How to make a Barrett esophagus: Pathophysiology of columnar metaplasia of the esophagus

Digestive Diseases and Sciences

Volumn 50, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 415-424

  Guillem, Philippe G ^a,b  

^a LILLE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

^b EDOUARD HERRIOT HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

Acid reflux; Barrett; Bile reflux; Esophagus; Metaplasia; Pathophysiology

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE (POTASSIUM SODIUM); BICARBONATE; BILE SALT; CYCLINE; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; GLYCOCONJUGATE; KI 67 ANTIGEN; MUCIN 1; MUCIN 4; MUCIN 5B; ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE; PEPSIN A; SODIUM PROTON EXCHANGE PROTEIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; TRYPSIN;

BARRETT ESOPHAGUS; CELL DEATH; CELL DIVISION; CELL PROLIFERATION; COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM; CYTOKINE RELEASE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ESOPHAGITIS; ESOPHAGUS INJURY; ESOPHAGUS MUCOSA; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; GENE EXPRESSION; GOBLET CELL; HUMAN; METAPLASIA; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; NEUROSECRETORY CELL; NONHUMAN; PANETH CELL; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REFLUX ESOPHAGITIS; REVIEW; SALIVARY GLAND; SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM; STOMACH ACID SECRETION; STOMACH PARIETAL CELL;

BARRETT ESOPHAGUS; BILE REFLUX; BIOPSY, NEEDLE; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; ESOPHAGOSCOPY; ESOPHAGUS; FEMALE; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HUMANS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MALE; METAPLASIA; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS; PROGNOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 17444372723     PISSN: 01632116     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10620-005-2451-x     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Barrett NR: Chronic peptic ulcer of the oesophagus and oesophagitis. Br J Surg 38:175-182, 1950
2. Lortat-Jacob JL: L'endobrachyoesophage. Ann Chir 11:1247-1254, 1957
3. Hameeteman W, Tytgat GN, Houthoff HJ, van den Tweel JG: Barrett's esophagus: development of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 96:1249-1256, 1989
4. Weinstein WM, Ippoliti AF: The diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus: goblets, goblets, goblets. Gastrointest Endosc 44:91-95, 1996
5. Barrett NR: Benign stricture in the lower esophagus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 43:703-708, 1962
6. Snyder JD, Goldman H: Barrett's esophagus in children and young adults. Frequent association with mental retardation. Dig Dis Sci 35:1185-1189, 1990
7. Jochem VJ, Fuerst PA, Fromkes JJ: Familial Barrett's esophagus associated with adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 102:1400-1402, 1992
8. Hassall E, Israel DM, Davidson AG, Wong LT: Barrett's esophagus in children with cystic fibrosis: not a coincidental association. Am J Gastroenterol 88:1934-1938, 1993
9. Winters C Jr, Spurling TJ, Chobanian SJ, et al.: Barrett's esophagus. A prevalent, occult complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology 92:118-124, 1987
10. Jankowski JA, Wright NA, Meltzer SJ, Triadafilopoulos G, Geboes K, Casson AG, Kerr D, Young LS: Molecular evolution of the metaplasia-dysplasia- adenocarcinoma sequence in the esophagus. Am J Pathol 154:965-973, 1999
11. DeMeester TR, Attwood SE, Smyrk TC, Therkildsen DH, Hinder RA: Surgical therapy in Barrett's esophagus. Ann Surg 212:528-540; discussion 540-522, 1990
12. Stein HJ, Hoeft S, DeMeester TR: Functional foregut abnormalities in Barrett's esophagus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 105:107-111, 1993
13. Stein HJ, Barlow AP, DeMeester TR, Hinder RA: Complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Role of the lower esophageal sphincter, esophageal acid and acid/alkaline exposure, and duodenogastric reflux. Ann Surg 216:35-43, 1992
14. Mulholland MW, Reid BJ, Levine DS, Rubin CE: Elevated gastric acid secretion in patients with Barrett's metaplastic epithelium. Dig Dis Sci 34:1329-1334, 1989
15. Guillem P, Billeret V, Buisine MP, Flejou JF, Lecomte-Houcke M, Degand P, Aubert JP, Triboulet JP, Porchet N: Mucin gene expression and cell differentiation in human normal, premalignant and malignant esophagus. Int J Cancer 88:856-861, 2000
16. Namiot Z, Sarosiek J, Marcinkiewicz M, Edmunds MC, McCallum RW: Declined human esophageal mucin secretion in patients with severe reflux esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci 39:2523-2529, 1994
17. Brown CM, Snowdon CF, Slee B, Sandle LN, Rees WD: Effect of topical oesophageal acidification on human salivary and oesophageal alkali secretion. Gut 36:649-653, 1995
18. Gray MR, Donnelly RJ, Kingsnorth AN: Role of salivary epidermal growth factor in the pathogenesis of Barrett's columnar lined oesophagus. Br J Surg 78:1461-1466, 1991
19. Filipe MI, Jankowski J: Growth factors and oncogenes in Barrett's oesophagus and gastric metaplasia. Endoscopy 25:637-641, 1993
20. Namiot Z, Yu ZJ, Piascik R, Hetzel DP, McCallum RW, Sarosiek J: Modulatory effect of esophageal intraluminal mechanical and chemical stressors on salivary prostaglandin E2 in humans. Am J Med Sci 313:90-98, 1997
21. - exchangers in cultured rabbit esophageal epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 104:185-195, 1993
22. Hollwarth ME, Smith M, Kvietys PR, Granger DN: Esophageal blood flow in the cat. Normal distribution and effects of acid perfusion. Gastroenterology 90:622-627, 1986
23. Bremner CG, Lynch VP, Ellis FH, Jr.: Barrett's esophagus: Congenital or acquired? An experimental study of esophageal mucosal regeneration in the dog. Surgery 68:209-216, 1970
24. Khalbuss WE, Marousis CG, Subramanyam M, Orlando RC: Effect of HCl on transmembrane potentials and intracellular pH in rabbit esophageal epithelium. Gastroenterology 108:662-672, 1995
25. Carney CN, Orlando RC, Powell DW, Dotson MM: Morphologic alterations in early acid-induced epithelial injury of the rabbit esophagus. Lab Invest 45:198-208, 1981
26. Tobey NA, Reddy SP, Keku TO, Cragoe EJ, Jr., Orlando RC: Mechanisms of HCl-induced lowering of intracellular pH in rabbit esophageal epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 105:1035-1044, 1993
27. Snow JC, Goldstein JL, Schmidt LN, Lisitza P, Layden TJ: Rabbit esophageal cells show regulatory volume decrease: ionic basis and effect of pH. Gastroenterology 105:102-110, 1993
28. Tobey NA, Cragoe EJ Jr., Orlando RC: HCl-induced cell edema in rabbit esophageal epithelium: A bumetanide-sensitive process. Gastroenterology 109:414-421, 1995
29. Orlando RC, Bryson JC, Powell DW: Mechanisms of H+ injury in rabbit esophageal epithelium. Am J Physiol246:G718-G724, 1984
30. De Backer A, Haentjens P, Willems G: Hydrochloric acid. A trigger of cell proliferation in the esophagus of dogs. Dig Dis Sci 30:884-890, 1985
31. Sandler AD, Schmidt C, Richardson K, Murray J, Maher JW: Regulation of distal esophageal mucosal blood flow: the roles of nitric oxide and substance P. Surgery 114:285-293; discussion 293-284, 1993
32. Gillen P, Keeling P, Byrne PJ, West AB, Hennessy TP: Experimental columnar metaplasia in the canine oesophagus. Br J Surg 75:113-115, 1988
33. Fitzgerald RC, Omary MB, Triadafilopoulos G: Dynamic effects of acid on Barrett's esophagus. An ex vivo proliferation and differentiation model. J Clin Invest 98:2120-2128, 1996
34. Safaie-Shirazi S: Effect of pepsin on ionic permeability of canine esophageal mucosa. J Surg Res 22:5-8, 1977
35. Lillemoe KD, Johnson LF, Harmon JW: Alkaline esophagitis: a comparison of the ability of components of gastroduodenal contents to injure the rabbit esophagus. Gastroenterology 85:621-628, 1983
36. Lillemoe KD, Johnson LF, Harmon JW: Role of the components of the gastroduodenal contents in experimental acid esophagitis. Surgery 92:276-284, 1982
37. Meyer W, Vollmar F, Bar W: Barrett-esophagus following total gastrectomy. A contribution to its pathogenesis. Endoscopy 11:121-126, 1979
38. Seto Y, Kobori O: Role of reflux oesophagitis and acid in the development of columnar epithelium in the rat oesophagus. Br J Surg 80:467-470, 1993
39. Orlando RC, Powell DW, Carney CN: Pathophysiology of acute acid injury in rabbit esophageal epithelium. J Clin Invest 68:286-293, 1981
40. Kauer WK, Peters JH, DeMeester TR, Ireland AP, Bremner CG, Hagen JA: Mixed reflux of gastric and duodenal juices is more harmful to the esophagus than gastric juice alone. The need for surgical therapy re-emphasized. Ann Surg 222:525-531, 1995
41. Fein M, Ireland AP, Ritter MP, Peters JH, Hagen JA, Bremner CG, DeMeester TR: Duodenogastric reflux potentiates the injurious effects of gastroesophageal reflux. J Gastrointest Surg 1:27-33, 1997
42. Safaie-Shirazi S, DenBesten L, Zike WL: Effect of bile salts on the ionic permeability of the esophageal mucosa and their role in the production of esophagitis. Gastroenterology 68:728-733, 1975
43. Chung RS, Johnson GM, Denbesten L: Effect of sodium taurocholate and ethanol on hydrogen ion absorption in rabbit esophagus. Am J Dig Dis 22:582-588, 1977
44. Harmon JW, Johnson LF, Maydonovitch CL: Effects of acid and bile salts on the rabbit esophageal mucosa. Dig Dis Sci 26:65-72, 1981
45. Kivilaakso E, Fromm D, Silen W: Effect of bile salts and related compounds on isolated esophageal mucosa. Surgery 87:280-285, 1980
46. Attwood SE, Ball CS, Barlow AP, Jenkinson L, Norris TL, Watson A: Role of intragastric and intraoesophageal alkalinisation in the genesis of complications in Barrett's columnar lined lower oesophagus. Gut 34:11-15, 1993
47. Vaezi MF, Lacamera RG, Richter JE: Validation studies of Bilitec 2000: an ambulatory duodenogastric reflux monitoring system. Am J Physiol 267:G1050-G1057, 1994
48. Vaezi MF, Richter JE: Role of acid and duodenogastroesophageal reflux in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology 111: 1192-1199, 1996
49. Van Deenen LL, De Haas GH, Heensherk CH: Hydrolysis of synthetic mixed acid phospholipids by phospholipase A from human pancreas. Biochim Biophys Acta 67:295-297, 1963
50. Nehra D, Howell P, Williams CP, Pye JK, Beynon J: Toxic bile acids in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: Influence of gastric acidity. Gut 44:598-602, 1999
51. Tanaka K, Fromm D: Effects of bile acid and salicylate on isolated surface and glandular cells of rabbit stomach. Surgery 93:660-663, 1983
52. Schweitzer EJ, Bass BL, Batzri S, Young PM, Huesken J, Harmon JW: Lipid solubilization during bile salt-induced esophageal mucosal barrier disruption in the rabbit. J Lab Clin Med 110:172-179, 1987
53. Batzri S, Harmon JW, Schweitzer EJ, Toles R: Bile acid accumulation in gastric mucosal cells. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 197:393-399, 1991
54. Schweitzer EJ, Bass BL, Batzri S, Harmon JW: Bile acid accumulation by rabbit esophageal mucosa. Dig Dis Sci 31:1105-1113, 1986
55. Makishima M, Okamoto AY, Repa JJ, Tu H, Learned RM, Luk A, Hull MV, Lustig KD, Mangelsdorf DJ, Shan B: identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acids. Science 284:1362-1365, 1999
56. Xie W, Radominska-Pandya A, Shi Y, Simon CM, Nelson MC, Ong ES, Waxman DJ, Evans RM: An essential role for nuclear receptors SXR/PXR in detoxification of cholestatic bile acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:3375-3380, 2001
57. Goodwin B, Gauthier KC, Umetani M, Watson MA, Lochansky MI, Collins JL, Leitersdorf E, Mangelsdorf DJ, Kliewer SA, Repa JJ: Identification of bile acid precursors as endogenous ligands for the nuclear xenobiotic pregnane X receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:223-228, 2003
58. Halvorsen JF, Semb BK: The "Barrett syndrome" (the columnar-lined lower oesophagus): an acquired condition secondary to reflux oesophagitis. A case report with discussion of pathogenesis. Acta Chir Scand 141:683-687, 1975
59. Li H, Walsh TN, O'Dowd G, Gillen P, Byrne PJ, Hennessy TP: Mechanisms of columnar metaplasia and squamous regeneration in experimental Barrett's esophagus. Surgery 115:176-181, 1994
60. Hamilton SR, Yardley JH: Regnerative of cardiac type mucosa and acquisition of Barrett mucosa after esophagogastrostomy. Gastroenterology 72:669-675, 1977
61. Levine DS, Rubin CE, Reid BJ, Haggitt RC: Specialized metaplastic columnar epithelium in Barrett's esophagus. A comparative transmission electron microscopic study. Lab Invest 60:418-432, 1989
62. Johns BAE: Developmental changes in the oesophageal epithelium in man. J Anat 86:431-439, 1952
63. Jabbari M, Goresky CA, Lough J, Yaffe C, Daly D, Cote C: The inlet patch: heterotopic gastric mucosa in the upper esophagus. Gastroenterology 89:352-356, 1985
64. Wright NA: Migration of the ductular elements of gut-associated glands gives clues to the histogenesis of structures associated with responses to acid hypersecretory state: the origins of "gastric metaplasia" in the duodenum of the specialized mucosa of barrett's esophagus and of pseudopyloric metaplasia. Yale J Biol Med 69:147-153, 1996
65. Herbst JJ, Berenson MM, McCloskey DW, Wiser WC: Cell proliferation in esophageal columnar epithelium (Barrett's esophagus). Gastroenterology 75:683-687, 1978
66. Glickman JN, Chen YY, Wang HH, Antonioli DA, Odze RD: Phenotypic characteristics of a distinctive multilayered epithelium suggests that it is a precursor in the development of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Surg Pathol 25:569-578, 2001
67. Shields HM, Zwas F, Antonioli DA, Doos WG, Kim S, Spechler SJ: Detection by scanning electron microscopy of a distinctive esophageal surface cell at the junction of squamous and Barrett's epithelium. Dig Dis Sci 38:97-108, 1993
68. Sawhney RA, Shields HM, Allan CH, Boch JA, Trier JS, Antonioli DA: Morphological characterization of the squamocolumnar junction of the esophagus in patients with and without Barrett's epithelium. Dig Dis Sci 41:1088-1098, 1996
69. Boch JA, Shields HM, Antonioli DA, Zwas F, Sawhney RA, Trier JS: Distribution of cytokeratin markers in Barrett's specialized columnar epithelium. Gastroenterology 112:760-765, 1997
70. Eda A, Osawa H, Satoh K, Yanaka I, Kihira K, Ishino Y, Mutoh H, Sugano K: Aberrant expression of CDX2 in Barrett's epithelium and inflammatory esophageal mucosa. J Gastroenterol 38:14-22, 2003