Colorectal cancer and antiangiogenic therapy: What can be expected in clinical practice?

Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology

Volumn 55, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 67-81

  Mancuso, Andrea ^a,b,c,d,e,f   Sternberg, Cora N ^a,c,g,h  

^a SAN CAMILLO FORLANINI HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^c MD Anderson Cancer Center ^*  (Italy)

^d Italian Association of Medical Oncology (AIOM)   (Italy)

^e European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO)   (France)

^f AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY   (United States)

^g SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^h TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antiangiogenic therapy; Colorectal cancer; New regimens

Indexed keywords

2 (8 HYDROXY 6 METHOXY 1 OXO 1H 2 BENZOPYRAN 3 YL)PROPIONIC ACID; 2 METHOXYESTRADIOL; 2,4 DIMETHYL 5 (2 OXO 1H INDOL 3 YLMETHYLENE) 3 PYRROLEPROPIONIC ACID; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; ANGIOSTATIN; BEVACIZUMAB; CANERTINIB; CANSTATIN; CAPECITABINE; CELECOXIB; CETUXIMAB; COMBRETASTATIN; COMBRETASTATIN A4; ENDOSTATIN; ERLOTINIB; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; GEFITINIB; IRINOTECAN; ISOCOUMARIN DERIVATIVE; MATUZUMAB; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY LM 609; N (3,3 DIMETHYL 6 INDOLINYL) 2 (4 PYRIDINYLMETHYLAMINO)NICOTINAMIDE; OXALIPLATIN; PANITUMUMAB; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; THALIDOMIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VATALANIB;

ALOPECIA; ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; BONE MARROW TOXICITY; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLORECTAL CANCER; CONSTIPATION; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DIARRHEA; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FISTULA; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PERFORATION; DIZZINESS; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG TOLERABILITY; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPONATREMIA; HYPOTENSION; LUNG EMBOLISM; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; PROTEINURIA; REVIEW; SKIN TOXICITY; SOMNOLENCE; STOMATITIS; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOSIS; XEROSTOMIA;

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; RECEPTORS, VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A;

EID: 20344407540     PISSN: 10408428     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2005.03.005     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. J. Folkman Role of angiogenesis in tumor growth and metastasis Semin Oncol 29 Suppl. 16 2002 15 18
2. N. Ferrara Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis: therapeutic implications Semin Oncol 29 Suppl. 16 2002 10 14
3. R. Kerbel, and J. Folkman Clinical translation of angiogenesis inhibitors Nat Rev Cancer 2 2002 727 739
4. C.J. Punt New options and old dilemmas in the treatment of patients with advanced colorectal cancer Ann Oncol 15 10 2004 1453 1459
5. J.P. Eder Jr., J.G. Supko, and J.W. Clark Phase I clinical trial of recombinant human endostatin administered as a short intravenous infusion repeated daily J Clin Oncol 20 2002 3772 3784
6. J.P. Thomas, R.Z. Arzoomanian, and D. Alberti Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of recombinant human endostatin in patients with advanced solid tumors J Clin Oncol 21 2003 223 231
7. N. Weidner, J.P. Semple, W.R. Welch, and J. Folkman Tumor angiogenesis and metastasis - correlation in invasive breast carcinoma N Engl J Med 324 1991 1 8
8. 3 for angiogenesis Science (Washington, DC) 264 1994 569 571
9. 3 antagonist J Clin Invest 103 1999 47 54
10. 3 antagonists promote tumor regression by inducing apoptosis of angiogenic blood vessels Cell 79 1994 1157 1164
11. 3 blocks human breast cancer growth and angiogenesis in human skin J Clin Invest 96 1995 1815 1822
12. 3- targeted magnetic resonance imaging Nat Med 4 1998 623 626
13. J.A. Posey, M.B. Khazaeli, and A. DelGrosso A pilot trial of Vitaxin, a humanized anti-vitronectin receptor (anti alpha v beta 3) antibody in patients with metastatic cancer Cancer Biother Radiopharm 16 2 2001 125 132
14. J.C. Gutheil, T.N. Campbell, and P.R. Pierce Targeted antiangiogenic therapy for cancer using vitaxin: a humanized monoclonal antibody to the integrin Clin Cancer Res 6 2000 3056 3061
15. D.J. Panka, and J.W. Mier Canstatin inhibits Akt activation and induces Fas-dependent apoptosis in endothelial cells J Biol Chem 26 2003 37632 37636
16. N. Ferrara Molecular and biological properties of vascular endothelial growth factor J Mol Med 77 1999 527 543
17. A. Levy, N.C. Levy, and S. Wegner transcriptional regulation of the rat vascular endothelial growth factor gene by hypoxia J Biol Chem 279 1995 13333 13340
18. J.C. Lee, N.H. Chow, and S.T. Wang Prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in colorectal cancer patients Eur J Cancer 36 2000 748 753
19. T. Tokunaga, Y. Oshika, and Y. Abe Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA isoform expression pattern is correlated with liver metastasis and poor prognosis in colon cancer Br J Cancer 77 1998 998 1002
20. S. Fox, G. Giampietro, and A. Harris Angiogenesis: pathological prognostic and growth-factor pathways and their link to trial design and anticancer drugs Lancet Oncol 2 2001 278 289
21. G. Gasparini, M. Toi, and M. Gion Prognostic significance of vascular endothelial growth factor protein in node-negative breast carcinoma J Natl Cancer Inst 89 1997 139 147
22. Y. Takahashi, S. Tucker, and Y. Kitadai Vessel counts and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor as prognostic factors in node-negative colon cancer Arch Surg 132 1997 541 546
23. R.S. Warren, H. Yaun, and M.R. Matli Regulation by vascular endothelial growth factor of human colon cancer tumorigenesis in a mouse model of experimental liver metastasis J Clin Invest 95 1995 1789 1797
24. M.S. Gordon, K. Margolin, and M. Talpaz Phase I safety and pharmacokinetic study of recombinant human anti-vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with advanced cancer J Clin Oncol 19 3 2001 843 850
25. K. Margolin, M.S. Gordon, and E. Holmgren Phase Ib trial of intravenous recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor in combination with chemotherapy in patients with advanced cancer: pharmacologic and long-term safety data J Clin Oncol 19 3 2001 851 856
26. V.K. Langmuir, M.A. Cobleigh, R.S. Herbst, and E. Holmgren Successful long-term therapy with bevacizumab (Avastin) in solid tumors Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 21 2002 [abstract 32]
27. F. Kabbinavar, H. Hurwitz, and L. Fehrenbacher Phase II, randomized trial comparing bevacizumab plus fluorouracil (FU)/leucovorin (LV) with FU/LV alone in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer J Clin Oncol 21 2003 60 65
28. H. Hurwitz, L. Fehrenbacher, and W. Novotny Bevacizumab plus Irinotecan, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer N Engl J Med 350 2004 2335 2342
29. F.F. Kabbinavar, J. Schulz, and M. McCleod Bevacizumab (a monoclonal antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor) to prolong progression-free survival in first-line colorectal cancer (CRC) in subjects who are not suitable candidates for first-line CPT-11 Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 23 2004 [abstract 3516]
30. H.X. Chen, M. Mooney, and M. Boron Bevacizumab (BV) plus 5-FU/leucovorin (FU/LV) for advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) that progressed after standard chemotherapies: an NCI Treatment Referral Center Trial (TRC-0301) Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 23 2004 [abstract 3515]
31. E.P. Mitchell, S.R. Alberts, and M.A. Schwartz High-dose bevacizumab in combination with FOLFOX4 improves survival in patients with previously treated advanced colorectal cancer: results from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Study E3200 Gastrointest Cancer Symp 2005 [abstract 169a]
32. R.D. Mass, G. Fyfe, and J. Hambleton Bevacizumab in combination with 5-FU/leucovorin improves survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a combined analysis Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 23 2004 [abstract 3616]
33. C. Messa, F. Russo, M.G. Caruso, and A. Di Leo EGF, TGF-alpha, and EGF-R in human colorectal adenocarcinoma Acta Oncol 37 1998 285 289
34. I. Porebska, A. Harlozinska, and T. Bojarowski Expression of the tyrosine kinase activity growth factor receptors (EGFR, ERB B2, ERB B3) in colorectal adenocarcinomas and adenomas Tumour Biol 21 2000 105 115
35. D.S. Salomon, R. Brandt, F. Ciardiello, and N. Normanno Epidermal growth factor-related peptides and their receptors in human malignancies Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 19 1995 183 232
36. N.S. Goldstein, and M. Armin Epidermal growth factor receptor immunohistochemical reactivity in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer Stage IV colon adenocarcinoma: implications for a standardized scoring system Cancer 92 2001 1331 1346
37. A. Mayer, M. Takimoto, E. Fritz, G. Schellander, K. Kofler, and H. Ludwig The prognostic significance of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, epidermal growth factor receptor, and mdr gene expression in colorectal cancer Cancer 71 1993 2454 2460
38. L.N. Klapper, M.H. Kirschbaum, M. Sela, and Y. Yarden Biochemical and clinical implications of the ErbB/HER signaling network of growth factor receptors Adv Cancer Res 77 2000 25 79
39. P. Perrotte, T. Matsumoto, and K. Inoue Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody C225 inhibits angiogenesis in human transitional cell carcinoma growing orthotopically in nude mice Clin Cancer Res 5 1999 257 264
40. L.B. Saltz, N.J. Meropol, P.J. Loehrer, M.N. Needle, J. Kopit, and R.J. Mayer Phase II trial of cetuximab in patients with refractory colorectal cancer that expresses the epidermal growth factor receptor J Clin Oncol 22 2004 1201 1208
41. H.J. Lenz, R.J. Mayer, and P.J. Gold Activity of Cetuximab in patients with colorectal cancer refractory to both Irinotecan and Oxaliplatin Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 23 2004 [abstract 3510]
42. B. Mirtsching, C. Headlee, S. Beasley, C. Teel, and D. Jackson Cetuximab single-agent activity in refractory metastatic colorectal cancer: single-center experience Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 23 2004 [abstract 3703]
43. L. Zehngebot, I. Zackon, and C.A. Henderson Anti-epidermal growth factor (EGFR) antibody Cetuximab in patients with stage IV colorectal carcinoma who failed all standard therapy: an Access Protocol Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 23 2004 [abstract 3753]
44. L. Saltz, M.S. Rubin, and H.S. Hochster Cetuximab (IMC-C225) plus irinotecan (CPT-11) is active in CPT-11 refractory colorectal cancer that expresses epidermal growth factor receptor Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 20 2001 [abstract 3a]
45. D. Cunningham, Y. Humblet, and S. Siena Cetuximab monotherapy and Cetuximab plus Irinotecan in Irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer N Engl J Med 351 2004 337 345
46. M.L. Rothenberg, A.M. Oza, and R.H. Bigelow Superiority of oxaliplatin and fluorouracil-leucovorin compared with either therapy alone in patients with progressive colorectal cancer after irinotecan and fluorouracil-leucovorin: interim results of a phase III trial J Clin Oncol 21 2003 2059 2069
47. J.M. Tabernero, E. Van Cutsem, and J. Sastre An international phase II study of Cetuximab in combination with Oxaliplatin/5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)/Folinic acid (FA) (FOLFOX-4) in the first line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) expressing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) Preliminary results Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 23 2004 [abstract 3512]
48. P. Rougier, J.L. Raoul, and J.L. Van Laethem Cetuximab + FOLFIRI as first line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 23 2004 [abstract 3513]
49. S. Badarinath, E.P. Mitchell, and A. Jennis Cetuximab plus FOLFOX for colorectal cancer (EXPLORE): preliminary safety analysis of a randomized phase III trial Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 23 2004 [abstract 3531]
50. X.-D. Yang, X.-C. Jia, J.R.F. Corvalan, P. Wang, C.G. Davis, and A. Jakobovits Eradication of established tumors by a fully human monoclonal antibody to the epidermal growth factor receptor without concomitant chemotherapy Cancer Res 59 1999 1236 1243
51. X.-D. Yang, X.-C. Jia, J.R.F. Corvalan, P. Wang, and C.G. Davis Development of ABX-EGF, a fully human anti-EGF receptor monoclonal antibody, for cancer therapy Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 38 2001 17 23
52. R.B. Cohen Epidermal growth factor receptor as a therapeutic target in colorectal cancer Clin Colorectal Cancer 2 4 2003 246 251
53. K.A. Foon, X.D. Yang, and L.M. Weiner Preclinical and clinical evaluations of ABX-EGF, a fully human anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 58 3 2004 984 990
54. N.J. Meropol, J. Berlin, and J.R. Hecht Multicenter study of ABX-EGF monotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 22 2003 [abstract 1026]
55. J.R. Hecht, A. Patnaik, and I. Malik ABX-EGF monotherapy in patients (pts) with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): an updated analysis Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 23 2004 [abstract 3511]
56. A.M. Burger, N.S. Heiss, and H. Kreysch The humanized monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody EMD72000 potently inhibits the growth of EGFR-expressing human tumor xenografts insensitive to chemotherapeutic drugs Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 44 2003 [abstract 5719]
57. C. Amendt, O. Mantell, and M. Peters In vivo activity of humanized monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody EMD72000 in combination with gemcitabine on growth of primary tumors and metastases in an orthotopic nude mouse model Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 44 2003 [abstract 6180]
58. U. Vanhoefer, M. Tewes, and F. Rojo Phase I study of the humanized antiepidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody EMD72000 in patients with advanced solid tumors that express the epidermal growth factor receptor J Clin Oncol 22 2004 175 184
59. R. Herbst, R. Kurzrock, and M. Parson AMG706 first in human, open-label, dose finding study evaluating the safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) in subjects with advanced solid tumors Eur J Cancer 2 8 2004 [abstract 151]
60. C.L. Reimer, N. Agata, J.G. Tammam, and M. Bamberg Antineoplastic effects of chemotherapeutic agents are potentiated by NM-3, an inhibitor of angiogenesis Cancer Res 62 2002 789 795
61. F. Ciardiello, R. Caputo, and R. Bianco Antitumor effect and potentiation of cytotoxic drugs activity in human cancer cells by ZD-1839 (Iressa), an epidermal growth factor receptor-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor Clin Cancer Res 6 2000 2053 2063
62. R.S. Herbst, A.M. Maddox, and M.L. Rothenberg Selective oral epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD1839 is generally well-tolerated and has activity in non-small-cell lung cancer and other solid tumors: results of a phase I trial J Clin Oncol 20 2002 3815 3825
63. S. Negoro, K. Nakagawa, and M. Fukuoka Final results of a phase I intermittent dose-escalation trial of ZD1839 ('Iressa') in Japanese patients with various solid tumours Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 20 2001 [abstract 1292]
64. M. Ranson, L. Hammond, and D. Ferry ZD1839, a selective oral epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is well tolerated and active in patients with solid, malignant tumors: results of phase I trial J Clin Oncol 20 2002 2240 2250
65. J. Baselga, D. Rischin, and M. Ranson Phase I safety pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic trial of ZD1839, a selective oral epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with five selected solid tumor types J Clin Oncol 20 2002 4292 4302
66. G. Goss, D. Stewart, and H. Hirte Initial results of part 2 of a phase I/II pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD) and biological activity study of ZD1839 (Iressa): NCIC CTG IND.122 Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 21 2002 [abstract 59]
67. M. Daneshmand, D.A. Parolin, and H.W. Hirte A pharmacodynamic study of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD1839 in metastatic colorectal cancer patients Clin Cancer Res 9 7 2003 2457 2464
68. De Bono J, Hammond L, Figueroa J, et al. Phase I trial of ZD1839 ('Iressa') in combination with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. In: British Cancer Research Meeting, Glasgow, UK, 30 June-3 July 2002.
69. I. Chau, A. Massey, L. Higgins, N. Botwood, and D. Cunningham Phase I study of gefitinib in combination with irinotecan in patients with fluoropyrimidine refractory advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) J Clin Oncol 22 14S 2004 3572
70. M. Redlinger, A. Kramer, K. Flaherty, W. Sun, D. Haller, and P.J. O'Dwyer A phase II trial of gefitinib in combination with 5-FU/LV/irinotecan in patients with colorectal cancer J Clin Oncol 22 14S 2004 3767
71. C. Cho, G. Fisher, and J. Halsey A phase I study of ZD1839 (Iressa) in combination with oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin (LV) in advanced solid malignancies Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 21 2002 [abstract 38]
72. G.A. Fisher, T. Kuo, and C.D. Cho A phase II study of gefitinib in combination with FOLFOX-4 (IFOX) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 23 2004 [abstract 3514]
73. Y. Yamamoto, Y. Yamada, and T. Shimoyama A phase I study of erlotinib HCl in Japanese patients with various types of solid tumors Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 22 2003 [abstract 903]
74. C. Townsley, P. Major, and L.L. Siu Phase II study of OSI-774 in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer Gastrointest World Symp 2004 [abstract 222]
75. P. Delord, P. Beale, and E. Van Cutsem A phase 1b dose-escalation trial of erlotinib, capecitabine and oxaliplatin in metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC) patients Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 23 2004 [abstract 3585]
76. F. Ciardiello, and G. Tortora A novel approach in the treatment of cancer: targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor Clin Cancer Res 7 2001 2958 2970
77. J.J. Rinehart, G. Wilding, and J. Willson A phase 1 clinical and pharmacokinetic study of oral CI-1033, a pan-erbB tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 21 2002 [abstract 41]
78. K. Hoekman SU6668, a multitargeted angiogenesis inhibitor Cancer J 7 S3 2001 S134 S138
79. B. Lu, L. Geng, and A. Musiek Broad spectrum receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, SU6668, sensitizes radiation via targeting survival pathway of vascular endothelium Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 58 3 2004 844 850
80. H.Q. Xiong, R. Herbst, and S.C. Faria A phase I surrogate endpoint study of SU6668 in patients with solid tumors Invest New Drugs 22 4 2004 459 466
81. J.R. Brahmer, S. Kelsey, and P. Scigalla A phase I study of SU6668 in patients with refractory solid tumors Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 21 2002 [abstract 335]
82. A. Morimoto, K.A. West, and H.A. Yuen Biomarker analysis of patient samples from a phase I clinical trial using the angiogenesis inhibitor, SU6668, for treatment of advanced solid tumors Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 21 2002 [abstract 336]
83. O. Riesterer, D. Zingg, J. Hummerjohann, S. Bodis, and M. Pruschy Degradation of PKB/Akt protein by inhibition of the VEGF receptor/mTOR pathway in endothelial cells Oncogene 23 26 2004 4624 4635
84. J. Drevs PTK/ZK (Novartis) Idrugs 6 8 2003 787 794
85. J. Klem Current studies with PTK787, an oral inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor in colorectal cancer Clin Colorectal Cancer 3 3 2003 147 149
86. B. Morgan, A.L. Thomas, and J. Drevs Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging as a biomarker for the pharmacological response of PTK787/ZK 222584, an inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, in patients with advanced colorectal cancer and liver metastases: results from two phase I studies J Clin Oncol 21 2003 3955 3964
87. W.P. Steward, A. Thomas, and B. Morgan Expanded phase I/II study of PTK787/ZK 222584 (PTK/ZK), a novel, oral angiogenesis inhibitor, in combination with FOLFOX-4 as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 23 2004 [abstract 3556]
88. N. Schleucher, T. Trarbach, and U. Junker Phase I/II study of PTK787/ZK 222584 (PTK/ZK), a novel, oral angiogenesis inhibitor in combination with FOLFIRI as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 23 2004 [abstract 3558]
89. S. Iyer, D.J. Chaplin, and D.S. Rosenthal Induction of apoptosis in proliferating human endothelial cells by the tumor-specific antiangiogenesis agent combretastatin A-4 Cancer Res 58 1998 4510 4514
90. L. Li, A. Rojiani, and D.W. Siemann Targeting the tumor vasculature with combretastatin A-4 disodium phosphate: effects on radiation therapy Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 42 1998 899 903
91. A. Dowlati, K. Robertson, and M. Cooney A phase I pharmacokinetic and translational study of the novel vascular targeting agent combretastatin A-4 phosphate on a single-dose intravenous schedule in patients with advanced cancer Cancer Res 62 2002 3408 3416
92. M.M. Cooney, T. Radivoyevitch, and A. Dowlati Cardiovascular safety profile of combretastatin A-4 phosphate in a single-dose phase I study in patients with advanced cancer Clin Cancer Res 10 2004 96 100
93. T.L. Tinley, R.M. Leal, and D.A. Randall-Hlubek Novel 2-methoxyestradiol analogues with antitumor activity Cancer Res 63 2003 1538 1549
94. J.B. Marriott, G. Muller, and A.G. Dalgleish Thalidomide as an emerging immunotherapeutic agent Immunol Today 583 1999 538 540
95. N. Raje, and K. Anderson Thalidomide - a revival story N Engl J Med 341 1999 1606 1609
96. E.P. Sampaio, E.N. Sarno, R. Galilly, Z.A. Cohn, and G. Kaplan Thalidomide selectively inhibits tumor necrosis factor alfa production by stimulated human monocytes J Exp Med 173 1991 699 703
97. P.A. Haslett, L.G. Corral, M. Albert, and G. Kaplan Thalidomide costimulates primary human T lymphocytes, preferentially inducing proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxic responses in the CD8+ subset J Exp Med 187 1998 885 892
98. R.J. D'Amato, M.S. Loughnan, E. Flynn, and J. Folkman Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 1994 4082 4085
99. B. Marriott, I.A. Clarke, and A. Czajka A novel subclass of thalidomide analogue with anti-solid tumor activity in which caspase-dependent apoptosis is associated with altered expression of bcl-2 family proteins Cancer Res 63 2003 593 599
100. L. Dal Lago, M.F. Richter, and A.I. Cancela Phase II trial and pharmacokinetic study of thalidomide in patients with metastatic colorectal Invest New Drugs 21 3 2003 359 366
101. R. Govindarajan Irinotecan and Thalidomide in metastatic colorectal cancer Oncology (Huntington) 14 12S13 2000 29 32
102. R. Govindarajan, K.M. Heaton, R. Broadwater, A. Zeitlin, N.P. Lang, and M. Hauer-Jensen Effect of thalidomide on gastrointestinal toxic effects of irinotecan Lancet 12 356 2000 566 567
103. A.D. McCollum, B. Wu, and J. Clark Capecitabine and Thalidomide in previously treated, refractory metastati colorectal cancer Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 23 2004 [abstract 3657]
104. R.M. Goldberg, D.J. Sargent, and R.F. Morton A randomized controlled trial of Fluorouracil plus Leucovorin, Irinotecan, and Oxaliplatin combinations in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer J Clin Oncol 1 2004 23 30
105. E. Susman Rash correlates with tumour response after cetuximab Lancet Oncol 5 11 2004 647
106. W. Pao, T.Y. Wang, and G.J. Riely KRAS mutations and primary resistance of lung adenocarcinomas to Gefitinib or Erlotinib PLoS Med 2 1 2005 e17
107. F. Caponigro, M. Basile, V.D. Rosa, and N. Normanno New drugs in cancer therapy Anticancer Drugs 16 2 2005 211 221
108. M.J. Ratain, K.T. Flaherty, and W.M. Stadler Preliminary antitumor activity of BAY 43-9006 in metastatic renal cell carcinoma and other advanced refractory solid tumors in a phase II randomized discontinuation trial Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 23 2004 [abstract 4501]