Determination of biological reference values for chlorpyrifos metabolites in human urine using a toxicokinetic approach

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 155-168

  Bouchard, Michèle ^a   Carrier, Gaétan ^a   Brunet, Robert C ^a   Bonvalot, Yvette ^a   Gosselin, Nathalie H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

3,5,6 Trichloro 2 pyridinol; Alkyl phosphates; Biological reference values; Biomarkers; Chlorpyrifos; Toxicokinetics

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CHLORPYRIFOS; PHOSPHATE; PYRIDINOL;

ARTICLE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME INHIBITION; EXPOSURE; HUMAN; MODEL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REFERENCE VALUE; SIMULATION; TOXICOKINETICS; URINARY EXCRETION; URINE;

ABSORPTION; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; CHLORPYRIFOS; ERYTHROCYTES; HERBICIDES; HUMANS; INSECTICIDES; MODELS, THEORETICAL; NO-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PYRIDONES; REFERENCE VALUES; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 15444379960     PISSN: 15459624     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15459620590922407     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Namba, T., C.T. Nolte, J.J. Jackrel, and D. Grob: Poisoning due to organophosphate insecticides. Am. J. Med. 50:475-492 (1971).
2. Huff, R.A., J.J. Corcoran, J.K. Anderson, and M.B. Abou-Donia: Chlorpyrifos oxon binds directly to muscarinic receptors and inhibits cAMP accumulation in rat striatum. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 269:329-335 (1994).
3. Sultatos, L.G.: Mammalian toxicology of organophosphorus pesticides. Invited review. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 43:271-289 (1994).
4. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH®): Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 7th Ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: ACGIH, 2002.
5. Dowling, K.C., and J.N. Seiber: Importance of respiratory exposure to pesticides among agricultural populations. Int. J. Toxicol. 21:371-381 (2002).
6. Fenske, R.A., and K.P Elkner: Multi-route exposure assessment and biological monitoring of urban pesticide applicators during structural control treatments with chlorpyrifos. Toxicol. Ind. Health 6:349-371 (1990).
7. Gil, F., and A. Pla: Biomarkers as biological indicators of xenobiotic exposure. J. Appl. Toxicol. 21:245-255 (2001).
8. Lauwerys, R., and P. Hoet: Industrial Chemical Exposure: Guidelines for Biological Monitoring. Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers, 2001.
9. Richter, E.D., P. Chuwers, and Y. Levy: Health effects from exposure to organophosphate pesticides in workers and residents in Israel. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 28:584-598 (1992).
10. 36Cl] o,o-diethyl o-3,5,6-trichloro-2- pyridyl phosphorothioate in rats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 15:132-138 (1967).
11. Bakke, J.E., V.J. Feil, and C.E. Price: Rat urinary metabolites from o,o-diethyl-o-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate. J. Environ. Sci. Health B 11:225-230 (1976).
12. Nolan, R.J., D.L. Rick, N.L. Freshour, and J.H. Saunders: Chlorpyrifos: Pharmacokinetics in human volunteers. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 73:8-15 (1984).
13. Griffin, P., H. Mason, K. Heywood, and J. Cocker: Oral and dermal absorption of chlorpyrifos: A human volunteer study. Occup. Environ. Med. 56:10-13 (1999).
14. Brzak, K.A.: A Rising Dose Toxicology Study to Determine the No-Observable-Effect-Levels (NOEL) for Erythrocyte Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Inhibition and Cholinergic Signs and Symptoms of Chlorpyrifos at Three Dose Levels-Part B (Report No. 981176). Midland, Mich.: Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, Dow Chemical Company, 2000.
15. Jitsunari, F., F. Asakawa, T. Nakajima, and J. Shimada: Determination of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyrinidol levels in the urine of termite control workers using chlorpyrifos. Acta Med. Okayama 43:299-306 (1989).
16. Cocker, J., H.J. Mason, S.J. Garfitt, and K. Jones: Biological monitoring of exposure to organophosphate pesticides. Toxicol. Lett. 134:97-103 (2002).
17. Carrier, G., and R.C. Brunet: A toxicokinetic model to assess the risk of azinphosmethyl exposure in humans through measures of urinary elimination of alkylphosphates. Toxicol. Sci. 47:23-32 (1999).
18. Bouchard, M., N.H. Gosselin, R.C. Brunet, O. Samuel, M.J. Dumoulin, and G. Carrier: A toxicokinetic model of malathion and its metabolites as a tool to assess human exposure and risk through measurements of urinary biomarkers. Toxicol. Sci. 73:182-194 (2003).
19. Gosselin, N.H., M. Bouchard, R.C. Brunet, M.J. Dumoulin, and G. Carrier: Toxicokinetic modeling of parathion and its metabolites in humans for the determination of biological reference values. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 15:33-52 (2005).
20. Sultatos, L.G., and S.D. Murphy: Kinetic analyses of the microsomal biotransformation of the phosphorothioate insecticides chlorpyrifos and parathion. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 3:16-21 (1983).
21. Sultatos, L.G., L.D. Minor, and S.D. Murphy: Metabolic activation of phosphorothioate pesticides: Role of the liver. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 232:624-628 (1985).
22. Ma, T., and J.E. Chambers: Kinetic parameters of desulfuration and dearylation of parathion and chlorpyrifos by rat liver microsomes. Food Chem. Toxicol. 32:763-767 (1994).
23. Brzak, K.A., D.W. Harms, M.J. Bartels, and R.J. Nolan: Determination of chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos oxon, and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in rat and human blood. J. Anal. Toxicol. 22:203-210 (1998).
24. Drevenkar, V., Z. Vasilic, B. Stengl, Z. Fröbe, and V. Rumenjak: Chlorpyrifos metabolites in serum and urine of poisoned persons. Chem. Biol. Interact. 87:315-322 (1993).
25. Brown, R.P., M.D. Delp, S.L. Lindstedt, L.R. Rhomberg, and R.P. Beliles: Physiological parameter values for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. Toxicol. Ind. Health 13:407-484 (1997).
26. Seeman, P., and Kalant, H.: Drug solubility, absorption, and movement across body membranes. In Principles of Medical Pharmacology, 6th Ed. H. Kalant and W.H.E. Roschlau (eds.). B.C. Burlington, Ontario: Decker, 1997. pp. 9-25.
27. Chen, W.L., J.J. Sheets, R.J. Nolan, and J.L. Mattsson: Human red blood cell acetylcholinesterase inhibition as the appropriate and conservative surrogate endpoint for establishing chlorpyrifos reference dose. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 29:15-22 (1999).
28. Carlock, L.L., W.L. Chen, E.B. Gordon, et al.: Regulating and assessing risks of cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides: Divergent approaches and interpretations. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev. 2:105-160 (1999).
29. Coulston, F., L. Golberg, and T. Griffin: Safety Evaluation of Dowco 179 in Human Volunteers (Accession No. 112118). Albany, N.Y.: Institute of Experimental Pathology and Toxicology, Albany Medical College, 1972.
30. Mattsson, J.J., L. Holden, D.L. Eisenbrandt, and J.E. Gibson: Reanalysis with optimized power of red blood cell acetylcholinesterase activity from a 1-year dietary treatment of dogs to chlorpyrifos. Toxicology 160:155-164 (2001).
31. McCollister, S.B., R.J. Kociba, C.G. Humiston, D.D. McCollister, and P.J. Gehring: Studies of the acute and long-term oral toxicity of chlorpyrifos (o,o-diethyl o-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate). Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 12:45-61 (1974).
32. Bronaugh, R.L., and H.I. Maibach: Percutaneous Absorption, Drugs-Cosmetics-Mechanisms-Methodology, 3rd Ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1999.
33. Timchalk, C., R.J. Nolan, A.L. Mendrala, D.A. Dittenber, K.A. Brzak, and J.L. Mattsson: A physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model for the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos in rats and humans. Toxicol. Sci. 66:34-53 (2002).
34. Mortensen, S.R., S.M. Chanda, M.J. Hooper, and S. Padilla: Maturational differences in chlorpyrifos-oxonase activity may contribute to age-related sensitivity to chlorpyrifos. J. Biochem. Toxicol. 11:279-287 (1996).
35. Sultatos, L.G., M. Shao, and S.D. Murphy: The role of hepatic biotransformation in mediating the acute toxicity of the phosphorothionate insecticide chlorpyrifos. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 73:60-68 (1984).
36. Poulin, P., and K. Krishnan: An algorithm for predicting tissue: Blood partition coefficients of organic chemicals from n-octanol: Water partition coefficient data. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 46:117-129 (1995).
37. Curtis, G., and M. Fogel: Creatinine excretion: Diurnal variation and variability of whole and part-day measures. Psychosom. Med. 32:337-350 (1970).
38. Greenblatt, D.J., B.J. Ransil, J.S. Harmatz, T.W. Smith, D.W. Duhme, and J. Kosh-Weser: Variability of 24-hour urinary creatinine excretion by normal subjects. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 16:321-328 (1976).
39. Alessio, L., A. Berlin, A. Dell'Orto, F. Toffoletto, and I. Ghezzi: Reliability of urinary creatinine as a parameter used to adjust values of urinary bio logical indicators. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 55:99-106 (1985).
40. Boeniger, M.F., L.K. Lowry, and J. Rosenberg: Interpretation of urine results used to assess chemical exposure with emphasis on creatinine adjustments: A review. Ant. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 54:615-627 (1993).
41. Middendorf, P., C. Timchalk, B. Kropscott, and D. Rick: Forest worker exposure to Garlon™ 4 herbicide. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 9:589-594 (1994).
42. Saieva, C., C. Aprea, R. Tumino, et al.: Twenty-four-hour urinary excretion of ten pesticide metabolites in healthy adults in two different areas of Italy (Florence and Ragusa). Sci. Total Environ. 332:71-80 (2004).
43. Samuel, O., L. St-Laurent, P. Dumas, E. Langlois, and G. Gingras: Pesticides en Milieu Serricole-Caractérisation de l'Exposition des Travailleurs et Évaluation des Délais de Réentrée (Report No. R315). Québec, Canada: Institut de Recherche en Santé et Sécurité au Travail (IRSST), 2002.
44. Gibson, J.E., W.L. Chen, and R.K.D. Peterson: How to determine if an additional 10x safety factor is needed for chemicals: A case study with chlorpyrifos. Toxicol. Sci. 48:117-122 (1999).
45. Van Gemert, M., M. Dourson, and A. Moretta: Use of human data for the derivation of a reference dose for chlorpyrifos. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 33:110-116 (2001).
46. Nordstrandt, A.C., S. Padilla, and V.C. Moser: The relationship of oral chlorpyrifos effects on behavior, cholinesterase inhibition and muscarinic receptor density in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 58:15-23 (1997).