메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 17-31

Therapeutic Applications of Citicoline for Stroke and Cognitive Dysfunction in the Elderly: A Review of the Literature

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; CHOLINE DERIVATIVE; CITICOLINE; CYTIDINE DERIVATIVE; MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPID; NEUROTRANSMITTER; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; VITAMIN B GROUP;

EID: 1642366716     PISSN: 10895159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (66)

References (70)
  • 2
    • 0028896412 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism and actions of CDP-choline as an endogenous compound and administered exogenously as citicoline
    • Weiss GB. Metabolism and actions of CDP-choline as an endogenous compound and administered exogenously as citicoline. Life Sci 1995;56:637-660.
    • (1995) Life Sci , vol.56 , pp. 637-660
    • Weiss, G.B.1
  • 3
    • 0029148448 scopus 로고
    • Citicoline (CDP-choline): Mechanisms of action and effects in ischemic brain injury
    • D'Orlando KJ, Sandage BW Jr. Citicoline (CDP-choline): mechanisms of action and effects in ischemic brain injury. Neurol Res 1995;17:281-284.
    • (1995) Neurol Res , vol.17 , pp. 281-284
    • D'Orlando, K.J.1    Sandage Jr., B.W.2
  • 4
    • 0344240113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CDP-choline: Neuroprotection in transient forebrain ischemia of gerbils
    • Rao AM, Hatcher JF, Dempsey RJ. CDP-choline: neuroprotection in transient forebrain ischemia of gerbils. J Neurosci Res 1999;58:697-705.
    • (1999) J Neurosci Res , vol.58 , pp. 697-705
    • Rao, A.M.1    Hatcher, J.F.2    Dempsey, R.J.3
  • 7
    • 0026637566 scopus 로고
    • Enhancement by cytidine of membrane phospholipid synthesis
    • G-Coviella IL, Wurtman RJ. Enhancement by cytidine of membrane phospholipid synthesis. J Neurochem 1992;59:338-343.
    • (1992) J Neurochem , vol.59 , pp. 338-343
    • G-Coviella, I.L.1    Wurtman, R.J.2
  • 8
    • 0029115402 scopus 로고
    • Evidence that 5′-cytidinediphosphocholine can affect brain phospholipid composition by increasing choline and cytidine plasma levels
    • Lopez-Coviella I, Agut J, Savci V, et al. Evidence that 5′-cytidinediphosphocholine can affect brain phospholipid composition by increasing choline and cytidine plasma levels. J Neurochem 1995;65:889-894.
    • (1995) J Neurochem , vol.65 , pp. 889-894
    • Lopez-Coviella, I.1    Agut, J.2    Savci, V.3
  • 9
    • 0344500821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytidine diphosphate choline administration activates brain cytidine triphosphate: Phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase in aged rats
    • Gimenez R, Soler S, Aguilar J. Cytidine diphosphate choline administration activates brain cytidine triphosphate: phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase in aged rats. Neurosci Lett 1999;273:163-166.
    • (1999) Neurosci Lett , vol.273 , pp. 163-166
    • Gimenez, R.1    Soler, S.2    Aguilar, J.3
  • 10
    • 0029799592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential effect of CDP-choline on brain cytosolic choline levels in younger and older subjects as measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    • Babb SM, Appelmans KE, Renshaw PF, et al. Differential effect of CDP-choline on brain cytosolic choline levels in younger and older subjects as measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996;127:88-94.
    • (1996) Psychopharmacology (Berl) , vol.127 , pp. 88-94
    • Babb, S.M.1    Appelmans, K.E.2    Renshaw, P.F.3
  • 11
    • 0035991074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic citicoline increases phosphodiesters in the brains of healthy older subjects: An in vivo phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
    • Babb SM, Wald LL, Cohen BM, et al. Chronic citicoline increases phosphodiesters in the brains of healthy older subjects: an in vivo phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002;161:248-254.
    • (2002) Psychopharmacology (Berl) , vol.161 , pp. 248-254
    • Babb, S.M.1    Wald, L.L.2    Cohen, B.M.3
  • 12
    • 0026395332 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of CDP-choline in the treatment of senile alterations in memory
    • de la Morena E. Efficacy of CDP-choline in the treatment of senile alterations in memory. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991;640:233-236.
    • (1991) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.640 , pp. 233-236
    • De La Morena, E.1
  • 13
    • 0036814122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cholinergic approach for the treatment of vascular dementia: Evidence from pre-clinical and clinical studies
    • Amenta F, Di Tullio MA, Tomassoni D. The cholinergic approach for the treatment of vascular dementia: evidence from pre-clinical and clinical studies. Clin Exp Hypertens 2002;24:697-713.
    • (2002) Clin Exp Hypertens , vol.24 , pp. 697-713
    • Amenta, F.1    Di Tullio, M.A.2    Tomassoni, D.3
  • 14
    • 0033779002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of CDP-choline on brain acetylcholinesterase and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase in adult rats
    • Plataras C, Tsakiris S, Angelogianni P. Effect of CDP-choline on brain acetylcholinesterase and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase in adult rats. Clin Biochem 2000;33:351-357.
    • (2000) Clin Biochem , vol.33 , pp. 351-357
    • Plataras, C.1    Tsakiris, S.2    Angelogianni, P.3
  • 15
    • 0036270432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Citicoline: Neuroprotective mechanisms in cerebral ischemia
    • Adibhatla RM, Hatcher JF, Dempsey RJ. Citicoline: neuroprotective mechanisms in cerebral ischemia. J Neurochem 2002;80:12-23.
    • (2002) J Neurochem , vol.80 , pp. 12-23
    • Adibhatla, R.M.1    Hatcher, J.F.2    Dempsey, R.J.3
  • 16
    • 0037107919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Citicoline mechanisms and clinical efficacy in cerebral ischemia
    • Adibhatla RM, Hatcher JF. Citicoline mechanisms and clinical efficacy in cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2002;70:133-139.
    • (2002) J Neurosci Res , vol.70 , pp. 133-139
    • Adibhatla, R.M.1    Hatcher, J.F.2
  • 17
    • 1642381732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of acylglycerols and sphingolipids
    • Murray RK, Mayes PA, eds. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange
    • th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange; 2000.
    • (2000) th Ed.
    • Mayes, P.A.1
  • 18
    • 0035794009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does CDP-choline modulate phospholipase activities after transient forebrain ischemia?
    • Rao AM, Hatcher JF, Dempsey RJ. Does CDP-choline modulate phospholipase activities after transient forebrain ischemia? Brain Res 2001;893:268-272.
    • (2001) Brain Res , vol.893 , pp. 268-272
    • Rao, A.M.1    Hatcher, J.F.2    Dempsey, R.J.3
  • 19
    • 0042672758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Citicoline decreases phospholipase A2 stimulation and hydroxyl radical generation in transient cerebral ischemia
    • Adibhatla RM, Hatcher JF. Citicoline decreases phospholipase A2 stimulation and hydroxyl radical generation in transient cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2003;73:308-315.
    • (2003) J Neurosci Res , vol.73 , pp. 308-315
    • Adibhatla, R.M.1    Hatcher, J.F.2
  • 20
    • 0028070326 scopus 로고
    • Identification of arachidonic acid as a mediator of sphingomyelin hydrolysis in response to tumor necrosis factor alpha
    • Jayadev S, Linardic CM, Hannun YA. Identification of arachidonic acid as a mediator of sphingomyelin hydrolysis in response to tumor necrosis factor alpha. J Biol Chem 1994;269:5757-5763.
    • (1994) J Biol Chem , vol.269 , pp. 5757-5763
    • Jayadev, S.1    Linardic, C.M.2    Hannun, Y.A.3
  • 21
    • 0028177692 scopus 로고
    • Beta-amyloid protein-induced Alzheimer's disease animal model
    • Nitta A, Itoh A, Hasegawa T, Nabeshima T. Beta-amyloid protein-induced Alzheimer's disease animal model. Neurosci Lett 1994;170:63-66.
    • (1994) Neurosci Lett , vol.170 , pp. 63-66
    • Nitta, A.1    Itoh, A.2    Hasegawa, T.3    Nabeshima, T.4
  • 22
    • 0031051960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous infusion of beta-amyloid protein into the rat cerebral ventricle induces learning impairment and neuronal and morphological degeneration
    • Nitta A, Fukuta T, Hasegawa T, Nabeshima T. Continuous infusion of beta-amyloid protein into the rat cerebral ventricle induces learning impairment and neuronal and morphological degeneration. Jpn J Pharmacol 1997;73:51-57.
    • (1997) Jpn J Pharmacol , vol.73 , pp. 51-57
    • Nitta, A.1    Fukuta, T.2    Hasegawa, T.3    Nabeshima, T.4
  • 23
    • 0032698068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Citicoline protects hippocampal neurons against apoptosis induced by brain beta-amyloid deposits plus cerebral hypoperfusion in rats
    • Alvarez XA, Sampedro C, Lozano R, Cacabelos R. Citicoline protects hippocampal neurons against apoptosis induced by brain beta-amyloid deposits plus cerebral hypoperfusion in rats. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1999;21:535-540.
    • (1999) Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol , vol.21 , pp. 535-540
    • Alvarez, X.A.1    Sampedro, C.2    Lozano, R.3    Cacabelos, R.4
  • 24
    • 0034737390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Choline plus cytidine stimulate phospholipid production, and the expression and secretion of amyloid precursor protein in rat PC12 cells
    • Wang CS, Lee RK. Choline plus cytidine stimulate phospholipid production, and the expression and secretion of amyloid precursor protein in rat PC12 cells. Neurosci Lett 2000;283:25-28.
    • (2000) Neurosci Lett , vol.283 , pp. 25-28
    • Wang, C.S.1    Lee, R.K.2
  • 25
    • 0025174125 scopus 로고
    • Changes in brain biogenic monoamines induced by the nootropic drugs adafenoxate and meclofenoxate and by citicholine (experiments on rats)
    • Petkov VD, Stancheva SL, Tocuschieva L, Petkov VV. Changes in brain biogenic monoamines induced by the nootropic drugs adafenoxate and meclofenoxate and by citicholine (experiments on rats). Gen Pharmacol 1990;21:71-75.
    • (1990) Gen Pharmacol , vol.21 , pp. 71-75
    • Petkov, V.D.1    Stancheva, S.L.2    Tocuschieva, L.3    Petkov, V.V.4
  • 26
    • 0018289623 scopus 로고
    • Effects of cytidine-5′ diphosphocholine on norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin synthesis in various regions of the rat brain
    • Martinet M, Fonlupt P, Pacheco H. Effects of cytidine-5′ diphosphocholine on norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin synthesis in various regions of the rat brain. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1979;239:52-61.
    • (1979) Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther , vol.239 , pp. 52-61
    • Martinet, M.1    Fonlupt, P.2    Pacheco, H.3
  • 27
    • 0018120860 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of CDP-choline with synaptosomal transport of biogenic amines and their precursors in vitro and in vivo in the rat corpus striatum
    • Martinet M, Fonlupt P, Pacheco H. Interaction of CDP-choline with synaptosomal transport of biogenic amines and their precursors in vitro and in vivo in the rat corpus striatum. Experientia 1978;34:1197-1199.
    • (1978) Experientia , vol.34 , pp. 1197-1199
    • Martinet, M.1    Fonlupt, P.2    Pacheco, H.3
  • 28
    • 0022588776 scopus 로고
    • Effect of cytidine(5′)diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) on the total urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) by rats and humans
    • Lopez I, Coviella G, Agut J, Wurtman RJ. Effect of cytidine(5′ )diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) on the total urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) by rats and humans. J Neural Transm 1986;66:129-134.
    • (1986) J Neural Transm , vol.66 , pp. 129-134
    • Lopez, I.1    Coviella, G.2    Agut, J.3    Wurtman, R.J.4
  • 29
    • 0021706826 scopus 로고
    • Cytidine(5′)diphosphocholine enhances the ability of haloperidol to increase dopamine metabolites in the striatum of the rat and to diminish stereotyped behavior induced by apomorphine
    • Agut J, Coviella IL, Wurtman RJ. Cytidine(5′)diphosphocholine enhances the ability of haloperidol to increase dopamine metabolites in the striatum of the rat and to diminish stereotyped behavior induced by apomorphine. Neuropharmacology 1984;23:1403-1406.
    • (1984) Neuropharmacology , vol.23 , pp. 1403-1406
    • Agut, J.1    Coviella, I.L.2    Wurtman, R.J.3
  • 30
    • 0034788227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of citicoline on phospholipid and glutathione levels in transient cerebral ischemia
    • Adibhatla RM, Hatcher JF, Dempsey RJ. Effects of citicoline on phospholipid and glutathione levels in transient cerebral ischemia. Stroke 2001;32:2376-2381.
    • (2001) Stroke , vol.32 , pp. 2376-2381
    • Adibhatla, R.M.1    Hatcher, J.F.2    Dempsey, R.J.3
  • 31
    • 0342545881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotective effects of citicoline on brain edema and blood-brain barrier breakdown after traumatic brain injury
    • Baskaya MK, Dogan A, Rao AM, Dempsey RJ. Neuroprotective effects of citicoline on brain edema and blood-brain barrier breakdown after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2000;92:448-452.
    • (2000) J Neurosurg , vol.92 , pp. 448-452
    • Baskaya, M.K.1    Dogan, A.2    Rao, A.M.3    Dempsey, R.J.4
  • 32
    • 0030479855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Citicoline for treatment of experimental focal ischemia: Histologic and behavioral outcome
    • Aronowski J, Strong R, Grotta JC. Citicoline for treatment of experimental focal ischemia: histologic and behavioral outcome. Neurol Res 1996;18:570-574.
    • (1996) Neurol Res , vol.18 , pp. 570-574
    • Aronowski, J.1    Strong, R.2    Grotta, J.C.3
  • 33
    • 0342936464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of prolonged treatment with citicoline in temporary experimental focal ischemia
    • Schabitz WR, Weber J, Takano K, et al. The effects of prolonged treatment with citicoline in temporary experimental focal ischemia. J Neurol Sci 1996;138:21-25.
    • (1996) J Neurol Sci , vol.138 , pp. 21-25
    • Schabitz, W.R.1    Weber, J.2    Takano, K.3
  • 34
    • 0022490216 scopus 로고
    • Effect of CDP-choline on hypocapnic neurons in culture
    • Mykita S, Golly F, Dreyfus H, et al. Effect of CDP-choline on hypocapnic neurons in culture. J Neurochem 1986;47:223-231.
    • (1986) J Neurochem , vol.47 , pp. 223-231
    • Mykita, S.1    Golly, F.2    Dreyfus, H.3
  • 35
    • 0027402329 scopus 로고
    • Effects of cytidine-diphosphocholine on acetylcholine-mediated behaviors in the rat
    • Drago F, Mauceri F, Nardo L, et al. Effects of cytidine-diphosphocholine on acetylcholine-mediated behaviors in the rat. Brain Res Bull 1993;31:485-489.
    • (1993) Brain Res Bull , vol.31 , pp. 485-489
    • Drago, F.1    Mauceri, F.2    Nardo, L.3
  • 36
    • 0027320883 scopus 로고
    • Effects of cytidine diphosphate choline on rats with memory deficits
    • Petkov VD, Kehayov RA, Mosharrof AH, et al. Effects of cytidine diphosphate choline on rats with memory deficits. Arzneimittelforschung 1993;43:822-828.
    • (1993) Arzneimittelforschung , vol.43 , pp. 822-828
    • Petkov, V.D.1    Kehayov, R.A.2    Mosharrof, A.H.3
  • 37
    • 0031883801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facilitatory effects of chronically administered citicoline on learning and memory processes in the dog
    • Bruhwyler J, Liegeois JF, Geczy J. Facilitatory effects of chronically administered citicoline on learning and memory processes in the dog. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1998;22:115-128.
    • (1998) Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry , vol.22 , pp. 115-128
    • Bruhwyler, J.1    Liegeois, J.F.2    Geczy, J.3
  • 38
    • 0032985429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of citicoline combined with thrombolytic therapy in a rat embolic stroke model
    • Andersen M, Overgaard K, Meden P, et al. Effects of citicoline combined with thrombolytic therapy in a rat embolic stroke model. Stroke 1999;30:1464-1471.
    • (1999) Stroke , vol.30 , pp. 1464-1471
    • Andersen, M.1    Overgaard, K.2    Meden, P.3
  • 39
    • 0034055662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the efficacy of citicoline in embolic ischemic stroke in rats: Neuroprotective effects when used alone or in combination with urokinase
    • Shuaib A, Yang Y, Li Q. Evaluating the efficacy of citicoline in embolic ischemic stroke in rats: neuroprotective effects when used alone or in combination with urokinase. Exp Neurol 2000;161:733-739.
    • (2000) Exp Neurol , vol.161 , pp. 733-739
    • Shuaib, A.1    Yang, Y.2    Li, Q.3
  • 40
    • 0023860168 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of acute cerebral infarction with a choline precursor in a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled study
    • Tazaki Y, Sakai F, Otomo E, et al. Treatment of acute cerebral infarction with a choline precursor in a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled study. Stroke 1988;19:211-216.
    • (1988) Stroke , vol.19 , pp. 211-216
    • Tazaki, Y.1    Sakai, F.2    Otomo, E.3
  • 41
    • 0036901469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral citicoline in acute ischemic stroke: An individual patient data pooling analysis of clinical trials
    • Davalos A, Castillo J, Alvarez-Sabin J, et al. Oral citicoline in acute ischemic stroke: an individual patient data pooling analysis of clinical trials. Stroke 2002;33:2850-2857.
    • (2002) Stroke , vol.33 , pp. 2850-2857
    • Davalos, A.1    Castillo, J.2    Alvarez-Sabin, J.3
  • 42
    • 0030760430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized dose-response trial of citicoline in acute ischemic stroke patients
    • Citicoline Stroke Study Group
    • Clark WM, Warach SJ, Pettigrew LC, et al. A randomized dose-response trial of citicoline in acute ischemic stroke patients. Citicoline Stroke Study Group. Neurology 1997;49:671-678.
    • (1997) Neurology , vol.49 , pp. 671-678
    • Clark, W.M.1    Warach, S.J.2    Pettigrew, L.C.3
  • 43
    • 0032709479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized efficacy trial of citicoline in patients with acute ischemic stroke
    • Clark WM, Williams BJ, Selzer KA, et al. A randomized efficacy trial of citicoline in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1999;30:2592-2597.
    • (1999) Stroke , vol.30 , pp. 2592-2597
    • Clark, W.M.1    Williams, B.J.2    Selzer, K.A.3
  • 44
    • 0035856456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phase III randomized efficacy trial of 2000 mg citicoline in acute ischemic stroke patients
    • Clark WM, Wechsler LR, Sabounjian LA, Schwiderski UE; Citicoline Stroke Study Group. A phase III randomized efficacy trial of 2000 mg citicoline in acute ischemic stroke patients. Neurology 2001;57:1595-1602.
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.57 , pp. 1595-1602
    • Clark, W.M.1    Wechsler, L.R.2    Sabounjian, L.A.3    Schwiderski, U.E.4
  • 46
    • 0030002502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Citicoline improves verbal memory in aging
    • Spiers PA, Myers D, Hochanadel GS, et al. Citicoline improves verbal memory in aging. Arch Neurol 1996;53:441-448.
    • (1996) Arch Neurol , vol.53 , pp. 441-448
    • Spiers, P.A.1    Myers, D.2    Hochanadel, G.S.3
  • 48
    • 0005139709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytidinediphosphocholine (CDP choline) for cognitive and behavioral disturbances associated with chronic cerebral disorders in the elderly (Cochrane Review)
    • Oxford, England: Update Software
    • Fioravanti M, Yanagi M. Cytidinediphosphocholine (CDP choline) for cognitive and behavioral disturbances associated with chronic cerebral disorders in the elderly (Cochrane Review) In: The Cochrane Library. Oxford, England: Update Software; 2002:4.
    • (2002) The Cochrane Library , pp. 4
    • Fioravanti, M.1    Yanagi, M.2
  • 49
    • 0020046314 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of clinical signs and EEG patterns in patients with "organic brain syndrome"
    • Franceschi M, Smirne S, Canal N. Treatment of clinical signs and EEG patterns in patients with "organic brain syndrome." Clin Trials J 1982;19:74-84.
    • (1982) Clin Trials J , vol.19 , pp. 74-84
    • Franceschi, M.1    Smirne, S.2    Canal, N.3
  • 50
    • 0029961114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic effects of CDP-choline in Alzheimer's disease
    • Cacabelos R, Caamano J, Gomez MJ, et al. Therapeutic effects of CDP-choline in Alzheimer's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996;777:399-403.
    • (1996) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.777 , pp. 399-403
    • Cacabelos, R.1    Caamano, J.2    Gomez, M.J.3
  • 51
    • 1642303639 scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis of traumatic brain edema
    • Mchedlishvili G, et al, eds. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado;
    • Gannushkina IV. Pathogenesis of traumatic brain edema. In: Mchedlishvili G, et al, eds. Brain Edema, A Pathogenic Analysis. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado; 1986:290-292.
    • (1986) Brain Edema, A Pathogenic Analysis , pp. 290-292
    • Gannushkina, I.V.1
  • 52
    • 0025741068 scopus 로고
    • Effects of CDP-choline on the recovery of patients with head injury
    • Maldonado VC, Perez JB, Escario JA. Effects of CDP-choline on the recovery of patients with head injury. J Neurol Sci 1991;103:S15-S18.
    • (1991) J Neurol Sci , vol.103
    • Maldonado, V.C.1    Perez, J.B.2    Escario, J.A.3
  • 53
  • 54
    • 0025871180 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of postconcussional symptoms with CDP-choline
    • Levin HS. Treatment of postconcussional symptoms with CDP-choline. J Neurol Sci 1991;103:S39-S42.
    • (1991) J Neurol Sci , vol.103
    • Levin, H.S.1
  • 55
    • 0028351522 scopus 로고
    • Effects of CDP-choline on cognition and cerebral hemodynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease
    • CaamaÒo J, GÛmez MJ, Franco A, Cacabelos R. Effects of CDP-choline on cognition and cerebral hemodynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1994;16:211-218.
    • (1994) Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol , vol.16 , pp. 211-218
    • CaamaÒo, J.1    Gûmez, M.J.2    Franco, A.3    Cacabelos, R.4
  • 56
    • 0033403796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Double-blind placebo-controlled study with citicoline in APOE genotyped Alzheimer's disease patients. Effects on cognitive performance, brain bioelectrical activity and cerebral perfusion
    • Alvarez XA, Mouzo R, Pichel V, et al. Double-blind placebo-controlled study with citicoline in APOE genotyped Alzheimer's disease patients. Effects on cognitive performance, brain bioelectrical activity and cerebral perfusion. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1999;21:633-644.
    • (1999) Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol , vol.21 , pp. 633-644
    • Alvarez, X.A.1    Mouzo, R.2    Pichel, V.3
  • 57
    • 0027364283 scopus 로고
    • Effect of CDP-choline on cognition and immune function in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia
    • Cacabelos R, Alvarez XA, Franco-Maside A, et al. Effect of CDP-choline on cognition and immune function in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993;695:321-323.
    • (1993) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.695 , pp. 321-323
    • Cacabelos, R.1    Alvarez, X.A.2    Franco-Maside, A.3
  • 58
    • 0037080364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacodynamics of citicoline relevant to the treatment of glaucoma
    • Grieb P, Rejdak R. Pharmacodynamics of citicoline relevant to the treatment of glaucoma. J Neurosci Res 2002;67:143-148.
    • (2002) J Neurosci Res , vol.67 , pp. 143-148
    • Grieb, P.1    Rejdak, R.2
  • 59
    • 0020042426 scopus 로고
    • Optic nerve damage in human glaucoma: III. Quantitative correlation of nerve fiber loss and visual field defect in glaucoma, ischemic neuropathy, papilledema, and toxic neuropathy
    • Quigley HA, Addicks EM, Green WR. Optic nerve damage in human glaucoma: III. Quantitative correlation of nerve fiber loss and visual field defect in glaucoma, ischemic neuropathy, papilledema, and toxic neuropathy. Arch Opthalmol 1982;100:135-146.
    • (1982) Arch Opthalmol , vol.100 , pp. 135-146
    • Quigley, H.A.1    Addicks, E.M.2    Green, W.R.3
  • 60
    • 0033497115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytidine-5′-diphosphocholine (citicoline) improves retinal and cortical responses in patients with glaucoma
    • Parisi V, Manni G, Colacino G, Bucci MG. Cytidine-5′ -diphosphocholine (citicoline) improves retinal and cortical responses in patients with glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1999;106:1126-1134.
    • (1999) Ophthalmology , vol.106 , pp. 1126-1134
    • Parisi, V.1    Manni, G.2    Colacino, G.3    Bucci, M.G.4
  • 61
    • 0036020395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Citicoline treatment increases retinal dopamine content in rabbits
    • Rejdak R, Toczolowski J, Solski J, et al. Citicoline treatment increases retinal dopamine content in rabbits. Ophthalmic Res 2002;34:146-149.
    • (2002) Ophthalmic Res , vol.34 , pp. 146-149
    • Rejdak, R.1    Toczolowski, J.2    Solski, J.3
  • 62
    • 0028940747 scopus 로고
    • Effect of citicoline on visual acuity in amblyopia: Preliminary results
    • Campos EC, Schiavi C, Benedetti P, et al. Effect of citicoline on visual acuity in amblyopia: preliminary results. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1995;233:307-312.
    • (1995) Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol , vol.233 , pp. 307-312
    • Campos, E.C.1    Schiavi, C.2    Benedetti, P.3
  • 63
    • 0031930923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytidine-5′-diphosphocholine improves visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and visually-evoked potentials of amblyopic subjects
    • Porciatti V, Schiavi C, Benedetti P, et al. Cytidine-5′ -diphosphocholine improves visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and visually-evoked potentials of amblyopic subjects. Curr Eye Res 1998;17:141-148.
    • (1998) Curr Eye Res , vol.17 , pp. 141-148
    • Porciatti, V.1    Schiavi, C.2    Benedetti, P.3
  • 64
    • 0020371462 scopus 로고
    • New strategies in the management of Parkinson's disease: A biological approach using a phospholipid precursor (CDP-choline)
    • Agnoli A, Ruggieri S, Denaro A, Bruno G. New strategies in the management of Parkinson's disease: a biological approach using a phospholipid precursor (CDP-choline). Neuropsychobiology 1982;8:289-296.
    • (1982) Neuropsychobiology , vol.8 , pp. 289-296
    • Agnoli, A.1    Ruggieri, S.2    Denaro, A.3    Bruno, G.4
  • 65
    • 0041743070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term citicoline (cytidine diphosphate choline) use in patients with vascular dementia: Neuroimaging and neuropsychological outcomes
    • Cohen RA, Browndyke JN, Moser DJ, et al. Long-term citicoline (cytidine diphosphate choline) use in patients with vascular dementia: neuroimaging and neuropsychological outcomes. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003;16:199-204.
    • (2003) Cerebrovasc Dis , vol.16 , pp. 199-204
    • Cohen, R.A.1    Browndyke, J.N.2    Moser, D.J.3
  • 67
    • 0020606883 scopus 로고
    • Study of subacute toxicity of CDP-choline after 30 days of oral administration to rats
    • Romero A, Grau T, Sacristan A, Ortiz JA. Study of subacute toxicity of CDP-choline after 30 days of oral administration to rats. Arzneimittelforschung 1983;33:1035-1038.
    • (1983) Arzneimittelforschung , vol.33 , pp. 1035-1038
    • Romero, A.1    Grau, T.2    Sacristan, A.3    Ortiz, J.A.4
  • 69
    • 0020606886 scopus 로고
    • CDP-choline: Repeated oral dose tolerance studies in adult healthy volunteers
    • Dinsdale JR, Griffiths GK, Castello J, et al. CDP-choline: repeated oral dose tolerance studies in adult healthy volunteers. Arzneimittelforschung 1983;33:1061-1065.
    • (1983) Arzneimittelforschung , vol.33 , pp. 1061-1065
    • Dinsdale, J.R.1    Griffiths, G.K.2    Castello, J.3
  • 70
    • 0020630071 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of oral CDP-choline. Drug surveillance study in 2817 cases
    • Lozano Fernandez R. Efficacy and safety of oral CDP-choline. Drug surveillance study in 2817 cases. Arzneimittelforschung 1983;33:1073-1080.
    • (1983) Arzneimittelforschung , vol.33 , pp. 1073-1080
    • Lozano Fernandez, R.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.