Medically assisted reproduction in the presence of chronic viral diseases

Human Reproduction Update

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 149-162

  Englert, Yvon ^a,b   Lesage, Benoît ^a   Van Vooren, Jean Paul ^a   Liesnard, Corinne ^a   Place, Isabelle ^a   Vannin, Anne Sophie ^a   Emiliani, Serena ^a   Delbaere, Anne ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES   (Belgium)

^b ERASME HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

HBV; HCV; HIV; Medically assisted reproduction; Sexually transmission

Indexed keywords

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION; FERTILITY; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFERTILITY THERAPY; INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SAFETY; SCREENING; SPERM PRESERVATION; STANDARD; VIRAL CONTAMINATION; VIRUS CARRIER; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; CHRONIC DISEASE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL; FEMALE; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HIV SEROPOSITIVITY; HUMANS; MALE; MANDATORY TESTING; PREGNANCY; REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, ASSISTED; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES, VIRAL; VIRUS DISEASES;

EID: 1942473048     PISSN: 13554786     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmh013     Document Type: Review

References (187)

1. Abusheikha N, Akagbosu F, Marcus S, Lass A, Cousins C and Brinsden P (1999) Viral screening and assisted conception treatment - the bourn hall experience. J Assist Reprod Genet 16,337-339.
2. Alter MJ, Ahtone J, Weisfuse I, Starko K, Vacalis TD and Maynard JE (1986) Hepatitis B virus transmission between heterosexuals. J Am Med Assoc 256,1307-1301.
3. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Ethics (2001) Committee Opinion. Human immunodeficiency virus: ethical guidelines for obstetricians and gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 97(Suppl),1-6.
4. American Fertility Society (1988) Revised new guidelines for the use of semen donor insemination. Fertil Steril 49,211.
5. American Fertility Society Ethics Committee (1994) Ethical considerations of assisted reproductive technologies. Fertil Steril 62,1S-12S.
6. American Society for Reproductive Medicine Ethics Committee (2002) Human immunodeficiency virus and infertility treatment. Fertil Steril 77,218-222.
7. Anderson DJ, O'Brien TR, Politch JA, Martinez A, Seage GR 3rd, Padian N, Horsburgh CR Jr and Mayer KH (1992) Effects of disease stage and Zidovudine therapy on the detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in semen. J Am Med Assoc 267,2769-2774.
8. Anderson DJ, Politch JA, Martinez A, Van Voorhis BJ, Padian NS and O'Brien TR (1991) White blood cells and HIV-1 in semen from vasectomized seropositive men. Lancet 338,573-574.
9. Anderson DJ (1999) Assisted reproduction for couples infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Fertil Steril 72,592-594.
10. Anderson DJ and Politch JA (2003) Providing fertility care to HIV-1 serodiscordant couples: a biologist's point of view. Am J Obstet Gynecol 3,47-49.
11. Anonymous (1990) HIV-1 infection and artificial insemination with processed semen. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 39, 249, 255-256.
12. Araneta MR, Mascola L, Eller A, O'Neil L, Ginsberg MM, Bursaw M, Marik J, Friedman S, Sims CA, Rekart ML et al (1995) HIV transmission through Donor Artificial Insemination. J Am Med Assoc 273,854-858.
13. Baccetti B, Benedetto A, Burrini AG, Collodel G, Ceccarini EC, Crisa N, Di Caro A, Estenoz M, Garbuglia AR, Massacesi A et al (1994) HIV-particles in spermatozoa of patients with AIDS and their transfer into the oocyte. J Cell Biol 27,903-914.
14. Baccetti B, Benedetto A, Collodel G, Crisa N, di Caro A, Garbuglia AR and Piomboni P (1999) Failure of HIV-1 to infect human oocytes directly. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 21,355-361.
15. Bagasra O, Farzadegan H, Seshamma T, Oakes JW, Saah A and Pomerantz RJ (1994) Detection of HIV-1 proviral DNA in sperm from HIV-1-infected men. AIDS 8,1669-1674.
16. Balasch J, Pumarola T, Fabregues F, Jové I and Vanrell J (1992) Results of routine syphilitic and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serology in infertility. Hum Reprod 7,970-972.
17. Balet R, Lower A, Wilson C, Anderson J and Grudzinskas J (1998) Attitudes towards routine human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening and fertility treatment in HIV positive patients - a UK survey. Hum Reprod 13,1085-1087.
18. Barbaro G (2002) HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy and cardiovascular risk. J. Cardiovasc Risk 9,295-300.
19. Barratt C, Matson P and Holt W (1993) British Andrology society guidelines for the screening of semen donors for donor insemination. Hum Reprod 8,1521-1523.
20. Barratt C, Englert Y, Gottlieb C and Jouannet P (1998) Gamete Donation Guidelines. The Corsendonk consensus statements for the European Union. Hum Reprod 13(Suppl 2),500-501.
21. Barret B, Tardieu M, Rustin P, Lacroix C, Chabrol B, Desguerre I, Dollfus C, Mayaux MJ and Blanche S (2003) Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction in HIV-1 exposed but uninfected infants: clinical screening in a large prospective cohort. AIDS 15,1769-1785.
22. Beckerman K, Morris A and Stik A (1999) Mode of delivery and the risk of vertical transmission of HIV-1. N Engl J Med 341,205-206.
23. Benifla JL, Letur-Konïrsch H, Collin G, Devaux A, Kuttenn F, Madelenat P, Brun-Vezinet F and Feldmann G (2000) Safety of cryopreservation straws for human gametes or embryos: a preliminary study with human immunodeficiency virus-1. Hum Reprod 15,2186-2189.
24. Berry W, Gottesfeld R, Alter H and Vierling J (1987) Transmission of hepatitis B virus by artificial insemination. J Am Med Assoc 257,1079-1081.
25. Bhasin S, Singh AB and Javanbakht M (2001) Neuroendocrine abnormalities associated with HIV infection. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 30,749-764.
26. Blanche S, Tardieu M, Rustin Slama A, Barret B, Firtion G, Ciraru-Vigneron N, Lacroix C, Rouzioux C, Mandelbrot L et al (1999) Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction and perinatal exposure to antiretroviral nucleoside analogues. Lancet 354,1084-1089.
27. Blank S, Simonds, RJ, Weisfuse, I, Rudnick, J, Chiasson, MA and Thomas, P (1994) Possible nosocomial transmission of HIV. Lancet 344,512-514.
28. Block M, Carr A, Vasak, E Cunningham, P and Smith, D (1999) The use of human immunodeficiency virus postexposure prophylaxis after successful artificial insemination. Am J Obstet Gynecol 181,760-761.
29. Bonanni P and Bonaccorsi, G (2001) Vaccination against hepatitis B in health care workers. Vaccine 19,2389-2394.
30. Bourlet T, Cazorla C Berthelot P, Grattard F, Cognasse F, Fresard A, Defontaine C, Lucht FR, Genin C and Pozzetto B (2001) Compartimentalization of HIV-1 according to antiviral therapy :viral correlated in blood and semen but poorly in blood and saliva. AIDS 15,284-285.
31. Bourlet T, Berthelot P, Grattard F, Genin C, Lucht FR and Pozzetto B (2002a) Detection of GB Virus C/hepatitis G virus in semen and saliva of HIV type-1 infected men. Clin Microbiol Infect 8,352-357.
32. Bourlet T, Levy R, Maertens A, Tardy JC, Grattard F, Cordonier H, Laurent JL, Guerin JF and Pozzetto B (2002b) Detection and characterisation of hepatitis C virus RNA in seminal plasma and spermatozoon fractions of semen from patients attending medically assisted conception. J Clin Microbiol 40,3252-3255.
33. Bourlet T, Levy R, Laporte S, Blachier S, Bocket L, Cassuto G, Chollet L, Leruez-Ville M, Maertens A, Mousnier F et al (2003) Multicenter quality control for the detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in seminal plasma specimen. J Clin Microbiol 41,789-793.
34. Bresters D, Mauser-Brunschoten E, Reesink H, Roosendaal G, van der Poel CL, Chamuleau RA, Jansen PL, Weegink CJ, Cuypers HT, Lelie PN et al (1993) Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus. Lancet 342,210-211.
35. Brettler DB, Mannuci PM, Gringeri A, Rasko JE, Forsberg AD, Rumi MG, Garsia RJ, Rickard KA and Colombo M (1992) The low risk of hepatitis C virus transmission among sexual partners of hepatitis C-infected hemophilic males: an international multicenter study. Blood 80,540-543.
36. Brinkman K, Ter Hofstede HJM, Burger DM, Smeitink JA and Koopmans PP (1998) Adverse effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors: mitochondrial toxicity as common pathway. AIDS 12,1735-1744.
37. Brocklehurst P (1999) Comment on abstracts from the literature. J Pediatr 135,649.
38. Bujan L (2001) Reproduction, laboratory and HIV-1. Fourth international symposium on AIDS and Reproduction, Genova, Italy.
39. Busch MP, Operskalski EA, Mosley JW, Lee TH, Henrard D, Herman S, Sachs DH, Harris M, Huang W and Stram DO (1996) Factors influencing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission by blood transfusion. Transfusion Safety Study Group. J Infect Dis 174,26-33.
40. Byrn RA, Zhang D, Eyre R, McGowan K and Kiessling AA (1997) HIV-1 in semen: an isolated virus reservoir [letter]. Lancet 350,1141.
41. Cameron DW, Simonsen JN, D'Costa LJ, Ronald AR, Maitha GM, Gakinya MN, Cheang M, Ndinya-Achola JO, Piot P, Brunham RC et al (1989) Female to male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: risk factors for seroconversion in men. Lancet ii,403-407.
42. Cassuto NG, Sifer C, Feldmann G, Bouret D, Moret F, Benifla JL, Porcher R, Naouri M, Neuraz A, Alvarez S et al (2002) A modified RT-PCR technique to screen for viral RNA in the semen of hepatitis C virus-positive men. Hum Reprod 17,3153-3156.
43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1988a) Perspectives in disease prevention and health promotion update: universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and other bloodborne pathogens in health-care settings. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 37,377-388.
44. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1988b) Semen banking, organ and tissue transplantation, and HIV antibody testing, 37,57-58.
45. Chatterton RT Jr, Green D, Harris S, Grossman A and Hechter O (1996) Longitudinal study of adrenal steroids in a cohort of HIV-infected patients with hemophilia. J Lab Clin Med 127,545-552.
46. Chiasson M, Stoneburner R and Joseph S (1990) Human Immunodeficiency virus transmission through artificial insemination. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 3,69-72.
47. Chirgwin KD, Feldman J, Muneyyirci-Delale O, Landesman S and Minkoff H (1996) Menstrual function in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 12,489-494.
48. Christeff N, Gharakhanian S, Thobie N, Rozenbaum W and Nunez EA (1992) Evidence for changes in adrenal and testicular steroids during HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 5,841-846.
49. Christeff N, Lortholary O, Casassus P, Thobie N, Veyssier P, Torri O, Guillevin L and Nunez EA (1996) Relationship between sex steroid hormone levels and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV infected men. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 104,130-136.
50. Christeff N, Melchior JC, Mammes O, Gherbi N, Dalle MT and Nunez EA (1999) Correlation between increased cortisol:DHEA ratio and malnutrition in HIV-positive men. Nutrition 15,534-539.
51. Clark RA, Mulligan K, Stamenovic E, Chang B, Watts H, Andersen J, Squires K and Benson C (2001) Frequency of anovulation and early menopause among women enrolled in selected adult AIDS clinical trials group studies. J Infect Dis 184,1325-1327.
52. Clarke GN (1999) Sperm cryopreservation: is there a significant risk of cross-contamination? Hum Reprod 14,2941-2943.
53. Clumeck N, Taelman H, Hermans P, Piot P, Schoumacher M and De Wit S (1989) A cluster of HIV infection among heterosexual people without apparent risk factors. N Engl J Med 321,1460-1462.
54. Coleman C (2003) HIV, ARTs, and the ADA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 3,43-45.
55. Collazos J, Martinez E, Mayo J and Ibarra S (2002a) Sexual dysfunction in HIV-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 31,322-326.
56. Collazos J, Martinez E, Mayo J and Ibarra S (2002b) Sexual hormones in HIV-infected patients: the influence of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 16,934-937.
57. Coombs RW, Speck CE, Hughes JP, Lee W, Sampoleo R, Ross SO, Dragavon J, Peterson G, Hooton TM, Collier AC et al (1998) Association between culturable human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in semen and HIV-1 RNA levels in semen and blood: evidence for compartmentalization of HIV-1 between semen and blood. J Infect Dis 177,320-330.
58. Cooper ER, Charurat M, Burns DN, Blattner W and Hoff R (2000) Trends in antiretroviral therapy and mother-infant transmission of HIV. The woman and infants transmission study group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 4,45-47.
59. Crittenden J, Handelsman D and Stewart G (1992) Semen analysis in immunodeficiency virus infection. Fertil Steril 57,1294-1299.
60. Croxson TS, Chapman WE, Miller LK, Levit CD, Senie R and Zumoff B (1989) Changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected homosexual men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68,317-321.
61. Culnane M, Fowler M, Lee SS, McSherry G, Brady M, O'Donnell K, Mofenson L, Gortmaker SL, Shapiro DE, Scott G et al (1999) Lack of long-term effects of in utero exposure to Zidovudine among uninfected children born to HIV-infected women. J Am Med Assoc 281,151-157.
62. Debono E, Halfon P, Bourliere M, Gerolami-Santandrea V, Gastaldi M, Castellani P, Cartouzou G, Botta-Fridlund D, Cau P and Gauthier A (2000) Absence of hepatitis C genome in semen of infected men by polymerase chain reaction, branched DNA and in situ hybridization. Liver 20,257-261.
63. Delbaere A, Govaerts I and Englert Y (2001) Don d'ovocytes: synchronisation et cycles différés: expérience de la clinique de fertilité de l'hôpital Erasme (Belgique). Reprod Hum Horm XIV,466-468.
64. Delor F (1997) Chapitre 10. Relations sexuelles, désir d'enfant et perception du temps. In L'Harmattan (ed.), Seropositifs, pp 271-319.
65. Delvigne A, Gustin ML, Englert Y, Laruelle C and Vekemans M (1990) Le sida: indication d'insémination artificielle avec sperme de donneur anonyme? J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod 19,751-758.
66. DeVincenzi I (1994) A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners. N Engl J Med 331,341-346.
67. DiBisceglie AM (1998) Hepatitis C. Lancet 351,351-355.
68. Dobs A, Dempsey MA, Ladenson PW and Polk BF (1988) Endocrine disorders in men infected with immunodeficiency virus. Am J Med 84,611-615.
69. Donaghue J, Munoz A, Ness P, Brown D, Yawn D, McAllister H, Reitz B and Nelson K (1992) The declining risk of post-transfusion hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 327,369-373.
70. Dore G and Kaldor J (2000) Detection of HCV RNA in semen. Lancet 356,1520.
71. Dorenbaum A, Cunningham CK, Gelber RD, Culnane M, Mofenson L, Britto P, Rekacewicz C, Newell ML, Delfraissy JF, Cunningham-Schrader B et al (2002) Addition of two-dose intrapartum/newborn nevirapine to standard antiretroviral therapy to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission: PACTG 316. J Am Med Assoc 288,189-198.
72. Duerr A and Jamieson D (2003) Assisted reproductive technologies for HIV-discordant couples. Am J Obstet Gynecol 3,45-47.
73. Dulioust E, Du AL, Costagliola D, Guibert J, Kunstmann JM, Heard I, Juillard JC, Salmon D, Leruez-Ville M, Mandelbrot L et al (2002) Semen alterations in HIV-1 infected men. Hum Reprod 17,2112-2118.
74. Dussaix E, Guetard D, Dauguet C, D'Almeida M, Auer J, Ellrodt A, Montagnier L and Auroux M (1993) Spermatozoa as potential carriers of HIV. Res Virol 144,487-495.
75. Edelstein M, Kruithoff C, Brothman L, Veeck L, Alexander N and Muasher S (1990) The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus in patients and their spouse entering a large in vitro fertilization program. J In Vitro Fertil Embryo Transfer 7,254-256.
76. Ellerbrock TV, Wright TC, Bush TJ, Dole P, Brudney K and Chiasson MA (1996) Characteristics of menstruation in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Obstet Gynecol 87,1030-1034.
77. Englert Y, Van Vooren JP, Place I, Liesnard C, Laruelle C and Delbaere A (2001a) ART in HIV-infected couples: has the time come for a change of attitude? Hum Reprod 16,1309-1315.
78. Englert Y, Van Vooren JP, Place I, Delbaere A, Kirkpatrick C, Farber CM and Liesnard C (2001b) First delivery after medically assisted procreation, of an HIV seropositive woman at the Fertility Clinic, Erasme Hospital: ethical issues. Hum Reprod 16(Suppl 1),225.
79. Englert Y, Place I, Kirkpatrick C, Farber CM, Lesage B, Devreker F, Liesnard C and Van Vooren JP (2002a) Medically assisted procreation for HIV positive patients: analysis of 38 consecutive requests and of their management by a multidisciplinary team. 11th World Congress of Human Reproduction in Montreal.
80. Englert Y, Lesage B, Liesnard C and Van den Bergh M (2002b) Design of a high security ART-Laboratory for hepatitis B, C and HIV-positive patients. Vienne. Hum Reprod 17,136.
81. Eron JJ, Vernazza PL, Johnston DM, Seillier-Moiseiwitsch F, Alcorn TM, Fiscus SA and Cohen MS (1998) Resistance of HIV-1 to antiretroviral agents in blood and seminal plasma: implications for transmission. AIDS 12,F181-189.
82. Garrido N, Meseguer M and Bellver J (2002) Establishing a clinical program for human immunodeficiency virus 1-seropositive men to father séronegative children by means of in vitro fertilization with intracytoplasmic sperm injection. (Letter and response from Sauer and Chang.) Am J Obstet Gynecol 187,1121-1122.
83. Genin C and Pozzetto B (2001) Compartimentalization of HIV-1 according to antiviral therapy: viral correlated in blood and semen but poorly in blood and saliva. AIDS 15,284-285.
84. Gilliam BL, Dyer JR, Fiscus SA Marcus C, Zhou S, Wathen L, Freimuth WW, Cohen MS and Eron JJ Jr (1997) Effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy on the HIV-1 viral burden in semen. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 15,4-60.
85. Gilling-Smith C (2000) Assisted reproduction in HIV-infected couples. AIDS Reader 10, 581-587.
86. Gilling-Smith C, Smith JR and Semprini AE (2001) HIV and infertility: time to treat. There's no justification for denying treatment to parents who are HIV positive. Br Med J 322,566-567.
87. Gordon JW (2002) Micromanipulation of gametes and embryos may be at risk for human germ-line gene transfer. Fertil Steril, 78, 455-459.
88. Gray R, Wayer M, Briikmeyer R, Sewankambo N, Serwadda D, Wabwire-Mangen F, Lutalo T, Li X, vanCott T, Quinn T and the Rakai Project team (2001) Probability of HIV-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous, heterosexual, HIV-1 serodiscordant couples in Rakai, Uganda. Lancet, 357, 1149-1153.
89. Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Serwadda D, Sewankambo N, Li C, Wabwire-Mangen F, Paxton L, Kiwanuka N, Kigozi G, Konde-Lule J, Quinn TC et al (1998) Population-based study of fertility in women with HIV-1 infection in Uganda. Lancet 351,98-103.
90. Greco P, Vimercati A, Fiore JR, Saracino A, Buccoliero G, Loverro G, Angarano G, Pastore G and Selvaggi L (1999) Reproductive choice in individuals HIV-1 infected in south eastern Italy. J Perinat Med, 27, 173-177.
91. Grinspoon SK and Bilezikian JP (1992) HIV disease and the endocrine system. N Engl J Med, 327, 1360-1365.
92. Gupta P, Mellors J, Kingsley L, Riddler S, Singh MK, Schreiber S, Cronin M and Rinaldo CR (1997) High viral load in semen of human immunodeficiency virus type 1- infected men at all stages of disease and its reduction by therapy with protease and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Virol 71,6271-6275.
93. Hadler SC and Margolis HS (1993) Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection. In Ellis R (ed) Hepatitis B Vaccines in Clinical Practice. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 141-57.
94. Hamer F, Horne G, Pease E, Matson P and Lieberman B (1995) The quarantine of fertilized donated oocytes. Hum Reprod 10,1194-1196.
95. Hanley JA and Lippman-Hand A (1983) If nothing goes wrong, is everything all right? J Am Obstet Gynecol 249,1743-1745.
96. Hart R, Khalaf Y, Lawson R, Bickerstaff H, Taylor A and Braude P (2001) screening for HIV, hepatitis B and C infection in a population seeking assisted reproduction in an inner London hospital. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 108,654-656.
97. Heimerl H, Zumbusch R, Gurtler L et al (1993) Which cell type in semen is the major source of HIV-DNA? Intern Conf on Aids 9,449: abstract PO-B20-1882.
98. Hinz S, McCormack D and van der Spuy ZM (2002) Endocrine function in HIV-infected women. Gynecol Endocrinol, 16, 33-38.
99. Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (1991) Code of Practice: HIV Screening for Gamete Donors, Annex B.
100. Jamieson D, Duerr A and Schieve L (2001) Semen processing for HIV-discordant couples. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185,1433-1434.
101. Jouannet P (2001) HIV-1 and assisted reproductive technologies. Fourth international symposium on AIDS and Reproduction, Genoa, Italy.
102. Kakaiya R, Miller W and Gudino M (1991) Tissue transplant-transmitted infections. Transfusion 31,277-284.
103. Kass NE (1994) Policy, ethics, and reproductive choice: pregnancy and childbearing among HIV-infected women. Acta Paediatr 400(Suppl),95-98.
104. Kim LU, Johnson MR, Barton S, Nelson MR, Sontag G, Smith JR, Gotch FM and Gilmour JW (1999) Evaluation of sperm washing as a potential method of reducing HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples wishing to have children. AIDS 13,645-651.
105. Koda T, Yonaha M, Hayashi A and Ishikawa K (1996) Hepatitis C transmission between spouses. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 11,1001-1005.
106. Kravcik S, Victor G, Houston S, Sutherland D, Garber GE, Hawley-Foss N, Angel JB and Cameron DW (1998) Effect of antiretroviral therapy and viral load on the perceived risk of HIV transmission and the need for safer sexual practices. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 19,124-129.
107. Krieger JN, Coombs RW, Collier AC, Ross SO, Chaloupka K, Cummings DK, Murphy VL and Corey L (1991) Recovery of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from semen: minimal impact of stage of infection and current antiviral chemotherapy. J Infect Dis 163,386-388.
108. Kunstmann JM, Guibert J, Merlet F et al (2000) AMP intra conjugale: quelle stratégie de prise en charge? Expérience protocole NECO. Communication à la journée: «Le désir d'enfant chez les couples VIH sérodiffé rents». Toulouse, pp 31-32.
109. Lasheeb AS, King J, Ball JK, Curran R, Barratt CL, Afnan M and Pillay D (1997) Semen characteristics in HIV-1 positive men and the effect of semen washing. Genitourin Med 73,303-305.
110. Laudat A, Blum L, Guechot J, Picard O, Cabane J, Imbert JC and Giboudeau J (1995) Changes in systemic gonadal and adrenal steroids in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected men: relationship with the CD4 cell counts. Eur J Endocrinol 133,418-424.
111. Lavoie R, Otis J, Leclerc R et al (1998) Attitudes towards the triple-therapies and safer sex: what a mix! 12th international conference on AIDS, Geneva June/July (abstract 34277).
112. Leruez-Ville M, Kunstmann JM, De Almeida M, Rouzioux C and Chaix ML (2000) Detection of hepatitis C virus in the semen of infected men. Lancet 356,42-43.
113. Leruez-Ville M, de Almeida M, Tachet A, Dulioust E, Guibert J, Mandelbrot L, Salmon D, Jouannet P and Rouzioux C (2002) Assisted reproduction in HIV-1-serodifferent couples: the need for viral validation of processed semen. AIDS 16,2267-2273.
114. Lesourd F, Izopet J, Mervan C, Payen JL, Sandres K, Monrozies X and Parinaud J (2000) Transmissions of hepatitis C virus during the ancillary procedures for assisted conception. Hum Reprod 15,1083-1085.
115. Letur-Konïrsch H, Collin G, Sifer C, Devaux A, Kuttenn F, Madelenat P, Brun-Vezinet F, Feldmann G and Benifla JL (2003) Safety of cryopreservation straws for human gametes or embryos: a study with human immunodeficiency virus-1 under cryopreservation conditions. Hum Reprod 18,140-144.
116. Levy R, Tardy JC, Bourlet T, Cordonier H, Mion F, Lornage J and Guerin JF (2000) Transmission risk of hepatitis C virus in assisted reproductive techniques. Hum Reprod 15,810-816.
117. Levy R, Bourlet T and Maerens A (2002) Pregnancy after IVF with hepatitis C virus RNA-positive sperm. Hum Reprod 17,2650-2653.
118. Lindsay MK, Grant J, Peterson HB, Willis S, Nelson P and Klein L (1995) The impact of knowledge of human immunodeficiency virus serostatus on contraceptive choice and repeat pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 85,675-679.
119. Lyerly A and Anderson D (2001) Human immunodeficiency virus and assisted reproduction: reconsidering evidence, reframing ethics. Fertil Steril 75,843-858.
120. Lyerly A and Faden R (2003) HIV and assisted Reproductive technology: women and healthcare policy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 3,41-43.
121. Macaulay L, Kitzinger J, Green G and Wight D (1995) Unconventional conceptions and HIV. AIDS Care 7,261-275.
122. Mandelbrot L, Heard I, Henrion-Geant E and Henrion R (1997) Natural conceptions in HIV-negative women with HIV-infected partners. Lancet 349,850-851.
123. Marcus K, Truffa M, Boxwell D et al (2002) Recently identified adverse events secondary to NRTI therapy in HIV-infected individuals: cases from the FDA's Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) CROI, abstract LB14.
124. Marina S, Marina F, Alcolea R, Exposito R, Huguet J, Nadal J and Verges A (1998) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-serodiscordant couples can bear healthy children after undergoing intrauterine insemination. Fertil Steril 70,35-39.
125. Mastro TD, Satten GA, Nopkesorn T, Sangkharomya S and Longini IM Jr (1994) Probability of female-to-male transmission of HIV-1 in Thaïland. Lancet 343,204-207.
126. Matz B, Kupfer B, Ko Y, Walger P, Vetter H, Eberle J and Gurtler L (1998) HIV-1 infection by artificial insemination. Lancet 351,728.
127. McGowan JP, Crane M, Wionia A and Blum S (1999) Combination antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 94,641-646.
128. McKee T, Avery S, Majid A and Brinsden P (1996) Risks for transmission of hepatitis C during artificial insemination. Fertil Steril 66,161-163.
129. Mermin JH, Holodniy M, Katzenstein DA and Merigan TC (1991) Detection of human immunodeficiency virus DNA and RNA in semen by the Polymerase Chain Reaction. J Infect Dis 164,769.
130. Michielsen PP and Van Damme P (1999) Viral hepatitis and pregnancy. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 62,21-29.
131. Ministry of Health, French Republic (2002) Prise en charge des personnes infectées par le VIH.Recommendations du groupe d'experts. Rapport 2002. Médecins-sciences, Flammarion, Paris, pp 223-238.
132. Minkoff H and Santoro N (2000) Ethical considerations in the treatment of infertility in women with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 342,1748-1750.
133. Morris AB, Cu-Uvin S, Harwell JI, Garb J, Zorrilla C, Vajaranant M, Dobles AR, Jones TB, Carlan S and Allen DY (2000) Multicenter review of protease inhibitors in 89 pregnancies. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 25,306-311.
134. Muller CH, Coombs RW and Krieger JN (1998) Effects of clinical stage and immunological status on semen analysis results in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seropositive men. Andrologia 30,S15-22.
135. Narayana K, D'Souza UJ and Rao KP (2002) Effect of ribavirin on epididymal sperm count in rat. Ind J Physiol Pharmacol 46,97-101.
136. Ng TT, O'Connell IP and Wilkins EG (1994) Growth hormone deficiency coupled with hypogonadism in AIDS. Clin Endocrinol 41,689-693.
137. Nolan K (1990) Human immunodeficiency virus infection, women, and pregnancy. Ethical issues. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Amer 17,651-668.
138. Nuovo GJ, Becker J, Simsir A, Margiotta M, Khalife G and Shevchuk M (1994) HIV-1 nucleic acids localize to the spermatogonia and their progeny. A study by polymerase chain reaction in situ hybridization. Am J Pathol 144,1142-1148.
139. Ohl J, Partisani M, Wittemer C, Schmitt MP, Cranz C, Stoll-Keller F, Rongieres C, Bettahar-Lebugle K, Lang JM and Nisand I (2003) Assisted reproduction techniques for HIV serodiscordant couples: 18 months of experience. Hum Reprod 18,1244-1249.
140. Pasquier C, Daudin M, Righi L, Berges L, Thauvin L, Berrebi A, Massip P, Puel J, Bujan L and Izopet J (2000) Sperm washing and virus nucleic acid detection to reduce HIV and hepatitis C transmission in serodiscordant couples wishing to have children. AIDS 14,2093-2099.
141. Peterman TA, Stoneburner RL, Allen J, Jaffe HW and Curran JW (1998) Risk of HIV transmission from heterosexual adults with transfusion-associated infections. J Am Med Assoc 259,55-58.
142. Piomboni P and Baccetti B (2000) spermatozoon as a vehicle for HIV-1 infection and other viruses: a review. Mol Reprod Dev 56,S238-242.
143. Politch J, Mayer K, Abbott A and Anderson D (1994) The effect of disease progression and zidovudine therapy on semen quality in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seropositive men. Fertil Steril 61,922-928.
144. Pradat P and Trepo C (2000) HCV: epidemiology, modes of transmission and prevention of spread. Baillière's Clin Gastroenterol 14,201-210.
145. Pudney J and Anderson DJ (1991) Orchitis and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infected cells in reproductive tissues from men with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Pathol 139,149-160.
146. Pudney J, Nguyen H, Xu C and Anderson DJ (1998) Microscopic evidence against HIV-1 infection of germ cells or attachment to sperm. J Reprod Immunol 41,105-125. [Corrected and republished in J Reprod Immunol (1999) September, 44,57-77.]
147. Quayle AJ, Xu C, Mayer KH and Anderson DJ (1997) T lymphocytes and macrophages, but not motile spermatozoa, are a significant source of human immunodeficiency virus in semen. J Infect Dis 176,960-968.
148. Quayle AJ, Xu C, Tucker L and Anderson DJ (1998) The case against an association between HIV-1 and sperm: molecular evidence. J Reprod Immunol 41,127-136.
149. Quint W, Fetter W, van Os H and Heijtink R (1994) Absence of hepatitis B Virus (HBV) in children born after exposure of their mothers to HBV during in vitro fertilization. J Clin Microbial 32,1099-1100.
150. Ragni MV, Faruki H and Kingsley LA (1998) Heterosexual HIV-1 transmission and viral load in hemophilic patients. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr Hum Retroviral 17,42-45.
151. Resti M, Azzari C, Mannelli F, Moriondo M, Novembre E, de Martino M and Vierucci A (1998) Mother to child transmission of hepatitis C virus: prospective study of risk factors and timing of infection in children born to women seronegative for HIV-1. Br Med J 317,437-440.
152. Resti M, Azzari C and Donders G (2002) Hepatitis C virus: the challange for the new generation. In Donders and Stray-Pedersen (eds) Viral Infection in Pregnancy. Elsevier, Paris, pp 97-111.
153. Roudot-Thoraval F, Pawlotsky JM, Thiers V, Deforges L, Girollet PP, Guillot F, Huraux C, Aumont P, Brechot C and Dhumeaux D (1993) Lack of mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus in human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative women: a prospective study with hepatitis C virus RNA testing. Hepatology 17,772-777.
154. Roudot-Thoraval F, Bastie A, Pawlotsky JM and Dhumeaux D (1997) Epidemiological factors affecting the severity of hepatitis C virus-related liver disease: a French survey of 6,664 patients. The Study Group for the Prevalence and the Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus. Hepatology 26,485-490.
155. Royce RA, Semy A, Cates W Jr and Cohen MS (1997) Sexual transmission of HIV. N Engl J Med 336,1072-1078.
156. Sauer M (2003) Providing fertility care to those with HIV: time to re-examine healthcare policy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 3,33-40.
157. Sauer M and Chang PL (2002) Establishing a clinical program for human immunodeficiency virus 1-seropositive men to father séronegative children by means of in vitro fertilization with intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 186,627-633.
158. Schenker J (1997) FIGO committee for the study of ethical aspects of human reproduction. Guidelines on the subject of AIDS and Human Reproduction. Hum Reprod 12,1619.
159. Schofield V (1992) Sperm as vectors and cofactors for HIV-1 transmission. J NIH Res 4,105-108.
160. Schreiber G, Busch M, Kleinman S and Korelitz J (1996) The risk of transfusion-transmitted infections. N Engl J Med 334,1685-1690.
161. Schrooten W, Colebunders R, Youle M, Molenberghs G, Dedes N, Koitz G, Finazzi R, de Mey I, Florence E and Dreezen C (2001) Eurosupport Study Group: Sexual dysfunction associated with protease inhibitor containing highly active antiretroviral treatment. AIDS 15,1019-1023.
162. Schurmeyer TH, Muller V, von zur Muhlen A and Schmidt RE (1997) Endocrine testicular function in HIV-infected outpatients. Eur J Med Res 2,275-281.
163. Semprini A, Vucetich A, Oneta M et al (2000) Amp intra conjugale: quelle strategie de prise en charge? Expérience italienne. Communication à la journée: «Le dé sir d'enfant chez les couples VIH sérodifférents». Toulouse, pp 28-29.
164. Semprini AE, Levi-Setti P, Bozzo M, Ravizza M, Taglioretti A, Sulpizio P, Albani E, Oneta M and Pardi G (1992) Insemination of HIV-negative women with processed semen of HIV-positive partners. Lancet 340,1317-1319.
165. Semprini AE, Persico T, Thiers V, Oneta M, Tuveri R, Serafini P, Boschini A, Giuntelli S, Pardi G and Brechot C (1998) Absence of hepatitis C virus and detection of hepatitis G Virus/GB virus C RNA
166. Shah PN, Smith JR, Wells C, Barton SE, Kitchen VS and Steer PJ (1994) Menstrual symptoms in women infected by the human immunodeficiency virus. Obstet Gynecol 83,397-400.
167. Sharma S, Gilling-Smith C, Semprini AE, Barton SE and Smith JR (2003) Assisted conception in couples with HIV infection. Sex Transm Infect 79,185-188.
168. Sherr L (1995) Psychological aspects of providing care for women with HIV infection. In Minkoff HL, Dehovitz JA and Duerr A (eds) HIV infection in women. Raven Press. New York, pp 107-123.
169. Smith JR, Reginald PW and Forster SM (1990) Safe sex and conception: a dilemma. Lancet 335,359.
170. StLouis ME, Kamenga M, Brown C, Nelson AM, Manzila T, Batter V, Behets F, Kabagabo U, Ryder RW, Oxtoby M et al (1993) Risk for perinatal HIV-1 transmission according to maternal immunologic, virologic, and placental factors. J Am Med Assoc 269,2853-2859.
171. Stewart GJ, Tyler JP, Cunningham AL, Barr JA, Driscoll GL, Gold J and Lamont BJ (1985) Transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) by artificial insemination by donor. Lancet 2,581-585.
172. Sunderland A, Minkoff HL, Handte J, Moroso G and Landesman S (1992) The impact of human immunodeficiency virus serostatus on reproductive decisions of women. Obstet Gynecol 79,1027-1031.
173. Tachet A, Dulioust E, Salmon D, De Almeida M, Rivalland S, Finkielsztejn L, Heard I, Jouannet P, Sicard D and Rouzioux C (1999) Detection and quantification of HIV-1 in semen: identification of a subpopulation of men at high potential risk of viral sexual transmission. AIDS 13,823-821.
174. Taylor S, van Heeswijk RP, Hoetelmans RM, Workman J, Drake SM, White DJ and Pillay D (2000) Concentrations of nevirapine, lamivudine and stavudine in semen of HIV-1-infected men. AIDS 14,1979-1984.
175. Tedder RS, Zuckerman MA, Goldstone AH, Hawkins AE, Fielding A, Briggs EM, Irwin D, Blair S, Gorman AM, Patterson KG et al (1995) Hepatitis B transmission from contaminated cryopreservation tank. Lancet 346,137-140.
176. VanVoorhis BJ, Martinez A, Mayer K and Anderson DJ (1991) Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in semen from seropositive men using culture and polymerase chain reaction deoxyribonucleic acid amplification techniques. Fertil Steril 55,588-594.
177. Vernazza PL, Gilliam BL, Flepp M, Dyer, JR, Frank, AC, Fiscus, SA, Cohen, MS and Eron, JJ (1997a) Effect of antiviral treatment on the shedding of HIV-1 in semen AIDS 11,1249-1254.
178. Vernazza PL, Gilliam BL, Dyer J, Fiscus SA, Eron JJ, Frank AC and Cohen MS (1997b) Quantification of HIV in semen: correlation with antiviral treatment and immune status. AIDS 11,987-993.
179. Vernazza PL, Eron JJ, Fiscus SA and Cohen MS (1999) Sexual transmission of HIV: infectiousness and prevention. AIDS 13,155-166.
180. Villette JM, Bourin P, Doinel C, Mansour I, Fiet J, Boudou P, Dreux C, Roue R, Debord M and Levi F (1990) Circadian variations in plasma levels of hypophyseal, adrenocortical and testicular hormones in men infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70,572-577.
181. Weigel MM, Gentili M, Beichert M, Friese K and Sonnenberg-Schwan U (2001) Reproduction assistance to HIV-discordant couples - the German approach. Eur J Med Res 6,259-262.
182. Weiss SH, Goedert JJ, Gartner S, Popovic M, Waters D, Markham P, di Marzo Veronese F, Gail MH, Barkley WE and Gibbons J et al (1988) Risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection among laboratory workers. Science 239,68-71.
183. Williams HA, Watkins CE and Risby JA (1996) Reproductive decision-making and determinants of contraceptive use in HlV-infected women. Clin Obstet Gynecol 39,333-343.
184. Wortley P, Hammett T and Fleming P (1998) Donor insemination and human immunodeficiency virus transmission. Obstet Gynecol 91,515-518.
185. Yaro S, Meda N, Desgrees Du Lou A, Sombie I, Cartoux M, Tiendrebeogo S, Ouangre A, Dao B, Nacro B and Kpozehouen A et al (2001) Réduction de la fertilité chez les femmes infectées par le VIH-1. Implication pour la sérosurveillance sentinelle. Rev Epidemiol Santé Publ 49,221-228.
186. Zagury D (1984) HTLV-III in cell cultivated from semen of two patients with AIDS. Science 226,449.
187. Zhang H, Dornadula G, Beumont M Livornese L Jr, Van Uitert B, Henning K and Pomerantz RJ (1998) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the semen of men receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 339,1803-1809.