Molecular recognition of trigonal oxyanions using a ditopic salt receptor: Evidence for anisotropic shielding surface around nitrate anion

Journal of the American Chemical Society

Volumn 127, Issue 9, 2005, Pages 2922-2928

  Mahoney, Joseph M ^a   Stucker, Kenneth A ^a   Jiang, Hua ^a   Carmichael, Ian ^b   Brinkmann, Nicole R ^b   Beatty, Alicia M ^a   Noll, Bruce C ^a   Smith, Bradley D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANISOTROPY; COORDINATION REACTIONS; ETHERS; HYDROGEN BONDS; NEGATIVE IONS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; POSITIVE IONS; SALTS; SOLUTIONS; WATER; X RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY;

ANION AND CATION BINDING; CHLOROFORM SOLUTION; MACROBICYCLIC RECEPTOR; TRIGONAL OXYANIONS;

PROTEINS;

ACETIC ACID; AMINE; ANION; CROWN ETHER; HYDROGEN; LITHIUM DERIVATIVE; LITHIUM NITRATE; METAL ION; NITRATE; OXYGEN; POTASSIUM DERIVATIVE; POTASSIUM NITRATE; RECEPTOR; SODIUM DERIVATIVE; SODIUM NITRATE; SODIUM NITRITE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANISOTROPY; ARTICLE; CALCULATION; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; COMPLEX FORMATION; DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY; HYDROGEN BOND; MOLECULAR RECOGNITION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; SOLID STATE; X RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY;

EID: 14844325699     PISSN: 00027863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ja0440295     Document Type: Article

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16. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
17. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
18. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
19. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
20. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
21. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
22. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
23. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
24. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
25. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
26. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
27. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
28. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
29. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
30. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
31. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
32. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
33. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
34. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
35. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
36. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T.
37. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
38. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
39. For reviews that discuss ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (a) Gale, P. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240, 191-221. (b) Gale, P. A.; Beer, P. D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516. (c) Kirkovits, G.; Shriver, J. A.; Gale, P. A.; Sessler, J. L. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2001, 41, 69-75. For recent papers on ditopic salt-binding receptors, see: (d) Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. W.; Li, L.; Chen, Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 1542-1548. (e) Turner, D. R.; Spencer, E. C.; Howard, J. A. K.; Tocher, D. A.; Steed, J. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1352-1353. (f) Plieger, P. G.; Tasker, P. A.; Galbraith, S. G. Dalton Trans. 2004, 313-318. (g) Pajewski, R.; Ferdani, R.; Schlesinger, P. H.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun. 2004, 160-161. (h) Webber, P. R. A.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 2249-2252. (i) Tongraung, P.; Chantarasiri, N.; Tuntulani, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 29-32. (j) de Silva, A. P.; McClean, G. D.; Pagliari, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2010-2011. (k) Miyaji, H.; Collinson, S. R.; Prokes, I.; Tucker, J. H. R. Chem. Commun. 2003, 64-65. (l) Mansikkamaki, H.; Nissinen, M.; Schlley, C. A.; Rissanen, K. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 88-97. (m) Vivas-Reyes, R.; De Proft, F.; Biesemans, M.; Willem, R.; Geerlings, P. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 1315-1324. (n) Tozawa, T.; Tachikawa, T.; Tokita, S.; Kubo, Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 221-223. (o) Cametti, M.; Nissinen, M.; Cort, A. D.; Mandolini, L.; Rissanen, K. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2420-2421. (p) Glenny, M. W.; Blake, A. J.; Wilson, C.; Schroder, M. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1941-1951. (q) Akkus, N.; Campbell, J. C.; Davidson, J.; Henderson, D. K.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Pleiger, P. G.; Swart, R. M.; Tasker, P. A.; West, L. C. Dalton Trans. 2003, 1932-1940. (r) Coxall, R. A.; Lindoy, L. F.; Miller, H. A.; Parkin, A.; Parsons, S.; Tasker, P. A.; White, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2003, 55-64. (s) Evans, A. J.; Beer, P. D. Dalton Trans. 2003, 4451-4456. (t) Bourgeois, J.; Fujita, M.; Kawano, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9260-9261. (u) Oh, J. M.; Cho, E. J.; Ryu, B. J.; Lee, Y. J.; Nam, K. C. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1538-1540. (v) Kotch, F. W.; Sidorov, V.; Lam, Y. F.; Kayser, K. J.; Li, H.; Kaucher, M. S.; Davis, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15140-15150. (w) Camiolo, S.; Coles, S. J.; Gale, P. A.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Tizzard, G. J. Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 231-234. (x) Albrecht, M.; Zauner, J.; Eisele, T.; Weis, P. Synthesis 2003, 7, 1105-1111. (y) Tumcharern, G.; Tuntulani, T.; Coles, S. J.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Kilburn, J. D. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4971-4974. (z) Atwood, J. L.; Szumna, A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 940-941.
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