEIN M. et al. (1995) Role of the Flt-1 receptor tyrosine kinase in regulating the assembly of vascular endothelium. Nature 376, 66-70
51. 51 WALTENBERGER J., CLAESSON-WELSH L., SIEGBAHN A. et al. (1994) Different signal transduction properties of KDR and Flt1, two receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 26988-26995
52. 52 BROWN L.F., BERSE B., JACKMAN R.W. et al. (1995) Expression of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) and its receptors in breast cancer. Hum. Pathol. 26, 86-91
53. 53 SOKER S., TAKASHIMA S., MIAO H.Q. et al. (1998) Neuropilin-1 is expressed by endothelial and tumor cells as an isoform-specific receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor. Cell 92, 735-745
54. 54 FERRARA N. & HENZEL W.J. (1989) Pituitary follicular cells secrete a novel heparin-binding growth factor specific for vascular endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 161, 851-858
55. 55 SENGER D.R., GALLI S.J., DVORAK A.M. et al. (1983) Tumor cells secrete a vascular permeability factor that promotes accumulation of ascites fluid. Science 219, 983-985
56. 56 KENDALL R.L. & THOMAS K.A. (1993) Inhibition of vascular endothelial cell growth factor activity by an endogenously encoded soluble receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 10705-10709
57. 57 UNEMORI E.N., FERRARA N., BAUER E.A. et al. (1992) Vascular endothelial growth factor induces interstitial collagenase expression in human endothelial cells. J. Cell Physiol. 153, 557-562
58. 2+ and von Willebrand factor release in human endothelial cells. Am. J. Pathol. 138, 213-221
59. 59 MECHTCHERIAKOVA D., WLACHOS A., HOLZMULLER H. et al. (1999) Vascular endothelial cell growth factor-induced tissue factor expression in endothelial cells is mediated by EGR-1. Blood 93, 3811-3823
60. 60 SENGER D.R., LEDBETTER S.R., CLAFFEY K.P. et al. (1996) Stimulation of endothelial cell migration by vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor through cooperative mechanisms involving the alphavbeta3 integrin, osteopontin, and thrombin. Am. J. Pathol. 149, 293-305
61. 61 FERRARA N., CARVER-MOORE K., CHEN H. et al. (1996) Heterozygous embryonic lethality induced by targeted inactivation of the VEGF gene. Nature 380, 439-442
62. 62 SHWEIKI D., ITIN A., NEUFELD G. et al. (1993) Patterns of expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptors in mice suggest a role in hormonally regulated angiogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 91, 2235-2243
63. 63 FERRARA N. (1996) Vascular Endothelial Growth factor. Eur. J. Cancer 32A, 2413-2422
64. 64 PLATE K.H., BREIER G., WEICH H.A. et al. (1992) Vascular endothelial growth factor is a potential tumour angiogenesis factor in human gliomas in vivo. Nature 359, 845-848
65. 65 SHWEIKI D., ITIN A., SOFFER D. et al. (1992) Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature 359, 843-845
66. 66 KIM K.J., LI B., WINER J. et al. (1993) Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis suppresses tumour growth in vivo. Nature 362, 841-844
67. 67 MILLAUER B., SHAWVER L.K., PLATE K.H. et al. (1994) Glioblastoma growth inhibited in vivo by a dominant-negative Flk-1 mutant. Nature 367, 576-579
68. 68 CLAFFEY K.P., BROWN L.F., DEL AGUILA L.F. et al. (1996) Expression of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor by melanoma cells increases tumor growth, angiogenesis, and experimental metastasis. Cancer Res. 56, 172-181
69. 69 LEWIS C.E., LEEK R., HARRIS A. et al. (1995) Cytokine regulation of angiogenesis in breast cancer: the role of tumor-associated macrophages. J. Leukoc. Biol. 57, 747-751
70. 70 MINCHENKO A., BAUER T., SALCEDA S. et al. (1994) Hypoxic stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in vitro and in vivo. Lab. Invest. 71, 374-379
71. 71 GORSKI D.H., BECKETT M.A., JASKOWIAK N.T. et al. (1999) Blockage of the vascular endothelial growth factor stress response increases the antitumor effects of ionizing radiation. Cancer Res. 59, 3374-3378
72. 72 RAK J., FILMUS J., FINKZELLER G. et al. (1995) Oncogenes as inducers of tumor angiogenesis. Cancer. Metast. Rev. 14, 263-277
73. 73 KIESER A., WEICH H., BRANDNER G. et al. (1994) Mutant p53 potentiates protein kinase C induction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Oncogene 9, 963-969
74. 74 BROGI E., SCHATTEMAN G., WU T. et al. (1996) Hypoxia-induced paracrine regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor expression. J. Clin. Invest. 97, 469-476
75. 75 BARLEON B., HAUSER S., SCHOLLMANN C. et al. (1994) Differential expression of the two VEGF receptors flt and KDR in placenta and vascular endothelial cells. J. Cell Biochem. 54, 56-66
76. 76 GIRAUDO E., PRIMO L., AUDERO E. et al. (1998) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha regulates expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and of its co-receptor neuropilin-1 in human vascular endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 22128-22135
77. 77 GASPARINI G., TOI M., GION M. et al. (1997) Prognostic significance of vascular endothelail growth factor protein in node negative breast carcinoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 89, 139-147
78. 78 RELF M., LEJEUNE S., SCOTT P.A. et al. (1997) Expression of the angiogenic factors vascular endothelial cell growth factor, acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor, tumor growth factor beta-1, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, placenta growth factor, and pleiotrophin in human primary breast cancer and its relation to angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 57, 963-969
79. 79 HAUSER S. & WEICH H.A. (1993) A heparin-binding form of placenta growth factor (PlGF-2) is expressed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and in placenta. Growth Factors 9, 259-268
80. 80 SALVEN P., LYMBOUSSAKI A., HEIKKILA P. et al. (1998) Vascular endothelial growth factors VEGF-B and VEGF-C are expressed in human tumors. Am. J. Pathol. 153, 103-108
81. 81 NICOSIA R.F. (1998) What is the role of vascular endothelial growth factor-related molecules in tumor angiogenesis? Am. J. Pathol. 153, 11-16
82. 82 FITZ L.J., MORRIS J.C., TOWLER P. et al. (1997) Characterization of murine Flt4 ligand/VEGF-C. Oncogene 15, 613-618
83. 83 LYMBOUSSAKI A., PARTANEN T.A., OLOFSSON B. et al. (1998) Expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor C receptor VEGFR-3 in lymphatic endothelium of the skin and in vascular tumors. Am. J. Pathol. 153, 395-403
84. 84 VALTOLA R., SALVEN P., HEIKKILA P. et al. (1999) VEGFR-3 and its ligand VEGF-C are associated with angiogenesis in breast cancer. Am. J. Pathol. 154, 1381-1390
85. 85 ENHOLM B., PAAVONEN K., RISTIMAKI A. et al. (1997) Comparison of VEGF, VEGF-B, VEGF-C and Ang-1 mRNA regulation by serum, growth factors, oncoproteins and hypoxia. Oncogene 14, 2475-2483
86. 86 WITTE M.H., WAY D.L., WITTE C.L. et al. (1997) Lymphan-giogenesis: mechanisms, significance and clinical implications. EXS 79, 65-112
87. 87 ACHEN M.G., JELTSCH M., KUKK E. et al. (1998) Vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D) is a ligand for the tyrosine kinases VEGF receptor 2 (Flk1) and VEGF receptor 3 (Flt4). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 548-553
88. 88 PETRUZZELLI G.P., BENEFIELD J., TAITZ A.D. et al. (1997) Heparin-binding growth factors derived from head and neck squamous cell carcinomas induce endothelial cell proliferation. Head Neck 19, 576-582
89. 89 BENEFIELD J., PETRUZZELLI G.J., FOWLER S. et al. (1996) Regulation of the steps of angiogenesis by human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Invasion Metast. 16, 291-301
90. 90 EISMA R.J., SPIRO J.D. & KREUTZNER D.L. (1997) Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in head and neck squamous carcinoma. Am. J. Surg. 174, 513-517
91. 91 SALVEN P., HEIKKILA P., ANTONEN A. et al. (1997) Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in squamous cell head and neck carcinoma expression and prognostic significance. Modern Pathol. 10, 1128-1133
92. 92 FUKUIWA T., TAKEBAYASHI Y., AKIBA S. et al. (1999) Expression of thymidine phosphorylase and vascular endothelial cell growth factor in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and their different characteristics. Cancer 85, 960-969
93. 93 MAEDA T., MATSUMURA S., HIRANUMA H. et al. (1998) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human oral squamous cell carcinoma: its association with tumour progression and p53 gene status. J. Clin. Pathol. 51, 771-775
94. 94 EISMA R.J., SPIRO J.D. & KREUTZER D.L. (1999) Role of angiogenic factors: coexpression of interleukin-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with head and neck squamous carcinoma. Laryngoscope 109, 687-693
95. 95 BURIAN M., QUINT C. & NEUCHRIST C. (1999) Angiogenic factors in laryngeal carcinomas: do they have prognostic relevance? Acta Otolaryngol. 119, 289-292
96. 96 SAUTER E.R., NESBIT M., WATSON J.C. et al. (1999) Vascular endothelial growth factor is a marker of tumor invasion and metastasis in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Clin. Cancer Res. 5, 775-782
97. 97 FOLKMAN J. & KLAGSBRUN M. (1987) Angiogenic factors. Science 235, 442-447
98. 98 KLEIN S., ROGHANI M. & RIFKIN D.B. (1997) Fibroblast growth factors as angiogenesis factors: new insights into their mechanism of action. EXS 79, 159-192
99. 99 BICKNELL R. & HARRIS A.L. (1991) Novel growth regulatory factors and tumour angiogenesis. Eur. J. Cancer 27, 781-785
100. 100 GUALANDRIS A., URBINATI C., RUSNATI M. et al. (1994) Interaction of high-molecular-weight basic fibroblast growth factor with endothelium: biological activity and intracellular fate of human recombinant M (r) 24,000 bFGF. J. Cell Physiol. 161, 149-159
101. 101 BAIRD A., ESCH F., MORMEDE P. et al. (1986) Molecular characterization of fibroblast growth factor: distribution and biological activities in various tissues. Recent. Prog. Horm. Res. 42, 143-205
102. 102 GOLDFARB M. (1990) The fibroblast growth factor family. Cell Growth Differ. 1, 439-445
103. 103 MCLESKEY S.W., KUREBAYASHI J., HONIG S.F. et al. (1993) Fibroblast growth factor 4 transfection of MCF-7 cells produces cell lines that are tumorigenic and metastatic in ovariectomized or tamoxifen-treated athymic nude mice. Cancer Res. 53, 2168-2177
104. 104 PEPPER M.S., FERRARA N., ORCI L. et al. (1992) Potent synergism between vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in the induction of angiogenesis in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 189, 824-831
105. 105 TSAI J.C., GOLDMAN C.K. & GILLESPIE G.Y. (1995) Vascular endothelial growth factor in human glioma cell lines: induced secretion by EGF, PDGF-BB, and bFGF. J. Neurosurg. 82, 864-873
106. 106 CZUBAYKO F., LIAUDET-COOPMAN E.D., AIGNER A. et al. (1997) A secreted FGF-binding protein can serve as the angiogenic switch in human cancer. Nat. Med. 3, 1137-1140
107. 107 DELLACONO F.R., SPIRO J.D., EISMA R.J. et al. (1997) Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor and its receptors by head and neck squamous carcinoma tumor and vascular endothelial cells. Am. J. Surg. 174, 540-544
108. 108 THOMAS G.R., TUBB E.E., SESSIONS R.B. et al. (1993) Growth factor mRNA expression in human head and neck malignant tumors. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head. Neck Surg. 119, 1247-1252
109. 109 JANOT F., EL-NAGGAR A.K., MORRISON R.S. et al. (1995) Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is associated with degree of histologic differentiation. Int. J. Cancer 64, 117-123
110. 110 PURI M.C., ROSSANT J., ALITALO K. et al. (1995) The receptor tyrosine kinase TIE is required for integrity and survival of vascular endothelial cells. EMBO J. 14, 5884-5891
111. 111 DUMONT D.J., YAMAGUCHI T.P., CONLON R.A. et al. (1992) tek, a novel tyrosine kinase gene located on mouse chromosome 4, is expressed in endothelial cells and their presumptive precursors. Oncogene 7, 1471-1480
112. 112 PETERS K.G., COOGAN A., BERRY D. et al. (1998) Expression of Tie2/Tek in breast tumour vasculature provides a new marker for evaluation of tumour angiogenesis. Br. J. Cancer 77, 51-56
113. 113 DAVIS S., ALDRICH T.H., JONES P.F. et al. (1996) Isolation of angiopoietin-1, a ligand for the TIE2 receptor, by secretion-trap expression cloning. Cell 87, 1161-1169
114. 114 PAPAPETROPOULOS A., GARCIA-CARDENA G., DENGLER T.J. et al. (1999) Direct actions of angiopoielin-1 on human endothelium: evidence for network stabilization, cell survival, and interaction with other angiogenic growth factors. Lab. Invest. 79, 213-223
115. 115 STRATMANN A., RISAU W. & PLATE K.H. (1998) Cell type-specific expression of angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2 suggests a role in glioblastoma angiogenesis. Am. J. Pathol. 153, 1459-1466
116. 116 MAISONPIERRE P.C., SURI C., JONES P.F. et al. (1997) Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonist for Tie2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis. Science 277, 55-60
117. 117 SIEMEISTER G., SCHIRNER M., WEINDEL K. et al. (1999) Two independent mechanisms essential for tumor angiogenesis: inhibition of human melanoma xenograft growth by interfering with either the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor pathway or the Tie-2 pathway. Cancer Res. 59, 3185-3191
118. 118 DIPIETRO L.A. (1997) Thrombospondin as a regulator of angiogenesis. EXS 79, 295-314
119. 119 DIPIETRO L.A., NEBGEN D.R. & POLVERINI P.J. (1994) Downregulation of endothelial cell thrombospondin 1 enhances in vitro angiogenesis. J. Vasc. Res. 31, 178-185
120. 120 GOOD D.J., POLVERINI P.J., RASTINEJAD F. et al. (1990) A tumor suppressor-dependent inhibitor of angiogenesis is immunologically and functionally indistinguishable from a fragment of thrombospondin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 6624-6628
121. 121 ZABRENETZKY V., HARRIS C.C., STEEG P.S. et al. (1994) Expression of the extracellular matrix molecule thrombospondin inversely correlates with malignant progression in melanoma, lung and breast carcinoma cell lines. Int. J. Cancer 59, 191-195
122. 122 RASTINEJAD F., POLVERINI P.J. & BOUCK N.P. (1989) Regulation of the activity of a new inhibitor of angiogenesis by a cancer suppressor gene. Cell 56, 345-355
123. 123 CASTLE V., VARANI J., FLIGIEL S. et al. (1991) Antisense-mediated reduction in thrombospondin reverses the malignant phenotype of a human squamous carcinoma. J. Clin. Invest. 87, 1883-1888
124. 124 WANG T.N., QIAN X.H., GRANICK M.S. et al. (1995) The effect of thrombospondin on oral squamous carcinoma cell invasion of collagen. Am. J. Surg. 170, 502-505
125. 125 O'REILLY M.S., HOLMGREN L., SHING Y. et al. (1994) Angiostatin: a novel angiogenesis inhibitor that mediates the suppression of metastases by a Lewis lung carcinoma. Cell 79, 315-328
126. 126 O'REILLY M.S., BOEHM T., SHING Y. et al. (1997) Endostatin: an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cell 88, 277-285
127. 127 BLEZINGER P., WANG J., GONDO M. et al. (1999) Systemic inhibition of tumor growth and tumor metastases by intramuscular administration of the endostalin gene. Nat. Biotechnol. 17, 343-348
128. 128 O'REILLY M.S., HOLMGREN L., CHEN C. et al. (1996) Angiostatin induces and sustains dormancy of human primary tumors in mice. Nat. Med. 2, 689-692
129. 129 O'REILLY M.S., WIEDERSCHAIN D., STETLER-STEVENSON W.G. et al. (1999) Regulation of angiostatin production by matrix metalloproteinase-2 in a model of concomitant resistance. J.Biol. Chem. 274, 29568-29571
130. 130 MIYADERA K., SUMIZAWA T., HARAGUCHI M. et al. (1995) Role of thymidine phosphorylase activity in the angiogenic effect of platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase. Cancer Res. 55, 1687-1690
131. 131 TOI M., INADA K., HOSHINA S. et al. (1995) Vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor are frequently coexpressed in highly vascularized human breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 1, 961-964
132. 132 HEBERT C.A. & BAKER J.B. (1993) Interleukin-8: a review. Cancer Invest. 11, 743-750
133. 133 FERRER F.A., MILLER L.J., ANDRAWIS R.I. et al. (1998) Angiogenesis and prostate cancer: in vivo and in vitro expression of angiogenesis factors by prostate cancer cells. Urology 51, 161-167
134. 134 KOCH A.E., POLVERINI P.J., KUNKEL S.L. et al. (1992) Interleukin-8 as a macrophage-derived mediator of angiogenesis. Science 258, 1798-1801
135. 135 RICHARDS B.L., EISMA R.J., LINDQUIST R.L. et al. (1997) Coexpression of interleukin-8 receptoprs in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Am. J. Surg. 174, 507-512
136. 136 PARENTI A., MORBIDELLI L., CUI X.L. et al. (1998) Nitric oxide is an upstream signal of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 activation in postcapillary endothelium. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 4220-4226
137. 137 ZICHE M., MORBIDELLI L., CHOUDHURI R. et al. (1997) Nitric oxide synthase lies downstream from vascular endothelial growth factor-induced but not basic fibroblast growth factor-induced angiogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 99, 2625-2634
138. 138 SALVEN P., MANPAA H., ORPANA A. et al. (1997) Serum vascular endothelial growth factor is often elevated in disseminated cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 3, 647-651
139. 139 KUMAR H., HEER K., LEE P., W.R. et al. (1998) Preoperative serum vascular endothelial growth factor can predict stage in colorectal cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 4, 1279-1285
140. 140 DIRIX L.Y., VERMEULEN P.B., PROVE A. et al. (1997) Elevated levels of the angiogenic cytokines basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in sera of cancer patients. Br. J. Cancer 76, 238-243
141. 141 FUJISAKI K., MITSUYAMA K., TOYONAGA A. et al. (1998) Circulating vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with colorectal cancer. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 93, 249-252
142. 142 SALVEN P., RUOTSALAINEN T., MATTSON K. et al. (1998) High pre-treatment serum level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is associated with poor outcome in small-cell lung cancer. Int. J. Cancer 79, 144-146
143. 143 EROGLU A., DEMIRCI S., AYYILDIZ A. et al. (1999) Serum concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor and nitrite as an estimate of in vivo nitric oxide in patients with gastric cancer. Br. J. Cancer 80, 1630-1634
144. 144 KITAMURA M., TOI M., ARAI K. et al. (1998) Concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor in the sera of gastric cancer patients. Oncol. Reports 5, 1419-1424
145. 145 HOMER J.J., ANYANWU K., GREENMAN J. et al. (1999) Serum vasculat endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin. Otolaryngol. 24, 426-430
146. 146 HYODO I., DOI T., ENDO H. et al. (1998) Clinical significance of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor in gastrointestinal cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 34, 2041-2045
147. 147 NGUYEN M., WATANABE H., BUDSON A.E. et al. (1994) Elevated levels of an angiogenic peptide, basic fibroblast growth factor, in the urine of patients with a wide spectrum of cancers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 86, 356-361
148. 148 LANDRISCINA M., CASSANO A., RATTO C. et al. (1998) Quantitative analysis of basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in human colorectal cancer. Br. J. Cancer 78, 765-770
149. 149 LINDER C., LINDER S., MUNCK-WIKLAND E. et al. (1998) Independent expression of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in patients with carcinoma and sarcoma. Anticancer Res. 18, 2063-2068
150. 150 LEUNIG A., TAUBER S., SPAETT R. et al. (1998) Basic fibroblast growth factor in serum and urine of patients with head and neck cancer. Oncol. Report 5, 955-958
151. 151 MONTERO S., GUZMAN C., CORTES-FUNES H. et al. (1998) Angiogenin expression and prognosis in primary breast carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 4, 2161-2168
152. 152 WECHSEL H.W., BICHLER K.H., FEIL G. et al. (1999) Renal cell carcinoma: relevance of angiogenetic factors. Anticancer Res. 19, 1537-1540
153. 153 CHOPRA V., DINH T.V. & HANNIGAN E.V. (1998) Circulating serum levels of cytokines and angiogenic factors in patients with cervical cancer. Cancer Invest. 16, 152-159
154. 154 CHOPRA V., DINH T.V. & HANNIGAN E.V. (1997) Serum levels of interleukins, growth factors and angiogenin in patients with endometrial cancer. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 123, 167-172
155. 155 SHIMOYAMA S., YAMASAKI K., KAWAHARA M. et al. (1999) Increased serum angiogenin concentration in colorectal cancer is correlated with cancer progression. Clin. Cancer Res. 5, 1125-1130
156. 156 JONES A.S. (1997) Neoplastic chemotherapy and head and neck cancer. J. Laryngol. Otol. 111, 607-610
157. 157 MOLEMA G., DE MEIJER D.K. & LEIJ L.F. (1998) Tumor vasculature targeted therapies: getting the players organized. Biochem. Pharmacol. 55, 1939-1945
158. 158 FOLKMAN J. (1997) Addressing tumor blood vessels. Nat. Biotechnol. 15, 510
159. 159 VARNER J.A. (1997) The role of vascular cell integrins alpha v beta 3 and alpha v beta 5 in angiogenesis. EXS 79, 361-390
160. 160 MILLAUER B., LONGHI M.P., PLATE K.H. et al. (1996) Dominant-negative inhibition of Flk-1 suppresses the growth of many tumor types in vivo. Cancer Res. 56, 1615-1620
161. 161 BOEHM T., FOLKMAN J., BROWDER T. et al. (1997) Antiangiogenic therapy of experimental cancer does not induce acquired drug resistance. Nature 390, 404-407
162. 162 INGBER D., FUJITA T., KISHIMOTO S. et al. (1990) Synthetic analogues of fumagillin that inhibit angiogenesis and suppress tumour growth. Nature 348, 555-557
163. 163 GLEICH L.L., ZIMMERMAN N., WANG Y.O. et al. (1998) Angiogenic inhibition for the treatment of head and neck cancer. Anticancer Res. 18, 2607-2609