Role of the ketogenic diet in children with intractable seizures

Annals of Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 349-361

  Tallian, Kimberly B ^a,b   Nahata, Milap C ^a   Tsao, Chang Yong ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b WESTERN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

Ketogenic diet; Pediatrics; Seizures

Indexed keywords

ACETAZOLAMIDE; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; CARBOHYDRATE; CARNITINE; KETONE; MINERAL; PHENOBARBITAL; VALPROIC ACID; VITAMIN;

CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE; CARNITINE DEFICIENCY; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DEHYDRATION; DIET THERAPY; DRUG FORMULATION; FOOD DRUG INTERACTION; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEALTH CARE COST; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INTRACTABLE EPILEPSY; KETOGENESIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VITAMIN DEFICIENCY;

ACETAZOLAMIDE; ANTICONVULSANTS; AVITAMINOSIS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DEHYDRATION; FOOD, FORMULATED; FOOD-DRUG INTERACTIONS; FORECASTING; HUMANS; INFANT; PHENOBARBITAL; SEIZURES;

EID: 0031934527     PISSN: 10600280     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1345/aph.16245     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. Guelpa G, Marie A. La lutte contre l'épilepsie par la dés intoxication et par la rééduction alimentaire. Revue de Thérapie Médico-Chirurgicale 1991;78:8-13.
2. Geyelin HR. Fasting as a method for treating epilepsy. Med Rec 1921: 1037-9.
3. Wilder RM. The effect of ketonemia on the course of epilepsy (letter). Clin Bull 1921;307:2.
4. Peterman MG. The ketogenic diet in epilepsy. JAMA 1925;84:1797-82.
5. Keith HM. Results of treatment of recurring convulsive attacks of epilepsy. Am J Dis Child 1947;74:140-6.
6. Livingston S, Pauli LL. Ketogenic diet and epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1975;17:818-9.
7. Freeman JM, Kelly MT, Freeman JB. The epilepsy diet treatment: an introduction to the ketogenic diet. New York: Demos, 1996.
8. Huttenlocher PR, Wilbourn AJ, Signore JM. Medium-chain triglycerides as a therapy for intractable childhood epilepsy. Neurology 1971;21: 1097-103.
9. Huttenlocher PR. Ketonemia and seizures: metabolic and anticonvulsant effects of two ketogenic diets in childhood epilepsy. Pediatr Res 1976; 10:536-40.
10. Babayan VK. Medium chain triglycerides and structured lipids. Lipids 1987;22:417-20.
11. Schwartz RM, Boyes S, Aynsley-Green A. Metabolic effects of three ketogenic diets in the treatment of severe epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1989;31:152-60.
12. Gordon N. Medium-chain triglycerides in a ketogenic diet. Dev Med Child Neurol 1977;19:535-8.
13. Woodyatt RT. Objects and methods of diet administration in diabetes. Arch Intern Med 1921;28:125-41.
14. Peterman MG. The ketogenic diet in the treatment of epilepsy. Minn Med 1924;7:708-11.
15. Nakazawa M, Kodama S, Matsuo T. Effects of ketogenic diet on electroconvulsive threshold and brain contents of adenosine nucleotides. Brain Dev 1983;5:375-80.
16. Millichap JG, Jones JD, Rudis BP. Mechanism of anticonvulsant action of the ketogenic diet. Am J Dis Child 1964;107:593-604.
17. Millichap JG, Woodbury DM, Goodman LS. Mechanism of the anticonvulsant action of acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1955;115:251-8.
18. McQuarrie I, Keith HM. Experimental study of the acid-base equilibrium in children with idiopathic epilepsy. Am J Dis Child 1929;37:261-77.
19. Hendley CD, Davenport HW, Toman JEP. Effect of acid-base changes on experimental convulsive seizures. Am J Physiol 1948;153:580-5.
20. Sokoloff L. Metabolism of ketone bodies by the brain. Ann Rev Med 1973;24:271-80.
21. Robinson AM, Williamson DH. Physiological roles of ketone bodies as substrates in mammalian tissues. Physiol Rev 1980;60:143-84.
22. DeVivo DC, Leckie MP, Ferrendilli JS, McDougal DB. Chronic ketosis and cerebral metabolism. Ann Neurol 1978;3:331-7.
23. Bridge EM, Iob LV. The mechanism of the ketogenic diet in epilepsy. Johns Hopkins Bull 1931;48:373-89.
24. McQuarrie I. Epilepsy in children: the relationship of water balance to the occurrence of seizures. Am J Dis Child 1929;38:451-67.
25. Livingston S. Comprehensive management of epilepsy in infancy, childhood and adolescence. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1972.
26. Kinsman SL, Vining EPG, Quaskey SA, Mellits D, Freeman JM. Efficacy of the ketogenic diet for intractable seizure disorders: review of 58 cases. Epilepsia 1992;33:1132-6.
27. Keith HM. Convulsive disorders in children: with reference to treatment with ketogenic diet. Boston: Little, Brown, 1963.
28. Berman W. Medium-chain triglyceride diet in the treatment of intractable childhood epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1978;20:249-52.
29. Rosenthal E, Weissman B, Kyllonen K. Use of parenteral medium-chain triglyceride emulsion for maintaining seizure control in a 5-year-old girl with intractable diarrhea. JPEN J Parenter Enterai Nutr 1990;14:543-5.
30. Sills MA, Forsythe WI, Haidukewych D, Macdonald A, Robinson M. The medium chain triglyceride diet and intractable epilepsy. Arch Dis Child 1986;61:1168-72.
31. Trauner DA. Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) diet in intractable seizure disorders. Neurology 1985;35:237-8.
32. Schwartz RH, Eaton J, Bower BD, Aynsley-Green A. Ketogenic diets in the treatment of epilepsy: short-term clinical effects. Dev Med Child Neurol 1989;31:145-51.
33. Chez MG, Buchanon C, Kessler J, Demski P, Wagner E. Carnitine deficiency in patients starting the ketogenic diet (abstract). Neurology 1997; (48)3:A110.
34. Hugh G, McGraw CA, Bates SR, Landrigan EA. Reduction of serum carnitine concentrations during anticonvulsant therapy with phenobarbital, valproic acid, phenytoin, and carbamazepine in children. J Pediatr 1991;119:799-802.
35. Theda C, Woody RC, Naidu S, Moser AB, Moser HW. Increased very long chain fatty acids in patients on a ketogenic diet: a cause of diagnostic confusion. J Pediatr 1993;122:724-6.
36. Woody RC, Steele RW, Knapple WL, Pilkington NS. Impaired neutrophil function in children with seizures treated with the ketogenic diet. J Pediatr 1990;115:427-30.
37. Hoyt CS, Billson FA. Optic neuropathy in ketogenic diet. Br J Ophthalmol 1979;63:191-4.
38. Hahn TJ, Halstead LR, DeVivo DC. Disordered mineral metabolism produced by ketogenic diet therapy. Calcif Tissue Int 1979;28:17-22.
39. Hayashi M, Konishi K, Kameoka A, Mino M. Serum free amino acid depletion in ketotic children. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 1981;27:449-54.
40. Herzberg GZ, Fivush BA, Kinsman SL, Gearhart JP. Urolithiasis associated with the ketogenic diet. J Pediatr 1990;117:743-5.
41. Mann T, Keilin D. Sulphanilamide as a specific inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase. Nature 1940;146:164-5.
42. Gerber N, Dickinson RG, Harland RC, Lynn RK, Houghton D, Antonias JL, et al. Reye-like syndrome associated with valproic acid therapy. J Pediatr 1979;95:142-4.
43. Melegh B, Kerner J, Kispal G, Acsadi G, Dani M. Effect of chronic valproic acid treatment on plasma and urine carnitine levels in children: decreased urinary excretion. Acta Paediatr Hung 1987;28:137-42.
44. Sugimoto T, Nishida N, Murakami K, Woo M, Sakane Y, Yasuhara A, et al. Valproate-induced hepatotoxicty: protective effect of L-carnitine supplementation. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol 1990;44:387-8.
45. Dalakas MC, Leon-Monzon ME, Bernardini I, Gahl WA, Jay CA. Zidovudine-induced mitochondrial myopathy is associated with muscle carnitine deficiency and lipid storage. Ann Neurol 1994;35:482-7.
46. Pandit MK, Burke J, Gustafson AB, Nimocha A, Peris AN. Drug-induced disorders of glucose tolerance. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:529-39.
47. Hooper WD, Franklin ME, Glue P, Banfield CR, Radwanski E, McLaughlin DB, et al. Effect of felbamate on valproic acid disposition in healthy volunteers: inhibition of β-oxidation. Epilepsia 1996;37:91-7.
48. Nahata MC, Kerzner B, McClung HJ, Sherard ES, Hilty MD. Variations in glycerol kinetics in Reye's syndrome. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981;29: 782-7.
49. Kumar A, Weatherly MR, Beaman DC. Sweeteners, flavorings, and dyes in antibiotic preparations. Pediatrics 1991;87:352-60.
50. Food and Drug Administration. Inactive ingredient guide. Washington, DC: Division of Drug Information Resources, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Management, January 1989.
51. Brown JL. Incomplete labeling of pharmaceuticals: a list of "inactive" ingredients. N Engl J Med 1983;309:439-41.
52. Dunlop L, Pruitt B, Campbell RK. Sugar-free preparations by therapeutic category. Diabetes Educ 1989;15:226-9.
53. Feldstein TJ. Carbohydrate and alcohol content of 200 oral liquid medications for use in patients receiving ketogenic diets. Pediatrics 1996;97: 506-11.