Working memory and learning in early Alzheimer's disease

Neuropsychology Review

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 1-10

  Germano, Carmela ^a   Kinsella, Glynda J ^a  

^a LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Acquisition; Early Alzheimer's disease; Learning; Working memory

Indexed keywords

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; HUMAN; LEARNING; LEARNING DISORDER; MEDICAL RESEARCH; REVIEW; WORKING MEMORY;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; LEARNING; MEMORY, SHORT-TERM;

EID: 17744362737     PISSN: 10407308     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11065-005-3583-7     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. Washington, DC.
2. Albert, M. S., Moss, M. B., Tanzi, R., and Jones, K. (2001). Preclinical prediction of AD using neuropsychological tests. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 7: 631-639.
3. Bäckman, L., and Small, B. J. (1998). Influences of cognitive support on episodic remembering: Tracing the process of loss from normal aging to Alzheimer's disease. Psychol. Aging 13: 267-276.
4. Baddeley, A. (1996a). Working memory. Science 255: 556-559.
5. Baddeley, A. (1996b). Exploring the central executive. Quart. J. Exper. Psychol. 49A: 5-28.
6. Baddeley, A. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends Cog. Sci. 4: 417-423.
7. Baddeley, A. D. (2001). Is working memory still working? Am. Psychol. 56: 851-864.
8. Baddeley, A. D., and Andrade, J. (2000) Working memory and the vividness of imagery. J. Exper. Psychol. General 129: 126-145.
9. Baddeley, A. D., Baddeley, H. A., Bucks, R. S., and Wilcock, G. K. (2001). Attentional control in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 124: 1492-1508.
10. Baddeley, A. D., Bressi, S., Della Sala, S., Logie, R. H., and Spinnler, H. (1991). The decline of working memory in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 114: 1521-2542.
11. Baddeley, A., Della Sala, S., Gray, C., Papagno, C., and Spinnler, H. (1997). Testing central executive functioning with a paper-and-pencil test. In: Conway, M. A. (ed.), Cognitive Models of Memory, MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 61-80.
12. Baddeley, A. D., and Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In: Bower, G. A. (ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Academic, Press New York.
13. Baddeley, A. D., and Hitch, G. J. (2000). Development of working memory: Should the Pascual-Leone and the Baddeley and Hitch models be merged? J. Exper. Child Psychol. 77: 128-137.
14. Baddeley, A., Lewis, V., Eldridge, M., and Thomson, N. (1984). Attention and retrieval from long-term memory. J. Exper. Psychol. General 113: 518-540.
15. Baddeley, A. D., and Logie, R. H. (1999). Working memory: The multiple-component model. In: Miyake, A., and Shah, P. (eds.), Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 28-61.
16. Baddeley, A. D., and Wilson, B. A. (2002). Prose recall and amnesia: Implications for the structure of working memory. Neuropsychologia 40: 1737-1743.
17. Becker, J. T., Boller, F., Saxton, J., and McGonigle-Gibson, K. L. (1987). Normal rates of forgetting of verbal and non-verbal material in Alzheimer's disease. Cortex 23: 59-72.
18. Belleville, S., Peretz, I., and Malenfant, D. (1996). Examination of the working memory components in normal aging and in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neuropsychologia 34: 195-207.
19. Bird, M. (2001). Behavioural difficulties and cued recall of adaptive behaviour in dementia: Experimental and clinical evidence. Neuropsychol. Rehab. 11: 357-375.
20. Brown, S. C., and Craik, F. I. M. (2000). Encoding and retrieval of information. In: Tulving, E., and Craik, F. I. M. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Memory, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 93-107.
21. Cahn, D. A., Salmon, D. P., Bondi, M. W., Butters, N., Johnson, S. A., Wiederhold, W. C., and Barrett-Connor, E. (1997). A population-based analysis of qualitative features of the neuropsychological test performance of individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer type: Implications for individuals with questionable dementia. J. Inte. Neuropsychol. Soc. 3: 387-393.
22. Cannata, A. P., Alberoni, M., Franceschi, M., and Mariani, C. (2002). Frontal impairment in subcortical ischemic vascular dementia in comparison to Alzheimer's disease. Dementia Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 13: 101-111.
23. Carlesimo, G. A., Mauri, M., Graceffa, A. M., Fadda, L., Loasses, A., Lorusso, S., and Caltagirone, C. (1998). Memory performances in young, elderly, and very old healthy individuals versus patients with Alzheimer's disease: Evidence for discontinuity between normal and pathological aging. J. Clin. Exper. Neuropsychol. 20: 14-29.
24. Cherry, K. E., Simmons, S. S., and Camp, C. J. (1999). Spaced retrieval enhances memory in older adults with probable Alzheimer's disease. J. Clin. Geropsychol. 5: 159-175.
25. Collette, F., Van der Linden, M., Bechet, S., and Salmon, E. (1999a). Phonological loop and central executive functioning in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 37: 905-918.
26. Collette, F., Van der Linden, M., and Salmon, E. (1999b). Executive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Cortex 35: 57-72.
27. Cronin-Golomb, A., Keane, M. M., Kokodis, A., Corkin, S., and Growdon, J. H. (1992). Categoiy knowledge in Alzheimer's disease: Normal organisation and a general retrieval deficit. Psychol. Aging 7: 359-366.
28. Crowell, T. A., Luis, C. A., Vanderploeg, R. D., Schinka, J. A., and Mullan, M. (2002). Memory Patterns and Executive Functioning in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. Aging, Neuropsychol. Cog. 9: 288-297.
29. Curtiss, G., Vanderploeg, R. D., Spencer, J., and Salazar, A. M. (2001). Patterns of verbal learning and memory in traumatic brain injury. J. Inte. Neuropsychol. Soc. 7: 574-585.
30. Della Sala, S., and Logie, R. H. (1993). When working memory does not work: The role of working memory in neuropsychology. In: Boller, F., and Grafman, J. (eds.), Elsevier Science Publishers B. V, Amsterdam, pp. 1-53.
31. Dorrego, M. F., Sabe, L., Cuerva, A. G., Kuzis, G., Tiberti, C., Boller, F., and Starkstein, S. E. (1999). Remote memory in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neuropsychiat. Clin. Neurosci. 11: 490-497.
32. Engle, R. W. (2002). Working memory capacity as executive attention. Curr. Direc. Psychol. Sci. 11: 18-23.
33. Fernandes, M. A., and Moscovitch, M. (2000). Divided attention and memory: Evidence of substantial interference effects at retrieval and encoding. J. Exper. Psychol. General 129: 155-176.
34. Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., and McHugh, P. R. (1975). "Mini-Mental State": A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinicians. J. Psychiat. Res. 12: 189-198.
35. Fox, N. C., and Rossor, M. N. (1999). Diagnosis of early Alzheimer's disease. Revue Neurologique 155: S33-S37.
36. Gathercole, S. E. (1994). Neuropsychology and working memory: A review. Neuropsychology 8: 494-505.
37. Glosser, G., Gallo, J. L., Clark, C. M., and Grossman, M. (2002). Memory encoding and retrieval in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 16: 190-196.
38. Granholm, E., and Butters, N. (1988). Associative encoding and retrieval in Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease. Brain. Cog. 7: 335-347.
39. Greene, J. D. W., Hodges, J. R., and Baddeley, A. D. (1995). Autobiographical memory and executive function in early dementia of Alzheimer type. Neuropsychologia 33: 1647-1670.
40. Greene, J. D. W., Baddeley, A. D., and Hodges, J. R. (1996). Analysis of the episodic memory deficit in early Alzheimer's disease: Evidence from the doors and people test. Neuropsychoiogia 34: 537-551.
41. Grober, E., Buschke, H., Kawas, C., and Fuld, P. (1985). Impaired ranking of semantic attributes in dementia. Brain Language 26: 276-286.
42. Grober, E., and Sliwinski, M. J. (1991). Dual-task performance in demented and nondemented elderly. J. Clin. Exper. Neuropsychol. 13: 667-676.
43. Grober, E., and Kawas, C. (1997). Learning and retention in preclinical and early Alzheimer's disease. Psychol. Aging 12: 183-188.
44. Haxby, J. V., Grady, C. L., Koss, E., Horowitz, B., Shapiro, M., Friedland, R. P., and Rapoport, S. I. (1988). Heterogeneous anterior-posterior metabolic patterns in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neurology 38: 1853-1863.
45. Hill, R. D., and Bäckman, L. (2000). Theoretical and methodological issues in memory training. In: Hill, R. D., Backman, L., and Stigsdotter Neely, A. (eds.), Cognitive Rehabilitation in Old Age, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 23-41.
46. Hodges, J. R. (2000). Memory in the dementias. In: Tulving, E., and Craik, F. I. M. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Memory, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 441-459.
47. Kellogg, R. T., Newcombe, C., Kammer, D., and Schmitt, K. (1996). Attention in direct and indirect memory tasks with short- and long-term probes. Am. J. Psychol. 109: 205-217.
48. Kopelman, M. D. (1985). Rates of forgetting in Alzheimer-type dementia and Korsakoff's syndrome. Neuropsychologia 23: 623-638.
49. Lafleche, G., and Albert, M. S. (1995). Executive function deficits in mild Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 9: 313-320.
50. Lipinska, B., and Backman, L. (1997). Encoding-retrieval interactions in mild Alzheimer's disease: The role of access to categorical information. Brain Cognition 34: 274-286.
51. Logie, R. H. (1996). The seven ages of working memory. In: Richardson, J. T. E., Engle, R. W., Hasher, L., Logie, R. H., Stoltzfus, E. R., and Zacks, R. T. (eds.), Working Memory and Human Cognition, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 31-65.
52. Marsh, R. L., and Hicks, J. L. (1998). Event-based prospective memory and executive control of working memory. J. Exper. Psychol. Learning, Memory, Cognition 24: 336-349.
53. McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., and Stadlan, E. M. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 34: 939-944.
54. Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Rettinger, D. A., Shah, P., and Hegarty, M. (2001). How are visuospatial working memory, executive functioning, and spatial abilities related? A latent-variable analysis. J. Exper. Psychol. General 130: 621-640.
55. Morris, R. G. (1984). Dementia and the functioning of the articulatory loop system. Cog. Neuropsychol. 1: 147-157.
56. Moscovitch, M. (1992). Memory and working-with-memory: A component process model based on modules and central systems. J. Cognitive Neurosci. 4: 257-268.
57. Moscovitch, M. (1994). Cognitive resources and dual-task interference effects at retrieval in normal people: The role of the frontal lobes and medial temporal cortex. Neuropsychology 8: 524-534.
58. Moscovitch, M., and Umilta, C. (1991). Conscious and nonconscious aspects of memory: A neuropsychological framework of modules and central systems. In: Lister, R. L., and Weingartner, H. J. (eds.), Perspectives on Cognitive Neuroscience, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 229-266.
59. Naveh-Benjamin, M., Craik, F. I. M., Perretta, J. G., and Tonev, S. T. (2000). The effects of divided attention on encoding and retrieval processes: The resiliency of retrieval processes. Quart. J. Exper. Psychol. 53A: 609-625.
60. O'Hara, R., Mumenthaler, M. S., and Yesaveage, J. A. (2000). Update on Alzheimer's disease: Recent findings and treatments. Best Practice 172: 115-120.
61. Parasuraman, R., Greenwood, P. M., Haxby, J. V., and Grady, C. L. (1992). Visuospatial attention in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Brain 115: 711-733.
62. Parkin, A. J. (1997). Aging and dementia. In: Parkin, A. J. (ed.), Memory and Amnesia: An Introduction, 2nd edn., Blackwell, Cambridge, pp. 124-145.
63. Pasquier, F., Grymonprez, L., Lebert, F., and Van der Linden, M. (2001). Memory impairment differs in Frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neurocase 7: 161-171.
64. Perry, R. J., and Hodges, J. R. (1999). Attention and executive deficits in Alzheimer's disease: A critical review. Brain 122: 383-404.
65. Perry, R. J., and Hodges, J. R. (2000). Differentiating frontal and temporal variant frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 54: 2277-2284.
66. Perry, R. J., Watson, P., and Hodges, J. R. (2000). The nature and staging of attention dysfunction in early (minimal and mild) Alzheimer's disease: Relationship to episodic and semantic memory impairment. Neuropsychologia 38: 252-271.
67. Reid, W., Broe, G., Creasey, H., Grayson, D., McCusker, R., Bennett, H., Longley, W., and Sulway, M. R. (1996). Age at onset and pattern of neuropsychological impairment in mild early-stage Alzheimer disease. Archives Neurol. 53: 1056-1061.
68. Rochon, E., Waters, G. S., and Caplan, D. (2000). The relationship between measures of working memory and sentence comprehension in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J. Speech, Lang. Hearing Res. 43: 395-413.
69. Rosen, V. M., Bergeson, J. L., Putnam, K., Harwell, A., and Sunderland, T. (2002). Working memory and apolipoprotein R: What's the connection? Neuropsychologia 40: 2226-2233.
70. Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (1999). Effects of divided attention on perceptual and conceptual memory tests: An analysis using a process-dissociation approach. Memory Cognition 27: 512-525.
71. Sgaramella, T. M., Borgo, F., Mondini, S., Pasini, M., Toso, V., and Semenza, C. (2001). Executive deficits appearing in the initial stage of Alzheimer's disease. Tennet XI 264-268.
72. Simon, R., Leach, L., Winocur, G., and Moscovitch, M. (1994). Intact primary memory in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: Indices from the California Verbal Learning Test. J. Clin. Exper. Neuropsychol. 16: 414-422.
73. Spinnler, H., Della Sala, S., Bandera, R., and Baddeley, A. (1988). Dementia, ageing, and the structure of human memory. Cognitive Neuropsychology 5: 193-211.
74. Storey, E., Kinsella, G. J., and Slavin, M. J. (2001). The neuropsychological diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. J. Alzheimer's Dis. 3: 261-285.
75. Storey, E., Slavin, M. J., and Kinsella, G. J. (2002). Patterns of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease: Assessment and differential diagnosis. Front. Biosci. Special Edn. 7: 155-184.
76. Tierney, M. C., Szalai, J. P., Snow, W. G., Fisher, R. H., Nores, A., Nadon, G., Dunn, E., and St. George-Hyslop, P. H. (1996). Prediction of probable Alzheimer's disease in memory-impaired patients: A prospective longitudinal study. Neurology 46: 661-665.
77. Tombaugh, T. N., and McIntyre, N. J. (1992). The Mini-Mental State Examination: A comprehensive review. J. Am. Geriatric Soc. 40: 922-935.
78. Vanderploeg, R. D., Crowell, T. A., and Curtiss, G. (2001). Verbal learning and memory deficits in Traumatic Brain Injury: Encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. J. Clin. Exper. Neuropsychol. 23: 185-195.
79. Weingartner, H., Kaye, W., Smallberg, S. A., Ebert, M. H., Gillin, J. C., and Sitaram, N. (1981). Memory failures in progressive idiopathic dementia. J. Abnormal Psychol. 90: 187-196.
80. Welsh, K., Butters, N., Hughes, J., Mohs, R., and Heyman, A. (1991). Detection of abnormal memory decline in mild cases of Alzheimer's disease using CERAD neuropsychological measures. Archives Neurol. 48: 278-281.
81. Welsh, K. A., Butters, N., Hughes, J. P., Mohs, R. C., and Heyman, A. (1992). Detection and staging of dementia in Alzheimer's disease: Use of the neuropsychological measures developed for the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease. Archives Neurol. 49: 448-452.
82. Wenger, J. L., and Carlson, R. A. (1995). Learning and the coordination of sequential information. J. Exper. Psychol. Human Percep. Perfor. 21: 170-182.
83. Wilson, R. S., Bacon, L. D., and Fox, J. H. (1983). Primary memory and secondary memory in dementia of the Alzheimer type. J. Clin. Neuropsychol. 5: 337-344.