Environmental Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) Activates the RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cell Line even at Very Low Concentrations as Revealed by 1H NMR

Chemical Research in Toxicology

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 63-74

  Santini, Maria Teresa ^a,b   Rainaldi, Gabriella ^a,b   Ferrante, Antonella ^a   Romano, Rocco ^b,c   Clemente, Stefania ^c   Motta, Andrea ^d   De Berardis, Barbara ^a   Balduzzi, Maria ^e   Paoletti, Luigi ^a   Indovina, Pietro Luigi ^b,c  

^a ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ   (Italy)

^b INFM   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^d CNR   (Italy)

^e ENEA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELL EXTRACT; PERCHLORIC ACID;

AIRBORNE PARTICLE; ANIMAL CELL; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL LINE; CELL STRUCTURE; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; CYTOKINE RELEASE; MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION; METABOLITE; NONHUMAN; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER; PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE;

AIR POLLUTION; ANIMALS; CELL CYCLE; CELL EXTRACTS; CELL LINE; ELECTRON PROBE MICROANALYSIS; ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FLOW CYTOMETRY; INTERLEUKIN-6; MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION; MACROPHAGES; MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; MICE; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, SCANNING; PARTICLE SIZE; PERCHLORIC ACID; ROME; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 1642498274     PISSN: 0893228X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/tx034118f     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Chow, J. C., Watson, J. C., Fujita, E. M., Lu, Z., and Lawson, D. R. (1994) Temporal and spatial variations of PM 2.5 and PM 10 aerosol in the Southern Californian Air Quality Study. Atmos. Environ. 28, 2061-2080.
2. Schäppi, G. F., Monn, C., Wüthrich, B., and Wanner, H. U. (1996) Direct determination of allergens in ambient aerosols: methodological aspects. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 110, 364-370.
3. Brunekreef, B., and Holgate, S. T. (2002) Air pollution and health. Lancet 360, 1233-1242.
4. Donaldson, K., Stone, V., Seaton, A., and MacNee, W. (2001) Ambient particle inhalation and the cardiovascular system: potential mechanisms. Environ. Health Perspect. 109, 523-527.
5. Ring, J., Eberlein-Koenig, B., and Behrendt, H. (2001) Environmental pollution and allergy. Ann. Allergy, Asthma, Immunol. 87, 2-6.
6. Duhme, H., Weiland, S. K., and Keil, U. (1998) Epidemiological analyses of the relationship between environmental pollution and asthma. Toxicol. Lett. 102-103, 307-316.
7. Kreyling, W. G. (1992) Intracellular particle dissolution in alveolar macrophages. Environ. Health Perspect. 97, 121-126.
8. Laskin, D. L., and Pendino, K. J. (1995) Macrophages and inflammatory mediators in tissue injury. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 35, 655-677.
9. Karnovsky, M. L., Lazdins, J., Drath, D., and Harper, A. (1975) Biochemical characteristics of activated macrophages. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 256, 266-274.
10. Mackaness, G. B. (1969) The influence of immunologically committed lymphoid cells on macrophage actiity in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 129, 973-992.
11. North, R. J. (1978) The concept of the activated macrophage. J. Immunol. 121, 806-809.
12. Karnovsky, M. L., and Lazdins, J. K. (1978) Biochemical criteria for activated macrophages. J. Immunol. 121, 809-813.
13. Cohn, Z. A. (1978) Activation of mononuclear phagocytes: fact, fancy, and future. J. Immunol. 121, 813-816.
14. 1H NMR study. Physiol. Chem. Phys. Med. NMR 24, 89-96.
15. 1H NMR mobile lipid intensity, cholesterol and the Pgp pump in two human tumor multidrug resistant cell lines (MCF-7 and LoVo). Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1531, 111-131.
16. Lamanna, R., Motta, A., Romano, R., Rainaldi, G., Flamma, F., Pentimalli, M., Tancredi, T., Indovina, P. L., and Santini, M. T. (1999) Forced adhesive growth of K562 leukemic cells normally growing in suspension induces variations in membrane lipids and energy metabolism: A proton NMR study. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 46, 171-178.
17. 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of primary human and murine cells of the myeloid lineage. Immunomethods 4, 188-198.
18. Lopez-Villegas, D., Lenkinski, R. E., Wehrli, S. L., Ho, W. Z., and Douglas, S. D. (1995) Lactate production by human monocytes/macrophages determined by proton MR spectroscopy. Magn. Reson. Med. 34, 32-38.
19. King, N. J., Ward, M. H., and Holmes, K. T. (1991) Magnetic resonance studies of murine macrophages. Proliferation is not a prerequisite for acquisition of an "activated" high-resolution spectrum. FEBS Lett. 287, 97-101.
20. Chin, B. Y., Choi, M. E., Burdick, M. D., Strieter, R. M., Risby, T. H., and Choi, A. M. (1998) Induction of apoptosis by particulate matter: role of TNF-α and MAPK. Am. J. Physiol. 275, L942-L949.
21. Diociaiuti, M., Balduzzi, M., De Berardis, B., Cattani, G., Stacchini, G., Ziemacki, G., Marconi, A., and Paoletti, L. (2001) The two PM (2.5) (fine) and PM (2.5-10) (coarse) fractions: evidence of different biological activity. Environ. Res. 86, 254-262.
22. Pozzi, R., De Berardis, B., Paoletti, L., and Guastadisegni, C. (2003) Inflammatory mediators induced by coarse (PM2.5-10) and fine (PM2.5) urban air particles in RAW 264.7 cells. Toxicology 183, 243-254.
23. ISO 7708 (1995) Air quality-particle size fraction definitions for health related sampling.
24. Seaton, A., MacNee, W., Donaldson, D., and Goddon, G. (1995) Particulate air pollution and acute health effects. Lancet 345, 176-178.
25. Reichhardt, T. (1995) Weighing the health risks of airborne particulates. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29 (8), 360A-364A.
26. Schwartz, J., Dockery, D. W., and Neas, L. M. (1996) Is daily mortality associated specifically with fine particles? J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 46, 927-937.
27. Wilson, W. E., and Suh, H. H. (1997) Fine and coarse particles: Concentration relationships relevant to epidemiological studies. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 47, 1238-1249.
28. Timblin, C., BeruBe, K., Churg, A., Driscoll, K., Gordon, T., Hemenway, D., Walsh, E., Cummins, A. B., Vacek, P., and Mossman, B. (1998) Cancer Res. 58, 4543-4547.
29. Don Porto Carero, A., Hoet, P. H. M., Verschaeve, L., Schoeters, G., and Nemery, B. (2001) Genotoxic effects of carbon black particles, diesel exhaust particles, and urban air particulates and their extracts on a human alveolar epithelial cell line (A549) and a human monocytic cell line (THP-1). Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37, 155-163.
30. Prahalad, A. K., Inmon, J., Dailey, L. A., Madden, M. C., Ghio, A. J., and Gallagher, J. E. (2001) Air pollution particles mediated oxidative DNA base damage in a cell free system and in human airway epithelial cells in relation to particulate metal content and bioreactivity. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14, 879-887.
31. Soukup, J. M., and Becker, S. (2001) Human alveolar macrophage responses to air pollution particulates are associated with insoluble components of coarse material, including particulate endotoxin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 171, 20-26.
32. Möller, W., Hofer, T., Ziesenis, A., Karg, E., and Heyder, J. (2002) Ultrafine particles cause cytoskeletal dysfunctions in macrophages. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 182, 197-207.
33. Obot, C. J., Morandi, M. T., Beebe, T. P., Jr., Hamilton, R. F., and Holian, A. (2002) Surface components of airborne particulate matter induce macrophage apoptosis through scavenger receptors. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 184, 98-106.
34. Hard, G. C. (1970) Some biochemical aspects of the immune macrophage. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 51, 97-105.
35. Newsholme, P., and Newsholme, E. A. (1989) Rates of utilization of glucose, glutamine and oleate and formation of end-products by mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture. Biochem. J. 261, 211-218.
36. Bustos, R., and Sobrino, F. (1992) Stimulation of glycolysis as an activation signal in rat peritoneal macrophages. Effects of glucocorticoids on the process. Biochem. J. 282, 299-303.
37. Hwang, T. L., and Shaka, A. J. (1995) Water suppression that works. Excitation sculpting using arbitrary wave-forms and pulsed-field gradients. J. Magn. Reson. 112, 275-279.
38. Mountford, C. E., Lean, C. L., and MacKinnon, W. B. (1993) The use of proton MR in cancer pathology. Ann. Rep. NMR Spectrosc. 27, 173-215.
39. 1H spectrum of rat brain by two-dimensional shift correlated and J-resolved NMR spectroscopy. Magn. Reson. Med. 17, 285-303.
40. Romano, R., Santini, M. T., and Indovina, P. L. (2000) A time-domain algorithm for NMR spectral normalization. J. Magn. Reson. 146, 89-99.
41. 31P NMR and HPLC studies of mouse L1210 leukemia cell extracts: the effect of Au(I) and Cu(I) diphosphine complexes on the cell metabolism. Magn. Reson. Med. 18, 142-158.
42. 1H spectra of lipoproteins. Magn. Reson. Med. 31, 347-358.
43. Lehmann, E. L. (1959) Testing Statistical Hypotheses, pp 273-322, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
44. De Groot, M. H. (1975) Probability and Statistics, pp 644-672, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., New York.
45. 1H NMR spectra of a myeloma cell line correlates with the induced formation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets. Magn. Reson. Med. 29, 546-550.
46. Barba, I., Cabañas, M. E., and Arús, C. (1999) The relationship between nuclear magnetic resonance-visible lipids, lipid droplets, and cell proliferation in cultured C6 cells. Cancer Res. 59, 1861-1868.
47. 1H-MRS lipid signal modulation and morphological and ultrastructural changes related to tumor cell proliferation. Magn. Reson. Med. 42, 248-257.
48. Loike, J. D., Kozler, V. F., and Silverstein, S. C. (1984) Creatine kinase expression and creatine phosphate accumulation are developmentally regulated during differentiation of mouse and human monocytes. J. Exp. Med. 159, 746-757.
49. Loike, J. D., Somes, M., and Silverstein, S. C. (1986) Creatine uptake, metabolism, and efflux in human monocytes and macrophages. Cell. Physiol. 20, C128-C135.
50. Wallimann, T., and Hemmer, W. (1994) III-2 creatine kinase in nonmuscle tissues and cells. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 133/134, 193-220.
51. Cullis, P. R., De Kruijff, B., Verkleij, A. J., and Hope, M. J. (1986) Lipid polymorphism and membrane fusion. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 14, 242-245.
52. Bloom, M., Holmes, K. T., Mountford, C. E., and Williams, P. G. (1986) Complete proton magnetic resonance in whole cells. J. Magn. Reson. 69, 73-91.
53. Mountford, C. E., and Tattersall, M. H. N. (1987) Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and tumor detection. Cancer Surv. 6, 285-314.
54. May, G. L., Wright, L. C., Holmes, K. T., Williams, P. G., Smith, I. C., Wright, P. E., Fox, R. M., and Mountford, C. E. (1986) Assignment of methylene proton resonances in NMR spectra of embryonic and transformed cells to plasma membrane triglyceride. J. Biol. Chem. 261, 3048-3053.
55. MacKinnon, W. B., May, G. L., and Mountford, C. E. (1992) Esterified cholesterol and triglyceride are present in plasma membranes of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Eur. J. Biochem. 205, 827-839.
56. 1H NMR-visible triacylglycerol in human neutrophils. High fatty acid environments result in preferential sequestration of palmitic acid into plasma membrane triacylglycerol. Eur. J. Biochem. 267, 68-78.
57. 1H NMR studies of lymph chylomicra and very low-density lipoproteins from non human primates. J. Biol. Chem. 258, 1172-1179.
58. May, G. L., Wright, L. C., Groot Obbink, K., Byleveld, P. M., Garg, M. L., Ahmad, Z. I., and Sorrell, T. C. (1997) Increased saturated triacylglycerol levels in plasma membranes of human neutrophiles stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. J. Lipid Res. 38, 1562-1570.
59. Mountford, C. E., and Wright, L. C. (1988) Organization of lipids in the plasma membranes of malignant and stimulated cells: a new model. Trends Biochem. Sci. 13, 172-177.
60. 1H magnetic resonance signals from malignant cells do not arise from intracellular lipid droplets. NMR Biomed. 2, 161-164.
61. 1H NMR visible lipids in the life and death of cells. TIBS 25, 357-362.
62. 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance correspond to lipid droplets. Cancer Res. 57, 407-414.
63. Weller, P. F., Ryeom, S. W., Picard, S. T., Ackerman, S. J., and Dvorak, A. M. (1991) Cytoplasmic lipid bodies of neutrophils: formation induced by cis-unsaturated fatty acids and mediated by protein kinase C. J. Cell Biol. 113, 137-146.
64. Vance, D. E. (1991) Phospholipid metabolism and cell signaling in eucaryotes. In Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes (Vance, D. E., and Vance, J., Eds.), pp 205-240, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.
65. Stapleton, P. P., O'Flaherty, L., Redmond, H. P., and Bouchier-Hayes, D. J. (1998) Host defense-a role for the amino acid taurine? J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr. 22, 42-48.
66. Marcinkiewicz, J., Grabowska, A., Bereta, J., and Stelmaszynska, T. (1995) Taurine chloramine, a product of activated neutrophils, inhibits in vitro generation of nitric oxide and other macrophage inflammatory mediators. J. Leukocyte Biol. 58, 667-674.
67. Barua, M., Liu, Y., and Quinn, M. R. (2001) Taurine chloramine inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase and TNF-alpha gene expression in activated alveolar macrophages: decreased NF-kappaB activation and IkappaB kinase activity. J. Immunol. 167, 2275-2281.
68. Liu, Y., and Quinn, M. R. (2002) Chemokine production by rat alveolar macrophages is inhibited by taurine chloramine. Immunol. Lett. 80, 27-32.
69. EPA (1996) Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA/600/P-95/001cF.
70. Lee, J., and Phalen, R. (1996) Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Particulate Air Pollution and the Human Health, Park City, Utah, May 1-3, 1996.
71. Spurney, K. R. (1996) Atmospheric particulate pollutants and environmental health. Arch. Environ. Health 51, 415-416.
72. Hauck, H. (1998) Revision of ambient air quality standards for PM? Toxicol. Lett. 96/97, 269-276.
73. Fujii, T., Hayashi, S., Hogg, J. C., Mukae, H., Suwa, T., Goto, Y., Vincent, R., and van Eeden, S. F. (2002) Interaction of alveolar macrophages and airway epithelial cells following exposure to particulate matter produces mediators that stimulate the bone marrow. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 27, 34-41.
74. Jimenez, L. A., Drost, E. M., Gilmour, P. S., Rahman, I., Antonicelli, F., Ritchie, H., MacNee, W., and Donaldson, K. (2002) PM (10)-exposed macrophages stimulate a proinflammatory response in lung epithelial cells via TNF-alpha. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 282, L237-L248.
75. van Eeden, S. F., Tan, W. C., Suwa, T., Mukae, H., Terashima, T., Fujii, T., Qui, D., Vincent, R., and Hogg, J. C. (2001) Cytokines involved in the systemic inflammatory response induced by exposure to particulate matter air pollutants (PM(10)). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 164, 826-830.