Meridional distributions of aerosol particle number concentrations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere obtained by Civil Aircraft for Regular Investigation of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrument Containter (CARIBIC) flights

Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres

Volumn 108, Issue 3, 2003, Pages

  Hermann, M ^a   Heintzenberg, J ^a   Wiedensohler, A ^a   Zahn, A ^b   Heinrich, G ^b   Brenninkmeijer, C A M ^c  

^a LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR TROPOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (Germany)

^b KARLSRUHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^c MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Aerosol spatial distributions; In situ measurements; Lower stratosphere; Particle formation; Submicrometer aerosol particles; Upper troposphere

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL FORMATION; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; STRATOSPHERE; TROPOSPHERE;

EID: 1642456632     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Anderson, B. E., et al., An assessment of aircraft as a source of particles to the upper troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3069-3072, 1999.
2. Andreae, M. O., et al., Transport of biomass burning smoke to the upper troposphere by deep convection in the equatorial region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 951-954, 2001.
3. Bigg, E. K., A mechanism for the formation of new particles in the atmosphere, Atmos. Res., 43, 129-137, 1997.
4. Brasseur, G., G. T. Amanatidis, and G. Angeletti, European scientific assessment of the atmospheric effects of aircraft emissions, Atmos. Environ., 32, 2329-2418, 1998.
5. Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., et al., CARIBIC civil aircraft for global measurement of trace gases and aerosols in the tropopause region, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 16, 1373-1383, 1999.
6. Brock, C. A., P. Hamill, J. C. Wilson, H. H. Jonsson, and K. R. Chan, Particle formation in the upper tropical troposphere: A source of nuclei for the stratospheric aerosol, Science, 270, 1650-1653, 1995.
7. Clarke, A., F. Eisele, V. N. Kapastin, K. Moore, D. Tanner, L. Mauldin, M. Litchy, B. Lienert, M. A. Caroll, and G. Albercook, Nucleation in the equatorial free troposphere: Favorable environments during PEM-Tropics, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 5735-5744, 1999.
8. Clarke, A. D., Atmospheric nuclei in the pacific midtroposphere: Their nature, concentration, and evolution, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20,633-20,647, 1993.
9. Clarke, A. D., J. L. Varner, F. Eisele, L. Mauldin, D. Tanner, and M. Litchy, Particle formation in the remote marine atmosphere: Cloud outflow and subsidence during ACE 1, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16,397-16,409, 1998.
10. Daum, P. H., and S. R. Springston, Tropospheric sampling with aircraft, in Measurement Challenges in Atmospheric Chemistry, Adv. Chem. Ser., vol. 232, edited by L. Newman, pp. 101-132, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1993.
11. de Reus, M., J. Ström, M. Kulmala, L. Pirjola, J. Lelieveld, C. Schiller, and M. Zöger, Airborne aerosol measurements in the tropopause region and the dependence of new particle formation on preexisting particle number concentration, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31,255-31,263, 1998.
12. de Reus, M., J. Ström, P. Hoor, J. Lelieveld, and C. Schiller, Particle production in the lowermost stratosphere by convective lifting of the tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 23,935-23,940, 1999.
13. de Reus, M., J. Ström, J. Curtius, L. Pirjola, E. Vignati, F. Arnold, H. C. Hansson, M. Kulmala, J. Lelivield, and F. Raes, Aerosol production and growth in the upper free troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24,751-24,762, 2000.
14. de Reus, M., R. Krejci, J. Williams, H. Fischer, R. Scheele, and J. Ström, Vertical and horizontal distributions of aerosol number concentration and size distribution over the northern Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28,629-28,642, 2001.
15. Ferry, G. V., R. F. Pueschel, A. W. Strawa, K. Kondo, S. D. Howard, S. Verma, M. J. Mahoney, T. P. Bui, J. R. Hannan, and H. E. Fuelberg, Effects of aircraft on aerosol abundance in the upper troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2399-2402, 1999.
16. Fleming, R. J., The use of commercial aircraft as platforms for environmental measurements, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 2229-2242, 1996.
17. Friedl, R. R., (Ed.), Atmospheric Effects of Subsonic Aircraft-Interim Assessment Report of the Advanced Subsonic Technology Program, NASA Ref. Publ., 1400, 1997.
18. Hagen, D. E., J. Podzimek, and M. B. Trueblood, Upper-tropospheric aerosol sampled during project FIRE IFO II, J. Atoms. Sci., 23, 4196-4209, 1995.
19. Haynes, P., and E. Shuckburgh, Effective diffusivity as a diagnostic of atmospheric transport, 2, Troposphere and lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 22,795-22,810, 2000.
20. Heintzenberg, J., Fine particles in the global troposphere: A review, Tellus, 41B, 149-160, 1989.
21. Hermann, M., Development and application of an aerosol measurement system for use on commercial aircraft, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Leipzig, Germany, 2000.
22. Hermann, M., and A. Wiedensohler, Counting efficiency of condensation particle counters at low-pressures with illustrative data from the upper troposphere, J. Aerosol Sci., 32, 975-991, 2001.
23. Hermann, M., F. Stratmann, M. Wilck, and A. Wiedensohler, Sampling characteristics of an aircraft-borne aerosol inlet system, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 18, 9-17, 2001.
24. Hoerling, M. P., T. K. Schaack, and A. J. Lenzen, Global objective tropopause analysis, Mon. Weather. Rev., 119, 1816-1831, 1991.
25. Hofmann, D. J., Twenty years of balloon-borne tropospheric aerosol measurements at Laramie, Wyoming, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12,753-12,766, 1993.
26. Hofmann, D. J., R. S. Stone, M. E. Wood, T. Deshler, and J. M. Harris, An analysis of 25 years of balloon-borne aerosol data in search of a signature of the subsonic commercial aircraft fleet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 22,433-2436, 1998.
27. Hov, Ø., and F. Flatøy, Convective redistribution of ozone and oxides of nitrogen in the troposphere over Europe in summer and fall, J. Atmos. Chem., 28, 319-337, 1997.
28. x, tracer species, and small particles during the European Lightning Nitrogen Oxides Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D11), 4113, doi:10.1029/2000JD000209, 2002.
29. Kaimal, J. C., and J. J. Finnigan, Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows: Their Structure and Measurement, 289 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1994.
30. Kent, G. S., P. H. Wang, M. P. McCormick, and K. M. Skeens, Multiyear stratospheric aerosol and gas experiment II measurements of upper tropospheric aerosol characteristics, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 13,875-13,899, 1995.
31. King, M. D., Y. J. Kaufman, D. Tanré, and T. Nakajima, Remote sensing of tropospheric aerosols from space: Past, present, and future, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 80, 2229-2259, 1999.
32. 2 conversion into sulfuric acid aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1459-1469, 2000.
33. Nilsson, E. D., L. Pirjola, and M. Kulmala, The effect of atmospheric waves on aerosol nucleation and size distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 19,917-19,926, 2000.
34. Penner, J. E., D. H. Lister, D. J. Griggs, D. J. Dokken, M. McFarland (Eds.), Aviation and the Global Atmosphere, Spec. Rep. of IPCC Work. Groups I and III, p. 373, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1999.
35. Perry, K. D., and P. V. Hobbs, Further evidence for particle nucleation in clear air adjacent to marine cumulus clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 22,803-22,818, 1994.
36. Raes, F., R. Van Dingenen, E. Vignati, J. Wilson, J.-P. Putaud, J. H. Seinfeld, and P. Adams, Formation and cycling of aerosols in the global troposphere, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4215-4240, 2000.
37. Ravishankara, A. R., Heterogeneous and multiphase chemistry in the troposphere, Science, 276, 1058-1065, 1997.
38. Schlager, H., P. Konopka, P. Schulte, U. Schumann, H. Ziereis, F. Arnold, M. Klemm, D. E. Hagen, P. D. Whitefield, and J. Ovarlez, In situ observations of air traffic emission signatures in the North Atlantic flight corridor, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 10,739-10,750, 1997.
39. Schmitt, A., and B. Brunner, Emissions from aviation and their development over time, in Final Report on the BMBF Verbundprogramm, "Schadstoffe in der Luftfahrt", DLR-Mitteilung 97-04, edited by U. Schumann et al., Dtsch. Zent. für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Wessling, Germany, 1997.
40. Schröder, F., and J. Ström, Aircraft measurements of sub micrometer aerosol particles (>7 nm) in the midlatitude free troposphere and tropopause region, Atmos. Res., 44, 333-356, 1997.
41. Schröder, F., C. A. Brock, R. Baumann, A. Petzold, R. Busen, P. Schulte, and M. Fiebig, In situ studies on volatile jet exhaust particle emissions: Impact of fuel sulfur content and environmental conditions on nuclei mode aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 19,941-19,954, 2000.
42. Schwartz, S. E., The whitehouse effect-Shortwave radiative forcing of climate by anthropogenic aerosols: An overview, J. Aerosol Sci., 27, 359-382, 1996.
43. Seinfeld, J. H., and S. N. Pandis, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 1326 pp., John Wiley, New York, 1998.
44. Soderman, P. T., N. L. Hazen, and W. H. Brune, On the aerodynamic design of gas and aerosol samplers for aircraft, NCAR Tech. Note TN-362 + 1A, pp. 171-189, Res. Aviation Facil., Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo., 1991.
45. Stohl, A., A 1-year lagrangian "climatology" of airstreams in the northern hemisphere troposphere and lowermost stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 7263-7279, 2001.
46. Ström, J., H. Fischer, J. Lelieveld, and F. Schröder, In situ measurements of microphysical properties and trace gases in two cumulonimbus anvils over western Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 12,221-12,226, 1999.
47. Talbot, R. W., J. E. Dibb, and M. B. Loomis, Influence of vertical transport on free tropospheric aerosols over the central USA in springtime, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1367-1370, 1998.
48. Thornton, D. C., A. R. Bandy, B. W. Blomquist, J. D. Bradshaw, and D. R. Blake, Vertical transport of sulfur dioxide and dimethyl sulfide in deep convection and its role in new particle formation, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28,501-28,509, 1997.
49. Twomey, S. A., M. Piepgrass, and T. L. Wolfe, An assessment of the impact of pollution on global cloud albedo, Tellus, 36B, 356-366, 1984.
50. Wang, Y., S. C. Liu, B. E. Anderson, Y. Kondo, G. L. Gregory, G. W. Sachse, S. A. Vay, D. R. Blake, H. B. Singh, and A. M. Thompson, Evidence of convection as a major source of condensation nuclei in the northern midlatitude upper troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 369-372, 2000.
51. Weber, R. J., A. D. Clarke, M. Litchy, J. Li, G. Kok, R. D. Schillawski, and P. H. McMurry, Spurious aerosol measurements when sampling from aircraft in the vicinity of clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28,337-28,346, 1998.
52. Weber, R. J., P. H. McMurry, R. L. Mauldin III, D. J. Tanner, F. L. Eisele, A. D. Clarke, and V. N. Kapustin, New particle formation in the remote troposphere: A comparison of observations at various sites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 307-310, 1999.
53. 4 and 3-4 nm particles near a frontal cloud during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACEI), J. Geophys. Res., 106,24,107-24,117, 2001.
54. Wilson, J. C., W. T. Lai, and D. E. Smith, Measurements of condensation nuclei above the jet stream: Evidence for cross jet transport by waves and new particle formation at high altitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 17,415-17,423, 1991.
55. World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Atmospheric Ozone 1985: Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Report, Rep. No. 16, World Meteorol. Organ., Geneva, 1986.
56. Yu, F., and R. P. Turco, On the contribution of lightning to ultrafine aerosol formation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 155-158, 2001.
57. 3, CO, and ultrafine particles, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1527-1535, 2000.
58. 3 and CO in the upper troposphere: The CARIBIC passenger aircraft results 1997-2001, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D17), 4337, doi:10.1029/2001JD001529, 2002.