Physiology and pathophysiology of proteinuria - A review;Physiologische und pathophysiologische grundlagen der proteinurie - Eine übersicht

Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift

Volumn 118, Issue 5-6, 2005, Pages 229-239

  Raila, Jens ^a   Forterre, Simone ^a   Schweigert, Florian J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF POTSDAM   (Germany)

Author keywords

Kidney; Marker protein; Megalin cubilin complex; Nephron; Protein; Proteinuria; Urine

Indexed keywords

PLASMA PROTEIN;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; GLOMERULUS; KIDNEY DISEASE; METABOLISM; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROTEINURIA; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; BLOOD PROTEINS; KIDNEY DISEASES; KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; PROTEINURIA;

GLOMERULUS;

EID: 19344376877     PISSN: 00059366     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Bachmann, S., R. Metzger, B. Bunnemann (1990): Tamm-Horsfall protein-mRNA synthesis is localized to the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop in rat kidney. Histochemistry 94, 517-523.
2. Barber, P. J. (1996): Proteinuria. In: Bainbridge, J., Elliott, J., eds. BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Nephrology and Urology. Gloucestershire: British Small Animal Veterinary Association, 75-84.
3. Barsanti, J. A., D. R. Finco (1979): Protein concentration in urine of normal dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 40, 1583-1588.
4. Barth, J. L., W. S. Argraves (2001): Cubilin and megalin: partners in lipoprotein and vitamin metabolism. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 11, 26-31.
5. Batamuzi, E. K., F. Kristensen (1995): Diagnostic importance of urothelial cells of the dog and cat. J. Small Anim. Pract. 36, 17-21.
6. Bernier, G. M., M. E. Conrad (1969): Catabolism of human beta-2-microglobulin by the rat kidney. Am. J. Physiol. 217, 1359-1362.
7. Biewenga, W. J., E. Gruys, H. J. Hendriks (1982): Urinary protein loss in the dog: nephrological study of 29 dogs without signs of renal disease. Res. Vet. Sci. 33, 366-374.
8. Birn, H., J. C. Fyfe, C. Jacobsen, F. Mounier, P. J. Verroust, H. Orskov, T. E. Willnow, S. K. Moestrup, E. I. Christensen (2000): Cubilin is an albumin binding protein important for renal tubular albumin reabsorption. J. Clin. Invest. 105, 1353-1361.
9. Boesken, W. H., K. Kopf, P. Schollmeyer (1973): Differentiation of proteinuric diseases by discelectrophoretic molecular weight analysis of urinary proteins. Clin. Nephrol. 1, 311-318.
10. Boesken, W. H., A. Mamier (1985): Molekulargewichtsbezogene Urinprotein-Elektrophorese in der Diagnostik von Nierenkrankheiten. Lab. med. 9, 285-291.
11. Bovee, K. C., T. Joyce, R. Reynolds, S. Segal (1978): The fanconi syndrome in Basenji dogs: a new model for renal transport defects Spontaneous Fanconi syndrome in the dog. Science 201, 1129-1131.
12. Brenner, B. M., H. D. Humes (1977): Mechanics of glomerular ultrafiltration. N. Engl. J. Med. 297, 148-154.
13. Brown, S. A. (1995): Primary disease of glomeruli. In: Osborne, C. A., Finco, D.R., eds. Canine and feline Nephrology and Urology. Philadelphia: Williams and Wilkins, 368-378.
14. Burmeister, R., I. M. Boe, A. Nykjaer, C. Jacobsen, S. K. Moestrup, P. Verroust, E. I. Christensen, J. Lund, T. E. Willnow (2001): A two-receptor pathway for catabolism of Clara cell secretory protein in the kidney. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 13295-13301.
15. Burton, C. J., S. J. Harper, E. Bailey, J. Feehally, K. P. Harris, J. Walls, C. Combe (2001): Turnover of human tubular cells exposed to proteins in vivo and in vitro: Secretion of chemokines and cytokines by human tubular epithelial cells in response to proteins. Kidney Int. 59, 507-514.
16. Center, S. A., E. Wilkinson, C. A. Smith, H. Erb, R. M. Lewis (1985): 24-Hour urine protein/creatinine ratio in dogs with protein-losing nephropathies. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 187, 820-824.
17. Christensen, E. I., H. Birn (2002): Megalin and cubilin: multifunctional endocytic receptors. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 3, 256-266.
18. Christensen, E. I., H. Birn, P. Verroust, S. K. Moestrup (1998): Membrane receptors for endocytosis in the renal proximal tubule. Int. Rev. Cytol. 180, 237-284.
19. Christensen E. I., T. E. Willnow (1999): Essential role of megalin in renal proximal tubule for vitamin homeostasis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 10, 2224-2236.
20. D'Amico, G., C. Bazzi (2003): Rathophysiology of proteinuria. Kidney Int. 63, 809-825.
21. Daniel, H., I. Rubio-Aliaga (2003): An update on renal peptide transporters. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 284, F885-892.
22. Deen, W. M., B. Satvat, J. M. Jamieson (1980): Theoretical model for glomerular filtration of charged solutes. Am. J. Physiol. 238, F126-139.
23. DiBartola, S. P., G. L. Spaulding, D. J. Chew, R. M. Lewis (1980): Urinary protein excretion and immunopathologic findings in dogs with glomerular disease. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 177, 73-77.
24. Eddy, A. A. (2000): Molecular basis of renal fibrosis is. Pediatr. Nephrol. 15, 290-301.
25. Eppel, G. A., T. M. Osicka, L. M. Pratt, P. Jablonski, B. O. Howden, E. F. Glasgow, W. D. Comper (1999): The return of glomerular-filtered albumin to the rat renal vein. Kidney Int. 55, 1861-1870.
26. Finco, D. R. (1995): Urinary protein loss. In: Osborne, C.A., Finco, D.R., eds. Canine and feline Nephrology and Urology. Philadelphia: Williams and Wilkins, 211-215.
27. Finco, D. R., S. A. Brown, C. A. Brown, W. A. Crowell, T. A. Cooper, J. A. Barsanti (1999): Progression of chronic renal disease in the dog. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 13, 516-528.
28. Forterre, S. (2003): Vorkommen und diagnostische Bedeutung von Harnpeptiden und -proteinen bei Hunden mit Nierenerkrankungen und Harnsteinen. Vet. Med. Dissertation, Freie Universität Berlin, Deutschland 135 pp.
29. Fyfe, J. C., K. S. Ramanujam, K. Ramaswamy, D. F. Patterson, B. Seetharam (1991): Defective brush-border expression of intrinsic factor-cobalamin receptor in canine inherited intestinal cobalamin malabsorption. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 4489-4494.
30. Gekle, M. (1998): Renal proximal tubular albumin reabsorption: Daily prevention of albuminuria. News Physiol. Sci. 13, 5-11.
31. Grauer, G. F., C. B. Thomas, S. W. Eicker (1985): Estimation of quantitative proteinuria in the dog, using the urine protein-to-creatinine ratio from a random, voided sample. Am. J. Vet. Res. 46, 2116-2119.
32. Guijarro, C., J. Egido (2001): Transcription factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and renal disease. Kidney Int. 59, 415-424.
33. Hammad, S. M., J. L. Barth, C. Knaak, W. S. Argraves (2000): Megalin acts in concert with cubilin to mediate endocytosis of high density lipoproteins. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 12003-12008.
34. Haraldsson, B., J. Sörensson (2004): Why do we not all have proteinuria? An update of our current understanding of the glomerular barrier. News Physiol. Sci. 19, 7-10.
35. Holmquist, P., O. Torffvit, P. E. Jorgensen, N. Torring, E. Nexo, S. Sjoblad (2001): Early urinary changes in Tamm-Horsfall protein and epidermal growth factor in diabetic children. Pediatr. Nephrol. 16, 488-492.
36. Hong, C. Y., K. S. Chia (1998): Markers of diabetic nephropathy. J. Diabetes Complications 12, 43-60.
37. Hörauf, A., C. Reusch, G. Minkus (1989): Vergleich von Nierenbiopsie und SDS-Polyacrylamidgel-Elektrophorese (SDS-PAGE) bei der Katze. Tierärztl. Prax. (Suppl. 5), 29-32.
38. Hugo, C. (2003): The thrombospondin 1-TGF-beta axis in fibrotic renal disease. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 18, 1241-1245.
39. Jalanko, H. (2003): Pathogenesis of proteinuria: lessons learned from nephrin and podocin. Pediatr. Nephrol. 18, 487-491.
40. Jamieson, P. M., M. L. Chandler (2001): Transient renal tubulopathy in a Labrador retriever. J. Small Anim. Pract. 42, 546-549.
41. Kanai, M., T. Iwanaga, N. Hagino, Y. Muto (1978): Retinol-binding protein in tubular proteinuria of patients with Itai-Itai disease. World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 31, 31-36.
42. Kerjaschki, D., M. G. Farquhar (1982): The pathogenic antigen of Heymann nephritis is a membrane glycoprotein of the renal proximal tubule brush border. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 5557-5581.
43. Kim, M. S. (1988): Proteinuria. Clin. Lab. Med. 8, 527-540.
44. Kirsztajn, G. M., S. K. Nishida, M. S. Silva, H. Ajzen, L. A. Moura, A. B. Pereira (2002): Urinary retinol-binding protein as a prognostic marker in glomerulopathies. Nephron 90, 424-431.
45. Lees, G. E., R. G. Helman, C. E. Kashtan, A. F. Michael, L. D. Homco, N. Millichamp, Y. Ninomiya, Y. Sado, I. Naito, Y. Kim (1998): A model of autosomal recessive Alport syndrome in English cocker spaniel dogs. Kidney Int. 54, 706-719.
46. Leheste, J. R., B. Rolinski, H. Vorum J. Hilpert, A. Nykjaer, C. Jacobsen, P. Aucouturier, J. O. Moskaug, A. Otto, E. I. Christensen, T. E. Willnow (1999): Megalin knockout mice as an animal model of low molecular weight proteinuria. Am. J. Pathol. 155, 1361-1370.
47. Leopold-Temmler, B., I. Nolte (1995): Verlaufsuntersuchung von nierenkranken Hunden mit der Sodium Dodecyl Sulfat-Polyacrylamid-Gradientengel Urinelektrophorese. Kleintierpraxis 40, 103-113.
48. Marshansky, V., S. Bourgoin, I. Londono, M. Bendayan, B. Maranda, P. Vinay (1997): Receptor-mediated endocytosis in kidney proximal tubules: recent advances and hypothesis. Electrophoresis 18, 2661-2676.
49. Marshansky, V., P. Vinay (1996): Proton gradient formation in early endosomes from proximal tubules. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1284, 171-180.
50. Mattyus, I., M. Miltenyi, L. B. Zimmerhackl, A. Schwarz, M. Hentschel, M. Brandis, T. Tulassay (1994): Endothelin excretion during ketoacidosis does not correlate with tubular dysfunction. Pediatr. Nephrol. 8, 304-308.
51. Miner, J. H. (1999): Renal basement membrane components. Kidney Int 56, 2016-2024.
52. Mizuta, K., A. Saito, T. Watanabe, M. Nagura, M. Arakawa, F. Shimizu, T. Hoshino (1999): Ultrastructural localization of megalin in the rat cochlear duct. Hear. Res. 129, 83-91.
53. Moe, O. W., C. A. Berry, F. C. Rector (2000): Renal transport of glucose, amino acids, sodium, chloride and water. In: Brenner, B.M., ed. The Kidney. Philadelphia, London, Toronto, Montreal, Sydney, Tokyo: W.B. Saunders Company, 375-415.
54. Moestrup, S. K., H. Birn, P. B. Fischer, C. M. Petersen, P. J. Verroust, R. B. Sim, E. I. Christensen, E. Nexo (1996): Megalin-mediated endocytosis of transcobalamin-vitamin-B12 complexes suggests a role of the receptor in vitamin-B12 homeostasis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 8612-8617.
55. Müller, D., A. Nykjaer, T. E. Willnow (2003): From holoprosencephaly to osteopathology: role of multifunctional endocytic receptors in absorptive epithelia. Ann. Med. 35, 290-299.
56. Müller-Peddinghaus, R., G. Trautwein (1977): Harnanalyse mittels SDS-Polyacrylamidgelelektrophorese beim Hund. Zentralbl. Veterinärmed. A 24, 731-755.
57. Nagai, J., H. Tanaka, N. Nakanishi, T. Murakami, M. Takano (2001): Role of megalin in renal handling of aminoglycosides. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 281, F337-344.
58. Nicastri, A. L., M. J. Brandao de Almeida Prado, A. Sesso, E. B. Brandao de Almeida Prado (1998): Defective proximal tubule lysosomal acidification by Bence Jones proteins. An immunoelectron microscopy study. Exp. Nephrol. 6, 514-521.
59. Norden, A. G., S. J. Scheinman, M. M. Deschodt-Lanckman, M. Lapsley, J. L. Mortier, R. V. Thakker, R. J. Unwin, O. Wrong (2000): Tubular proteinuria defined by a study of Dent's (CLCN5 mutation) and other tubular diseases. Kidney Int. 57, 240-249.
60. Nykjaer, A., J. C. Fyfe, R. Kozyraki, J. R. Leheste, C. Jacobsen, M. S. Nielsen, P. J. Verroust, M. Aminoff, A. de la Chapelle, S. K. Moestrup, R. Ray, J. Gliemann, T. E. Willnow, E. I. Christensen (2001): Cubilin dysfunction causes abnormal metabolism of the steroid hormone 25(OH) vitamin D3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 13895-13900.
61. Nykjaer, A., T. E. Willnow (2002): The low-density lipoprotein receptor gene family: a cellular Swiss army knife? Trends Cell Biol. 12, 273-280.
62. Pergande, M., K. Jung, S. Precht, L. M. Fels, C. Herbort, H. Stolte (1994): Changed excretion of urinary proteins and enzymes by chronic exposure to lead. Nephrol Dial Transplant 9, 613-618.
63. Praga, M., E. Morales (2002): Renal damage associated with proteinuria. Kidney Int. 62, (Suppl. 82), 42-46.
64. Raila, J., Forterre, S., F. J. Schweigert (2003a): Die Bedeutung von Megalin in der Pathogenese der tubulären Proteinurie des Hundes. In: Deutsche Veterinärmedizinische Gesellschaft e.V. ed. Bericht des 25. Kongresses der Deutschen Veterinärmedizinischen Gesellschaft e.V., Teil 2: Poster, 377-384.
65. Raila, J., U. Neumann, F. J. Schweigert (2003b): Immunochemical localization of megalin, retinol-binding protein and TammHorsfall glycoprotein in the kidneys of dogs. Vet. Res. Commun. 27, 125-135.
66. Remuzzi, G., T. Bertani (1998): Pathophysiology of progressive nephropathies. N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 1448-1456.
67. Reusch, C., A. Hoerauf, J. Lechner, M. Kirsch, G. Leuterer, G. Minkus, G. Brem (1994): A new familial glomerulonephropathy in Bernese mountain dogs. Vet. Rec. 134, 411-415.
68. Reusch, C., R. Vochezer, E. Weschta (1991): Enzyme activities of urinary alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) in healthy dogs. Zentralbl. Veterinär-med. A 38, 90-98.
69. Rhodes, D. C., E. J. Hinsman, J. A. Rhodes, E. C. Hawkins (1992): Urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein concentrations in normal and urolithiasis-affected male cats determined by an ELISA. Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. A 39, 621-634.
70. Romero, M. C., N. Zanaro, L. Gonzalez, P. Trigo, O. Imventarza, A. Nesse (2002): Tamm-Horsfall protein excretion to predict the onset of renal insufficiency. Clin. Biochem. 35, 65-68.
71. Sato, R., S. Soeta, M. Miyazaki, B. Syuto, J. Sato, Y. Miyake, J. Yasuda, K. Okada, Y. Naito (2002): Clinical availability of urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase index in dogs with urinary diseases. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 64, 361-365.
72. Schmitz, C., J. Hilpert, C. Jacobsen, C. Boensch, E. I. Christensen, F. C. Luft, T. E. Willnow (2002): Megalin deficiency offers protection from renal aminoglycoside accumulation. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 618-622.
73. Schweigert, F. J., J. Raila, S. Haebel (2002): Vitamin A excreted in the urine of canines is associated with a Tamm-Horsfall like protein. Vet. Res. 33, 299-311.
74. Segerer, S., P. J. Nelson, D. Schlondorff (2000): Chemokines, chemokine receptors, and renal disease: from basic science to pathophysiologic and therapeutic studies. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 11, 152-176.
75. Silbernagl, S. (1988): The renal handling of amino acids and oligopeptides. Physiol. Rev. 68, 911-1007.
76. Solano-Gallego, L., A. Rodriguez, L. Iniesta, M. Arboix, M. Portus, J. Alberola (2003): Detection of anti-Leishmania immunoglobulin G antibodies in urine specimens of dogs with leishmaniasis. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 10, 849-855.
77. Strickland, D. K., S. L. Gonias, W. S. Argraves (2002): Diverse roles for the LDL receptor family. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 13, 66-74.
78. Teinfalt, M., J. G. Thalhammer, M. Gemeiner (1999): Klinische Relevanz quantitativer Bestimmungen eines prostataspezifischen Proteins im Harn von Rüden. In: Deutsche Veterinärmedizinische Gesellschaft e.V. ed. Zusammenfassung der Vorträge 8. Jahrestagung der FG InnLab der DVG, 81.
79. Tisher, C., K. Madsen (2000): Anatomy of the kidney. In: Brenner, B.M., ed. The Kidney. Philadelphia, London, Toronto, Montreal, Sydney, Tokyo: W.B. Saunders Company, 3-67.
80. Thongboonkerd, V., K. R. McLeish, J. M. Arthur, J. B. Klein (2002): Proteomic analysis of normal human urinary proteins isolated by acetone precipitation or ultracentrifugation. Kidney Int. 62, 1461-1469.
81. Torffvit, O., P. E. Jorgensen, A. L. Kamper, N. H. Holstein-Rathlou, P. P. Leyssac, S. S. Poulsen, S. Strandgaard (1998): Urinary excretion of Tamm-Horsfall protein and epidermal growth factor in chronic nephropathy. Nephron 79, 167-172.
82. Tryggvason, K. (1999): Unraveling the mechanisms of glomerular ultrafiltration: nephrin, a key component of the slit diaphragm. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 10, 2440-2445.
83. Tryggvason, K., E. Pettersson (2003): Causes and consequences of proteinuria: the kidney filtration barrier and progressive renal failure. J. Intern. Med. 254, 216-224.
84. Van't Hoff, W. (2003): The Tubule. In: Vize, P. D., Woolf, A. S., Bard, J. B., eds. The Kidney - From Normal Development to Congenital Disease. London: Academic Press, 461-473.
85. Verroust, P. J., H. Birn, R. Nielsen, R. Kozyraki, E. I. Christensen (2002): The tandem endocytic receptors megalin and cubilin are important proteins in renal pathology. Kidney Int. 62, 745-756.
86. Waldmann T. A., W. Strober, R. P. Mogielnicki (1972): The renal handling of low molecular weight proteins. II. Disorders of serum protein catabolism in patients with tubular proteinuria, the nephrotic syndrome, or uremia. J. Clin. Invest. 51, 2162-2174.
87. White, J. V., N. B. Olivier, K. Reimann, C. Johnson (1984): Use of protein-to-creatinine ratio in a single urine specimen for quantitative estimation of canine proteinuria. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 185, 882-885.
88. Zaragoza, C., R. Barrera, F. Centeno, J. A. Tapia, E. Duran, M. Gonzalez, M. C. Mane (2003): SDS-PAGE and Western blot of urinary proteins in dogs with leishmaniasis. Vet. Res. 34, 137-151.
89. Zoja, C., R. Donadelli, S. Colleoni, M. Figliuzzi, S. Bonazzola, M. Morigi, G. Remuzzi (1998): Protein overload stimulates RANTES production by proximal tubular cells depending on NF-kappa B activation. Kidney Int. 53, 1608-1615.