The metabolic effects of low-carbohydrate diets and incorporation into a biochemistry course

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 91-100

  Pogozelski, Wendy ^a   Arpaia, Nicholas ^a   Priore, Salvatore ^a  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

Diet; Ketosis; Low carbohydrate; Metabolism

Indexed keywords

ACETYL COENZYME A; CARBOHYDRATE; CITRIC ACID; FATTY ACID; GLYCOGEN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; INSULIN; LIPID; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; OXALOACETIC ACID;

ARTICLE; BIOCHEMISTRY; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CITRIC ACID CYCLE; DIET; EDUCATION; FATTY ACID OXIDATION; GLUCONEOGENESIS; GLYCOGEN METABOLISM; GLYCOLYSIS; HEART DISEASE; HORMONAL REGULATION; HUMAN; KETOACIDOSIS; LIPOLYSIS; METABOLISM; OBESITY; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

EID: 16844375572     PISSN: 14708175     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/bmb.2005.494033022445     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. th Ed., Harcourt Academic Press, New York.
2. European Congress on Obesity (2003) Int. J. Obesity 27, (Supp. 11) S1-S164.
3. M. K. Serdula, A. H. Mokdad, D. F. Williamson, D. A. Galuska, J. M. Mendlein, G. W. Heath (1999) Prevalence of attempting weight loss and strategies for controlling weight, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 282, 1373-1358.
4. B. Sears (1995) Enter the Zone: A Dietary Road Map to Lose Weight Permanently, HarperCollins, New York.
5. A. Agatson (2003) The South Beach Diet, Rodale Press, New York.
6. R. C. Atkins (1972) Dr. Atkins' Diet Revolution, Bantam Books, New York.
7. R. C. Atkins (1992) Dr. Atkins' New Diet Revolution, Avon Books, New York.
8. M. Montignac (1987) Je mange donc je maigris, Michel Ange Publishers, Paris. [North American version: M. Montignac, J. G. Dumesnil, J. Rogers (1999) Eat Yourself Slim, Michel Ange Publishers, Montreal, Québec.]
9. M. Montignac (1987) Je mange donc je maigris, Michel Ange Publishers, Paris. [North American version: M. Montignac, J. G. Dumesnil, J. Rogers (1999) Eat Yourself Slim, Michel Ange Publishers, Montreal, Québec.]
10. L. Muha (2001) Dr. Atkins and his wildly successful, wildly controversial diet, Biography Jan., 101-105.
11. J. W. Anderson, E. C. Konz, D. I. A. Jenkins (2000) Health advantages and disadvantges of weight-reducing diets: A computer analysis and critical review, J. Am. Col. Nutr. 19, 578-590.
12. S. Klein, R. R. Wolfe (1992) Carbohydrate restriction regulates the adaptive response to fasting, Am. J. Physiol. 262, E631-E636.
13. M.-U. Yang, T. B. Van Itallie (1976) Composition of weight lost during short-term weight reduction, J. Clin. Invest. 58, 722-730.
14. A. Golay (1996) Similar weight loss with low or high carbohydrate diet? Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 20, 1067-1072.
15. M. Denke (2001) Metabolic effects of high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets, Am. J. Cardiol. 88, 59-61.
16. G. Taubes (2002) What if it's all been a big fat lie? New York Times, available at www.lowcarb.ca/articlesb/article344.html.
17. th Ed., available at www.lowcarb.ca/corpulence/corpulence_1.html.
18. B. Groves (2002) William Banting: Father of the low-carbohydrate diet, available at www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/banting.html.
19. J. M. Freeman, E. P. Vining, D. J. Pillas, P. L. Pyzik, J. C. Casey, L. M. Kelly (1998) The efficacy of the ketogenic diet - 1998: A prospective evaluation of intervention in 150 children, Pediatrics 102, 1358-1363.
20. American Medical Association (1973) A critique of low-carbohydrate ketogenic weight reduction regiments. A review of Dr. Atkins' diet revolution, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 224, 1415-1419.
21. M. Lopes-Cardozo, I. Mulder, F. van Vugt, P. G. Hermans, S. G. van den Bergh, V. Klazinga, E. DeVries-Akkerman, E. (1975) Aspects of ketogenesis: Control and mechanism of ketone-body formation in isolated rat-liver mitochondria, Mol. Cell Biochem. 9, 155-173.
22. M. L. Halperin, S. Cheema-Dhadli (1989) Renal and hepatic aspects of ketoacidosis: A quantitative analysis based on energy turnover, Diabetes/Metabolism Rev. 5, 321-336.
23. G. F. Cahill, R. L. Veech, R. L. (2003) Ketoacids? Good medicine? Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. 114, 149-163.
24. G. J. Anderson, W. E. Connor. (1988) Uptake of fatty acids by the developing brain, Lipids 23, 286-290.
25. R. L. Veech (2004) The therapeutic implications of ketone bodies: The effects of ketone bodies in pathological conditions: Ketosis, ketogenic diet, redox states, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial metabolism, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 70, 309-319.
26. T. Fukao, G. D. Lopaschuk, G. A. Mitchell (2003) Pathways and control of ketone body metabolism: On the fringe of lipid biochemistry, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 70, 243-251.
27. J. P. Casazza, M. E. Felver, R. L. Veech (1984) The metabolism of acetone in rat, J. Biol. Chem. 259, 231-236.
28. O. E. Owen, P. Felig, A. P. Morgan, J. Wahren, G. F. Cahill, Jr. (1969) Liver and kidney metabolism during prolonged starvation, J. Clin. Invest. 48, 574-583.
29. P. A. Quant (1994), The role of mitochondrial HMB-CoA synthase in regulation of ketogenesis. In Essays in Biochemistry, Vol. 3 (K. F. Tipton, ed.) pp. 13-24, Portland Press, London.
30. A. Valera, M. Pelegrin, G. Asins, C. Fillat, J. Sabater, A. Pujol, F. G. Hegardt, F. Bosch (1994) Overexpression of mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA synthase in transgenic mice causes hepatic hyperketogenesis, J. Biol. Chem. 269, 6267-6270.
31. L. Bouchard, M. F. Robert, D. Vinarov, C. A. Stanley, G. N. Thompson, A. Morris, J. V. Leonard, P. Quant, B. Y. Hsu, A. Boneh, Y. Boukaftane, L. Ashmarina, S. Wang, H. Miziorko, G. A. Mitchell (2001) Mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase deficiency: Clinical course and description of causal mutations in two patients, Pediatr. Res. 49, 326-331.
32. T. E. Cullingford, D. A. Eagles, H. Sato (2002) The ketogenic diet upregulates expression of the gene encoding the key ketogenic enzyme mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase in rat brain, Epilepsy Res. 49, 99-107.
33. O. E. Owen, A. P. Morgan, H. G. Kemp, J. M. Sullivan, M. G. Herrera, G. F. Cahill, Jr. (1967) Brain metabolism during fasting, J. Clin. Invest. 46, 1589-1595.
34. G. F. Cahill (1970) Starvation in man, N. Engl. J. Med. 282, 668-675.
35. G. A. Bray (2004) Low-carbohydrate diets and realities of weight loss, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 289, 1853-1855.
36. A. C. Buchholz, D. A. Schoeller (2004) Is a calorie a calorie? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79, 899S-906S.
37. E. J. Fine, R. D. Feinman (2004) Thermodynamics of weight loss diets, Nutr. Metab. 1, 15.
38. S. D. Phinney, B. R. Bistrian, W. J. Evans, E. Gervino, G. L. Blackburn (1983) The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction: Preservation of submaximal exercise capacity with reduced carbohydrate oxidation, Metabolism 32, 769-776.
39. J. S. Volek, M. J. Sharman, A. L. Gómez, D. A. Judelson, M. R. Rubin, G. Watson, B. Sokmen, R. Silvestre, D. N. French, W. J. Kraemer (2004) Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women, Nutr. Metabol. 1, 1-13.
40. K. Sato, Y. Kashiwaya, C. A. Keon, N. Tsuchiya, M. T. King, G. K. Radda, B. Chance, K. Clarke, R. L. Veech. (1995), Insulin, ketone bodies, and mitochondrial energy transduction, FASEB J. 9, 651-658.
41. 31P spectroscopic imaging at 4.1T, Clin. Res. 40, 703-707.
42. W. M. Bortz, P. Paul, A. C. Haff, W. L. Holmes (1972) Glycerol turnover and oxidation in man, J. Clin. Invest. 51, 1537-1546.
43. J. A. Vazquez, U. Kazi (1994) Lipolysis and gluconeogenesis from glycerol during weight reduction with very low calorie diets, Metabolism 43, 1293-1299.
44. E. C. Westman, J. Mavropoulos, W. S. Yancy, Jr., J. S. Volek (2003) A review of low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets, Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 5, 476-483.
45. S. S. Likhodii, K. Musa, S. C. Cunnane (2002) Breath acetone as a measure of systemic ketosis assessed in a rat model of the ketogenic diet, Clin. Chem. 48, 115-120.
46. M. Freedman, J. King, E. Kennedy (2001) Popular diets: A scientific review, Obesity Rev. 9, (Suppl. 1) 1-40.
47. A. M. Johnstone (1996) Effect of overfeeding macronutrients on day-to-day food intake in man, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 50, 418-430.
48. C. B. Ebbeling, M. M. Leidig, K. B. Sinclair, J. P. Hangen, D. S. Ludwig (2003) A reduced-glycemic load diet in the treatment of adolescent obesity, Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 157, 773-779.
49. L. E. Spieth, J. D. Harnish, C. M. Lenders, L. B. Baezer, M. A. Pereira, S. Jan Hangen, D. S. Ludwig (2000) A low-glycemic index diet in the treatment of pediatric obesity, Arch. Pediatr. Adolescent Med. 154, 947-959.
50. J. M. Bachman (2001) The low-carbohydrate diet in primary care OB/GYN, Prim. Care Update Obstet. Gyn. 8, 12-17.
51. K. Tallian, M. Nahata, C. T. Tsao (1998) Role of ketogenic diet in children with intractable seizures, Ann. Pharmacother. 32, 349-361.
52. M. E. Lean, T. S. Han, T. Prvan, P. R. Richmond, A. Avenell (1997) Weight loss with high and low carbohydrate 1200 kcal diets in free living women, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 51, 243-248.
53. N. H. Baba, S. Sawaya, N. Torbay, Z. Habbal, S. Azar, S. A. Hashim (1999) High protein vs. high carbohydrate hypoenergetic diet for the treatment of obese hyperinsulinemic subjects, Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 23, 1202-1206.
54. G. D. Foster, H. R. Wyatt, J. O. Hill, B. G. McGuckin, C. Brill, B. S. Mohammed, P. O. Szapary, D. J. Rader, J. S. Edman, S. Klein (2003) A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity, N. Engl. J. Med., 358, 2082-2090.
55. E. E. Samaha, N. Iqbal, P. Seshadri, K. L. Chicano, D. A. Daily, J. McGrory, T. Williams, M. Williams, E. J. Gracely, L. Stern (2003) A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity, N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 2074-2081.
56. S. Boschert (2000) Low-carbohydrate diet reduces fat, serum, Family Practice News 30, 39.
57. G. L. Blackburn, J. C. C. Phillips, S. Morreale (2001) Physician's guide to popular low-carbohydrae weight-loss diets, Cleve. Clin. J. Med. 68, 761-774.
58. E. T. Kennedy, S. A. Bowman, J. T. Spence, M. Freedman, J. King (2001) Popular diets: Correlation to health, nutrition, and obesity, J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 101, 411-420.
59. J. C. LaRosa, A. G. Fry, R. Muesing, D. R. Rosing (1980) Effects of high-protein, low-carbohydate dieting on plasma lipoproteins and body weight, J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 77, 264-270.
60. W. S. Yancy, Jr., J. R. Guyton, R. P. Baskst, E. C. Westman (2002) A randomized, controlled trial of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet vs. a low-fat diet for obesity and hyperlipidemia, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72, 343S.
61. M. J. Gibney (1999) Optimal macronutrient balance, Proc. Nutr. Soc. 58, 421-425.
62. E. C. Westman, W. S. Yancy, J. S. Edman, K. F. Tomlin, C. E. Perkins (2002) Effect of 6-month adherence to a very low carbohydrate diet program, Am. J. Med. 113, 30-36.
63. J. S. Volek, M. J. Sharman, A. L. Gomez, T. P. Scheett, W. J. Kraemer (2003) An isoenergetic very low carbohydrate diet improves serum HDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations, the total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio and postprandial pipemic responses compared with a low fat diet in normal weight, normolipidemic women, J. Nutr. 133, 2756-2761.
64. S. Liu, J. E. Manson, J. E. Buring, M. J. Stampfer, W. C. Willett, P. M. Ridker (2002) Relation between a diet with a high glycemic load and plasma concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in middle-aged women, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 75, 492-498.
65. C. T. Kappadoga, D. A. Hyson, E. A. Amsterdam (2004) Low-carbohydrate- high-protein diets: Is there a place for them in clinical cardiology? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 43, 725-730.
66. S. Klein (2004) Clinical trial experience with fat-restricted vs. carbohydrate-restricted weight-loss diets, Obesity Res. 12, (Suppl. 2) 141S-144S.
67. D. L. Wilkinson, L. McCargar (2004) Is there an optimal macronutrient mix for weight loss and weight maintenance? Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 18, 1031-1047.
68. S. Ishii, K. Ilzuka, B. C. Miller, K. Uyeda (2004) Carbohydrate response element binding protein directly promotes lipogenic enzyme gene transcription, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U. S. A.) 101, 15597-15602.
69. S. B. Sondike, N. Cooperman, M. S. Jacobson (2003) Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight adolescents, J. Pediatr. 142, 253-258.
70. B. J. Brehm, R. J. Seeley, S. R. Daniels, D. A. D'Alessio (2003) A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women, J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab. 88, 1617-1623.