New concepts on nutritional management of severe malnutrition: The role of protein

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 31-38

  Scherbaum, Veronika ^a   Fürst, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HOHENHEIM   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

TRACE ELEMENT;

ARTIFICIAL MILK; CALORIC INTAKE; FAT INTAKE; IRON INTAKE; MALNUTRITION; MINERAL INTAKE; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; PEDIATRICS; PROTEIN INTAKE; PROTEIN INTOLERANCE; REHABILITATION; REVIEW; SODIUM INTAKE; VITAMIN INTAKE;

CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DIETARY FATS; DIETARY PROTEINS; ENERGY INTAKE; HUMANS; INFANT; IRON; NUTRITION DISORDERS; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; SODIUM;

EID: 1642618056     PISSN: 13631950     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00075197-200001000-00006     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Schofield C, Ashworth A. Why have mortality rates for severe malnutrition remained so high? Bull World Health Organ 1996; 74:223-229.
2. McLaren DS. The great protein fiasco. Lancet 1974;ii:93-96.
3. Scherbaum V. Management and rehabilitation of protein energy malnutrition in Ethiopia [MSc dissertation]. London: Institute of Child Health, University of London; 1992.
4. Mohammed MA. Evaluation of current strategies in the management of protein energy malnutrition among children under five years old, Balbala Hospital (Djibouti) [MSc dissertation]. London: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London; 1993.
5. Ibekwe VE, Ashworth A. Management of protein-energy malnutrition in Nigeria: an evaluation of the regimen at the Kersey Nutrition Rehabilitation Centre, Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994; 88:594-595.
6. Khanum S, Ashworth A, Huttly SR. Controlled trial of three approaches to the treatment of severe malnutrition. Lancet 1994; 344:1728-1732.
7. VanRoosmalen-Wiebangva MW, Kusin JA, Diniz RL. Nutrition rehabilitation in hospital: a waste of time and money? Evaluation of nutrition rehabilitation in a rural district hospital in South West Tanzania: long-term results. J Trop Pediatr 1987; 33:24-28.
8. Chapko MK, Prual A, Gamatie Y, Maazou AA. Randomized clinical trial comparing hospital to ambulatory rehabilitation of malnourished children in Niger. J Trop Pediatr 1994; 40:225-230.
9. Heikens GT, Schofield WN, Dawson SM, Waterlow JC. Long-stay versus short-stay hospital treatment of children suffering from severe protein-energy malnutrition. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994; 48:873-882.
10. World Health Organization. Management of severe malnutrition: a manual for •• physicians and other senior health workers. World Health Organization, Geneva; 1999. p.62. This manual is very useful for practical considerations concerning the treatment of severely malnourished children.
11. Donnen P, Dramaix M, Brasseur D, Mihanda RB, Fazili S, Treche S. High-energy-density gruels in the treatment of hospitalized children suffering from mainly protein malnutrition in Zaire. Food Nutr Bull 1996; 17:145-153.
12. Cavalcante AA, Pinheiro LM, Monte C, Guimaraes AR, Ashworth A. Treatment of malnutrition in Brazil: simple solutions to common problems. Trop Doct 1998; 28:95-97.
13. Morlese JF, Forrester T, Badaloo A, DelRosario M, Frazer M, Jahoor F. Albumin kinetics in edematous and nonedematous protein-energy malnourished children. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 64:952-959.
14. Waterlow JC. The nature and significance of nutritional adaptation. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999; 53 (Suppl 1):S2-S5.
15. Manary MJ, Brewster DR, Broadhead RL, Crowley JR, Fjeld CR, Yarasheski KE. Protein metabolism in children with edematous malnutrition and acute lower respiratory infection. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65:1005-1010.
16. Dean RFA. The treatment of kwashiorkor with milk and vegetable proteins. Br Med J 1952; Oct. 11:791-796.
17. Golden MH, Golden BE, Jackson AA. Albumin and nutritional oedema. Lancet 1980; i:114-116.
18. Gopalan C. Kwashiorkor and marasmus: evolution and distinguishing features. In: Calorie deficiences and protein deficiencies. McCance RA, Widdowson EM (editors). London: Churchill; 1968. pp. 48.
19. Golden MH. Protein deficiency, energy deficiency, and the oedema of malnutrition. Lancet 1982; 1:1261-1265.
20. Hendrickse RG. The influence of aflatoxins on child health in the tropics with particular reference to kwashiorkor. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1984; 78:427-435.
21. Kamalu BP. Cassava (Manihot Esculanta Crantz) in the aetiology of kwashiorkor. Nutr Res Rev 1993; 6:121-135.
22. Oyelami OA, Maxwell SM, Aladekomo TA, Adelusola KA. Two unusual cases of kwashiorkor: can protein deficiency explain the mystery? Ann Trop Pediatr 1995; 15:217-219.
23. Golden MH, Ramdath D. Free radicals in the pathogenesis of kwashiorkor. Proc Nutr Soc 1987; 46:53-68.
24. Becker K, Leichsenring M, Gana L, Bremer HJ, Schirmer RH. Glutathione and associated antioxidant systems in protein energy malnutrition: results of a study in Nigeria. Free Radic Biol Med 1995; 18:257-263.
25. Ashour MN, Salem SI, El-Gadban HM, Elwan NM, Basu TK. Antioxidant status in children with protein energy malnutrition (PEM) living in Cairo, Egypt. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999; 53:669-673.
26. Jackson AA. Blood glutathione in severe malnutrition in childhood. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1986; 80:911-913.
27. Golden MH, Ramdath D, Golden BE. Free radicals and malnutrition. In: Trace elements, micronutrients and free radicals. Dreosti IE (editor). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 1991. pp. 199.
28. Leichsenring M, Sutterlin N, Less S, Baumann K, Anninos A, Becker K. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in erythrocyte and plasma lipids of children with severe protein-energy malnutrition. Acta Paediatr 1995; 84:516-520.
29. Mayatepek E, Becker K, Gana L, Hoffmann GF. Leukotrienes in the pathophysiology of kwashiorkor. Lancet 1993; 342:958-960.
30. Lenhartz H, Ndasi R, Anninos A, Botticher D, Mayatepek E, Tetanye E, Leichsenring M. The clinical manifestation of the kwashiorkor syndrome is related to increased lipid peroxidation. J Pediatr 1998; 132:879-881.
31. Roediger WEW. New views on the pathogenesis of kwashiorkor: methionine and other amino acids. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1995; 21:130-136.
32. Fürst P. The role of antioxidants in nutritional support. Proc Nutr Soc 1996; 55:945-961.
33. Golden MH. Oedematous malnutrition. Br Med Bull 1998; 54:433-444. • This review is based on the conviction that oedematous malnutrition in the child or adult is not caused by protein deficiency.
34. Golden MH. Protein-energy interactions in the management of severe malnutrition. Clin Nutr 1997; 16 (Suppl 1):19-23.
35. Waterlow JC. Childhood malnutrition in developing nations: looking back and looking forward. Ann Rev Nutr 1994; 14:1-19.
36. Waterlow JC. Protein-energy malnutrition: the nature and extent of the problem. • Clin Nutr 1997; 16 (Suppl 1):3-9. Compared to Golden [33*], this review is based on the persuasion that protein deficiency still plays an important role in the development of severe forms of malnutrition.
37. Lindtjorn B. Famine in Ethiopia 1983-1985: kwashiorkor and marasmus in four regions. Ann Trop Pediatr 1987; 7:1-5.
38. Scherbaum V. Kwashiorkor: a severe form of protein energy malnutrition in Nejo Clinic, West Wollega, Ethiopia [Phd dissertation]. Germany: Institute for Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim; 1996.
39. Courtright P, Canner J. The distribution of kwashiorkor in the Southern Region of Malawi. Ann Trop Pediatr 1995; 15:221-226.
40. Williams CD. Kwashiorkor: a nutritional disease of children associated with a maize diet. Lancet 1935; ii:1151-1152.
41. Brewster DR, Manary MJ, Menzies IS, Henry RL, O'Loughlin EV. Comparison of milk and maize based diets in kwashiorkor. Arch Dis Child 1997; 76:242-248.
42. Rosado JL. Lactose digestion and maldigestion: implications for dietary habits in developing countries. Nutr Res Rev 1997; 10:137-149.
43. Iputo JE, Wong WW, Klein PD. Impaired dietary lipid oxidation in kwashiorkor. Nutr Res 1998; 18:1187-1201.
44. Patrick J. Death during recovery from severe malnutrition and its possible relationship to sodium pump activity in the leucocyte. Br Med J 1997; 1:1051-1054.
45. Golden MH, Golden BE, Bennett FI. High ferritin values in malnourished children. In: Trace element metabolism in man and animals. Mills CF, Brenner I, Chesters JK (editors). Aberdeen: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau; 1985. pp. 775-779.
46. Ramdath D, Golden MH. Nonhaematological aspects of iron nutrition. Nutr Res Rev 1989; 2:29-49.
47. Sive AA, Dempster WS, Malan H, Rosseau S, Hesse HD. Plasma free iron: a possible cause of oedema in kwashiorkor. Arch Dis Child 1997; 76:54-56.
48. WHO/UNICEF. Integrated management of childhood illness: a WHO/ UNICEF initiative. Bull World Health Organ 1997; 75 (Suppl 1):7-128.
49. Collins S, Myatt M, Golden BE. Dietary treatment of severe malnutrition in adults. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68:193-199.
50. Hofinger C. Introduction of a standardised electrolyte/mineral solution to improve case management of children suffering from severe PEM in West-Wellega, Ethiopia [Thesis]. Vienna: Institute for Nutritional Science; 1999. pp. 99-103.
51. Manary MJ, Brewster DR. Potassium supplementation in kwashiorkor. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1997; 24:194-201.
52. Roy SK, Tomkins AM, Haider R, Behren RH, Akramuzzaman SM, Mahalanabis D, Fuchs GJ. Impact of zinc supplementation on subsequent growth and morbidity in Bangladeshi children with acute diarrhoea. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999; 53:529-534.
53. Black RE. Therapeutic and preventive effects of zinc on serious childhood infectious diseases in developing countries. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68 (Suppl):476S-479S.
54. Bhutta ZA, Nizami SQ, Isani Z. Zinc supplementation in malnourished children with persistent diarrhea in Pakistan. Pediatr 1999; 103:42 [abstract].
55. Kikafunda JK, Walker AF, Allan EF, Tumwine JK. Effect of zinc supplementation on growth and body composition of Ugandan preschool children: a randomized, controlled, intervention trial. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68:1261-1266.
56. Sandstead HH, Penland JG, Alcock NW, Dayal HH, Chen XC, Li JS, et al. Effects of repletion with zinc and other micronutrients on neuropsychologic performance and growth of Chinese children. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68 (2 Suppl):470S-475S.
57. Beshgetoor D, Hambidge M. Clinical conditions altering copper metabolism in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 67 (Suppl):1017S-1021S.
58. Ruz M, Solomons NW, Mejia LA, Chew F. Alteration of circulating micronutrients with overt and occult infections in anaemic Guatemalan preschool children. Int J Food Sci Nutr 1995; 46:257-265.
59. Donnen P, Dramaix M, Brasseur D, Bitwe R, Vertongen F, Hennart P. Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of the effect of a single high dose or daily low doses of vitamin A on the morbidity of hospitalized, malnourished children. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68:1254-1260.
60. Fürst P, Kuhn KS. Fish oil emulsions: what benefits can they bring? Clin Nutr 1999 (in press).
61. Cassidy CM. Protein-energy malnutrition as a culture bound syndrome. Culture Med Psychiatry 1982; 6:325-345.
62. Mull DS. Traditional perceptions of marasmus in Parkistan. Soc Sci Med 1991; 32:175-191.
63. Khanum S, Ashworth A, Huttly SR. Growth, morbidity, and mortality of children in Dhaka after treatment for severe malnutrition: a prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 67:940-945. Due to continued high prevalence of illness this study focuses on the importance of follow-up care of severely malnourished children.
64. Briend A, Lacsala R, Prudhon C, Mounier B, Grellety Y, Golden MH. Ready-to-use therapeutic food for treatment of marasmus [Letter]. Lancet 1999; 353:1767-1768.
65. Sanchez-Grinan MI, Peerson JM, Brown KH. Effect of dietary energy density on total ad-libitum energy consumption by recovering malnourished children. Eur J Clin Nutr 1991; 46:197-204.
66. Engle PL, Zeitlin M. Active feeding behavior compensates for low interest in food among young Nicaraguan children. J Nutr 1996; 126:1808-1816.
67. Dramaix M, Brasseur D, Donnen P, Bawhere P, Porignon D, Tonglet R, Hennart P. Prognostic indices for mortality of hospitalized children in central Africa. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143:1235-1243.
68. Prudhon C, Briend A, Laurier D, Golden MH, Mary JY. Comparison of weight- and height-based indices for assessing the risk of death in severely malnourished children. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 144:116-123.
69. Ashworth A, Schofield C. Latest developments in the treatment of severe malnutrition in children. Nutr 1998; 14:244-245.
70. World Health Organization. The World Health Report. Life in the 21st century: a vision for all. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 1998. p. 62.