Vitamin D Supplementation in the Fight Against Multiple Sclerosis

Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 27-38

  Embry, Ashton F ^a  

^a Direct MS   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; COD LIVER OIL; MAGNESIUM; STEROID; VITAMIN D;

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DRUG SAFETY; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MILK; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NONHUMAN; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SEASONAL VARIATION; SIDE EFFECT; SUN EXPOSURE; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN INTAKE; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

EID: 1942472145     PISSN: 03170209     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Hayes C, Cantorna M, DeLuca H: Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis. Proc Soc. Exp Biol. Med, 1997; 216: 21-27.
2. Hayes C: Vitamin D: a natural inhibitor of multiple sclerosis. Proc Nutr Soc, 2000; 45: 531-535.
3. DeLuca H, Zierold C: Mechanisms and functions of vitamin D. Nutr Rev, 1998; 56: S4-S9.
4. Goldberg P: Multiple Sclerosis: vitamin D and calcium as environmental determinants of prevalence. Part 1: Sunlight, dietary factors and epidemiology. Intl J Environ Studies, 1974; 6: 19-27.
5. Goldberg P: Multiple Sclerosis: vitamin D and calcium as environmental determinants of prevalence. Part 2: Biochemical and genetic factors. Intl J Environ Studies, 1974; 6: 121-129.
6. Acheson E, Bachrach C, Wright F: Some comments on the relationship between the distribution of multiple sclerosis to latitude, solar radiation and other variables. Acta Psychiat (Scand), 1960; 35 (Suppl. 147): 132-147.
7. Van der Mei IA, Ponsonby AL, Blizzard L, et al: Regional variation in multiple sclerosis prevalence in Australia and its association with ambient ultraviolet radiation. Neuroepidemiology, 2001; 20: 168-174.
8. Hammond SR, English DR, McLeod JG: The age-range of risk of developing multiple sclerosis: evidence from a migrant population in Australia. Brain, 2000; 123: 968-974.
9. Swank RL, Lerstad O, Strom A, et al: Multiple Sclerosis in rural Norway: Its geographic and occupational incidence in relation to nutrition. NEJM, 1952; 246: 721-728.
10. Westlund K: Distribution and mortality time trend of multiple sclerosis and some other diseases in Norway. Acta Neurol Scand, 1970; 46: 455-483.
11. Pryse-Phillips WE: The incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1960-1984. Ann Neurol, 1986; 20: 323-328.
12. Ponsonby AL, McMichael A, van der Mei I: Ultraviolet radiation and autoimmune disease: insights from epidemiological research. Toxicology, 2002; 181-182: 71-78.
13. Staples JA, Ponsonby AL, Lim LL, et al: Ecologic analysis of some immune-related disorders, including type 1 diabetes, in Australia: latitude, regional ultraviolet radiation, and disease prevalence. Environ Health Perspect, 2003; 111: 518-23.
14. Freedman DM, Dosemeci M, Alavanja MC: Mortality from multiple sclerosis and exposure to residential and occupational solar radiation: a case-control study based on death certificates. Occup Environ Med, 2000; 57: 418-421.
15. Embry AF, Snowdon LR, Vieth R: Vitamin D and seasonal fluctuations of gadolinium-enhancing magnetic resonance imaging lesions in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol, 2000; 48: 271-272.
16. Garcion E, Wion-Barbot N, Montero-Menei CN, et al: New clues about vitamin D functions in the nervous system. Trends Endocrinol Metab, 2002; 13: 100-105.
17. Hayes CE, Nashold FE, Spach KM, et al: The immunological functions of the vitamin D endocrine system. Cell Mol Biol, 2003; 49: 277-300.
18. Bhalla AK, Amento EP, Clemens TL, et al: Specific high-affinity receptors for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: presence in monocytes and induction in T lymphocytes following activation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1983; 57: 1308-1311.
19. Deluca HF, Cantorna MT: Vitamin D: its role and uses in immunology. FASEB J, 2001; 15: 2579-2585.
20. van Etten E, Decallonne B, Mathieu C: 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol: endocrinology meets the immune system. Proc Nutr Soc, 2002; 61: 375-380.
21. Lemire J, Archer D: 1,25-dehydroxyvitamin D3 prevents the in vivo induction of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Invest, 1991; 87: 1103-1107.
22. Cantorna M, Hayes C, DeLuca H: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 reversibly blocks the progression of relapsing encephalomyelitis, a model of multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 1996; 93: 7861-7864.
23. Garcion E, Sindji L, Nataf S, et al: Treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rat by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 leads to early effects within the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol (Berl), 2003; 105: 438-448.
24. Mathieu C, Laureys J, Waer M, et al: Prevention of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice by dihydroxyvitamin D3. Diabetology, 1994; 37: 552-558.
25. Cantorna M, Hayes C, DeLuca, H: 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol inhibits the progression of arthritis in murine models of human arthritis. J Nutr, 1998; 128: 68-72.
26. Lemire J, Ince A, Takashima, M: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 attenuates the expression of experimental murine lupus of MRL/l mice. Autoimmunity, 1992; 12: 143-148.
27. Yang S, Smith C, DeLuca H: 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 19-nor-1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 suppress immunoglobulin production and thymic lymphocyte proliferation in vivo. Biochem Biophys Acta, 1993; 1158: 279-286.
28. Cantorna MT, Woodward WD, Hayes CE, et al: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a positive regulator for the two anti-encephalitogenic cytokines TGF beta 1 and IL-4. J Immunology, 1998; 160: 5314-5319.
29. Mahon BD, Wittke A, Weaver V, et al: The targets of vitamin D depend on the differentiation and activation status of CD4 positive T cells. J Cell Biochem, 2003; 89: 922-932.
30. Muller K, Bendtzen K: Inhibition of human T lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Different effects on CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ cells. Autoimmunity, 1992; 14: 37-43.
31. Bemiss CJ, Mahon BD, Henry A, et al: Interleukin-2 is one of the targets of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the immune system. Arch Biochem Biophys, 2002; 402: 249-54.
32. Thomasset M: Vitamin D and the Immune System. Pathol Biol (Paris), 1994; 42: 163-172.
33. Garcion E, Nataf S, Berod A, et al: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat central nervous system during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 1997; 45: 255-267.
34. Muller K, Bendtzen K: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 as a natural regulator of human immune functions. J Investig Dermatol, Symp. Proc, 1996; 1: 68-71.
35. Nashold FE, Hoag KA, Goverman J, et al: Rag-1-dependent cells are necessary for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol, 2001; 119: 16-29.
36. Nataf S, Garcion E, Darcy F, et al: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 exerts regional effects in the central nervous system during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuro Exper Neurol, 1996; 55: 904-914.
37. Penna G, Adorini L: 1 Alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits differentiation, maturation, activation, and survival of dendritic cells leading to impaired alloreactive T cell activation. J Immunol, 2000; 164: 2405-2411.
38. Adorini L: Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D receptor ligands in autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol, 2002; 2: 1017-1028.
39. Haegert DG, Swift FV, Benedikz J: Evidence for a complex role of HLA class II genotypes in susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in Iceland. Neurology, 1996; 46: 1107-1111.
40. Fukazawa T, Yabe I, Kikuchi S, et al: Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with multiple sclerosis in Japanese. J Neurol Sci, 1999; 166: 47-52.
41. Steckley JL, Dyment DA, Sadovnick AD, et al: Genetic analysis of vitamin D related genes in Canadian multiple sclerosis patients. Canadian Collaborative Study Group. Neurology, 2000; 54: 729-732.
42. Goldberg P, Fleming M, Picard E: Multiple Sclerosis: Decreased relapse rate through dietary supplementation with calcium, magnesium and vitamin D. Medical Hypotheses, 1986; 21: 193-200.
43. Nordvik I, Myhr KM, Nyland H, et al: Effect of dietary advice and n-3 supplementation in newly diagnosed MS patients. Acta Neurol Scand, 2000; 102: 143-149.
44. Andjelkovic Z, Vojinovic J, Pejnovic N, et al: Disease modifying and immunomodulatory effects of high dose 1alpha (OH) D3 in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 1999; 17: 453-456.
45. EURODIAB Study Group: Vitamin D supplement in early childhood and risk for type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetology, 1999; 42: 51-54.
46. Hypponen E, Laara E, Reunanen A, et al: Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study. Lancet, 2001; 358: 1500-1503.
47. Stene LC, Ulriksen J, Magnus P: Birth weight and childhood onset type 1 diabetes: population based cohort study. BMJ, 2001; 322: 889-892.
48. Vieth R: Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hyroxyvitamin D concentrations and safety. Am J Clin Nutr, 1999; 69: 842-856.
49. Vieth R: Vitamin D nutrition and its potential health benefits for bone, cancer and other conditions. J Nutr Environ Med, 2001; 11: 275-291.
50. Zittermann A: Vitamin D in preventive medicine: are we ignoring the evidence? Br J Nutr, 2003; 89: 552-572.
51. European Commission: Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General: Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the tolerable upper level of vitamin D. SCF/CS/NUT/ UPPLEV/38 Final, 2002; Brussels. 35p.
52. Heaney RP, Davies KM, Chen TC, et al: Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr, 2003; 77: 204-210.
53. Holick MF: Vitamin D: A millenium perspective. J Cell Biochem, 2003; 88: 296-307.
54. Barger-Lux MJ, Heaney RP: Effects of above average summer sun exposure on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium absorption. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2002; 87: 4952-4956.
55. Vieth R, Cole DE, Hawker GA, et al: Winter-time vitamin D insufficiency is common in young Canadian women, and their vitamin D intake does not prevent it. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2001; 55: 1091-7.
56. Simopoulos AP: Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. J Am Coll Nutr, 2002; 21: 495-505.
57. Vieth R, Chan PC, MacFarlane GD: Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level. Am J Clin Nutr, 2001; 73: 288-294.
58. Cantorna M, Humpai-Winter J, DeLuca H: Dietary calcium is a major factor in 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. J Nutr, 1999; 129: 1966-1971.
59. Eaton S, Konner M: Paleolithic nutrition: a consideration of its nature and current implications. NEJM, 1985; 312: 283-289.
60. Cordain L: Cereal Grains: Humanity's Double-edged Sword. World Rev Nutr Dietet, 1999; 84: 19-73.
61. Cordain L, Toohey L, Smith MJ, et al: Dietary modulation of immune function in rheumatoid arthritis. Brit J Nutr, 2000; 83: 207-217.
62. Willis M, Fairly A: Effect of increased dietary phytic acid on cholecalciferol requirements in rats. Lancet, 1972; 7774: 406.
63. Perez-Maceda B, Lopez-Bote J, Bernabeu C: Antibodies to dietary antigens in rheumatoid arthritis-possible molecular mimicry mechanism. Clin Chim Acta, 1991; 16: 153-165.
64. Nieves J, Cosman F, Herbert J, et al: High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and reduced bone mass in multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 1994; 44: 1687-1692.
65. Matzinger P: An innate sense of danger. Semin Immunol, 1998; 10: 399-415.
66. Winer S, Astsaturov I, Cheung RK, et al: T cells of multiple sclerosis patients target a common environmental peptide that causes encephalitis in mice. J Immunol, 2001; 166: 4751-4756.
67. Calder P: Dietary fatty acids and the immune system. Nutr Rev, 1998; 56: S70-S83.