Shifting geographies of social inclusion and exclusion: Secondary education in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa

African Affairs

Volumn 104, Issue 414, 2005, Pages 69-96

  Lemon, Anthony ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SECONDARY EDUCATION; SOCIAL EXCLUSION;

AFRICA; EASTERN HEMISPHERE; KWAZULU-NATAL; PIETERMARITZBURG; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; WORLD;

EID: 14844323608     PISSN: 00019909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/afraf/adi002     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. H. Adam and K. Moodley, The Negotiated Revolution: Society and politics in post-apartheid South Africa (Jonathan Ball, Johannesburg, 1993).
2. M. Fullan, Change Forces: Probing the depths of educational reform (Falmer Press, London, 1993).
3. R. Subrahmanian, 'Introduction: exploring processes of marginalisation and inclusion in education', in R. Subrahmanian, R. Sayed, Y. Balagopalan and C. Soudien (eds), 'Education inclusion and exclusion: Indian and South African perspectives', IDS Bulletin 34, 1 (2003), pp. 1-8.
4. A. Lemon, 'Shifting inequalities in South Africa's schools: some evidence from the Western Cape', South African Geographical Journal 81, 2 (1999), pp. 96-105.
5. A. Lemon, 'Redressing school inequalities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa', Journal of Southern African Studies 30 (2004), forthcoming.
6. See P. Kallaway, G. Kruss, A. Fataar and G. Donn (eds), Education after Apartheid: South African education in transition (University of Cape Town Press, Cape Town, 1997);
7. K. Hartshorne, The Making of Education Policy in South Africa (Oxford University Press, Cape Town, 1999);
8. M. J. Kahn, 'Five years gone: a case study of educational policy implementation in the transition to democracy in South Africa', International Journal of Educational Development 16, 3 (1996), pp. 281-9;
9. S. Pendlebury and P. Enslin, 'Transforming education in South Africa', Cambridge Journal of Education 28, 3 (1999), pp. 261-8;
10. Y. Sayed and J. Jansen (eds), Implementing Education Policies: The South African experience (University of Cape Town Press, Cape Town, 2001).
11. L. Chisholm and B. Fuller, 'Remember people's education? Shifting alliances, statebuilding and South Africa's narrowing policy agenda', Journal of Education Policy 11, 6 (1996), p. 693.
12. See J. Jansen, 'Rethinking education policy-making in South Africa: symbols of change, signals of conflict', in A. Kraak and M.Young (eds), Education in Retrospect. Policy implementation since 1990 (Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria in association with the Institute of Education, University of London, 2001), pp. 41-57;
13. and J. Jansen, 'Political symbolism as policy craft: explaining non-reform in South African education after apartheid', Journal of Education Policy 17, 2 (2002), pp. 199-215.
14. Ibid., pp. 208-10.
15. Government of South Africa, Budget Review (National Treasury, Pretoria, 2003).
16. K. Nicolaou, 'Macroeconomic policies, education policies and the budget' in E. Motala and J. Pampalis (eds), The State, Education and Equity in Post-Apartheid South Africa (Ashgate, Aldershot, 2002), pp. 53-104.
17. Ibid., p. 101.
18. R. Govinda, 'Making basic education work for the poor: experiences from the South', in Subrahmanian et al., Education Inclusion and Exclusion pp. 81-9.
19. R. Wade, Governing the Market: Economic theory and the role of government in East Asian industrialisation (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1990).
20. A. Sen, Development as Freedom (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1999), cited by Govinda, 'Making basic education work'.
21. S. Oldfield, 'The South African state in transition: a question of form, function and fragmentation', in Motala and Pampalis, The State, Education and Equity, pp. 32-52.
22. Nicolaou, 'Macroeconomic policies'.
23. Government of South Africa, 'National norms and standards for school funding', Notice 2362 of Government Gazette 399 (no. 19281), 25 September 1998.
24. These provisions were heavily criticized at the time by the Democratic Party, the National Education Co-ordinating Committee and the ANC Youth League, among others: see A. Lemon, 'Desegregation and privatisation in white South African schools: 1990-1992', Journal of Contemporary African Studies 12, 2 (1994), pp. 200-21.
25. J. Karlsson, G. McPherson and J. Pampallis, 'A critical examination of the development of school governance policy and its implications for achieving equity', in Motala and Pampallis, The State, Education and Equity, p. 161.
26. L. Tikky, 'Govermnentality and the study of education policy in South Africa', Journal of Education Policy 18, 2 (2003), p. 169.
27. S. Vally, 'School fees: time for a review', Indicator South Africa 19, 2 (2002), pp. 77-9.
28. UNDP, Human Development Report 2000. South Africa (United Nations Development Programme, 2002). The HDI is a composite measure based on income, level of educational attainment and life expectancy.
29. Official statistics continue to use the population groups recognized during apartheid, in order to monitor progress in moving away from past discrimination. However, membership of a population group is now based on self-perception and self-classification, not a legal definition. The ongoing significance of these categories in post-apartheid South Africa makes their use here essential.
30. D. N. W. Ngcobo (Director of Educational Support Services, Pietermaritzburg Regional Office), interview, 20 August 2002.
31. Education Foundation, Statistical - learners. Accessed on 22 July 2003 at www. edufound.org.za/Statistical_Learners.htm
32. Students may choose to offer subjects in the Senior Certificate Examination at either the higher or standard grade.
33. Improved matric pass rate welcomed', Mail and Guardian, Johannesburg, 28 December 2002.
34. Information supplied to provincial education departments by the Department of Education and Schools, 2003.
35. T. M. Wills, 'Pietermaritzburg'in A. Lemon (ed.), Homes Apart: South Africa's segregated cities (Paul Chapman, London, 1991), pp. 90-103.
36. L. Wood, 'Residential real estate transfers in Pietermaritzburg-Msunduzi, South Africa', Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 91, 3 (2000), pp. 263-77.
37. These data may be viewed for all districts in Pietermaritzburg using the Municipal Demarcation Board website: see www.demarcation.org.za. Information at this scale from the 2001 Census was not yet available.
38. G. Hart, 'On grey areas', South African Geographical Journal 71 2 (1989) pp. 81-8.
39. Lemon, 'Shifting inequalities'.
40. Karlsson, McPherson and Pampallis, 'A critical examination', pp. 139-77. 36.
41. C. Soudien and Y. Sayed, 'Integrating South African schools: some preliminary findings' in Subrahmanian et al., Education Inclusion and Exclusion, pp. 29-42.
42. Nicolaou, 'Macroeconomic policies'.
43. Oldfield, 'The South African state in transition'.
44. N. Mahomed, 'Transforming education and training in the post-apartheid period: revisiting the education, training and labour market axis', in Motala and Pampallis, The State, Education and Equity, pp. 105-38.
45. Adam, H. and Moodley, K. The Negotiated Revolution: Society and politics in Post-apartheid South Aftica (Jonathan Ball, Johannesburg and University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1993).
46. Chisholm, L. and Fuller, B. 'Remember people's education? Shifting alliances, state-building and South Africa's narrowing policy agenda', Journal of Education Policy 11, 6 (1996), pp. 693-716.
47. Fullan, M. Change Forces: Probing the depths of educational reform (Falmer Press, London,1993).
48. Govinda, R. 'Making basic education work for the poor: experiences from the South'. In R. Subrahmanian, Y. Sayed, S. Balagopalan and C. Soudien (eds), Education inclusion and exclusion: Indian and South African perspectives, IDS Bulletin 34, 1 (2003), pp. 81-9.
49. Hart, G. 'On grey areas'. South African Geographical Journal 71 2 (1989), pp. 81-8.
50. Hartshorne, K. The making of education policy in South Africa (Oxford University Press, Cape Town, 1999).
51. Jansen, J. 'Rethinking education policy-making in South Africa: symbols of change, signals of conflict'. In A. Kraak and M. Young (eds), Education in retrospect: policy implementation since 1990 (Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria in association with the Institute of Education, University of London, 2001), pp. 41-57.
52. Jansen, J. 'Political symbolism as policy craft: explaining non-reform in South African education after apartheid'. Journal of Education Policy 17, 2 (2002), pp. 199-215.
53. Kahn, M. J. 'Five years gone: a case study of educational policy implementation in the transition to democracy in South Africa'. International Journal of Educational Development 16, 3 (1996), pp. 281-9.
54. Kallaway, P., Kruss, G., Fataar, A. and Donn, G. (eds). Education after Apartheid: South African Education in Transition, (University of Cape Town Press, Cape Town, 1997).
55. Karlsson, J., G. McPherson and J. Pampallis. 'A critical examination of the development of school governance policy and its implications for achieving equity'. In E. Motala and J. Pampallis (eds), The state, education and equity in post-apartheid South Africa (Ashgate, Aldershot, 2002) pp. 139-77.
56. Lemon, A. 'Desegregation and privatisation in white South African schools: 1990-1992'. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 12 , 2 (1994), pp. 200-221.
57. Lemon, A. 'Shifting inequalities in South Africa's schools: some evidence from the Western Cape'. South African Geographical Journal 81, 2 (1999), pp.96-105.
58. Lemon, A. 'Redressing school inequalities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa'. Journal of Southern African Studies 30, 2 (2004), pp. 269-90.
59. Mahomed, N. 'Transforming education and training in the post-apartheid period: revisiting the education, training and labour market axis'. In Motala, E. and J. Pampallis (eds). The state, education and equity in post-apartheid South Africa (Ashgate, Aldershot, 2002), pp. 105-38.
60. Nicolaou, K. 'Macroeconomic policies, education policies and the budget'. In Motala, E. and J. Pampalis (eds) The State, Education and Equity in Post-apartheid South Africa (Ashgate, Aldershot, 2002) pp. 53-104.
61. Oldfield, S. 'The South African state in transition: a question of form, function and fragmentation'. In Motala, E. and J. Pampalis (eds) The State, Education and Equity in Post-apartheid South Africa (Ashgate, Aldershot, 2002), pp. 32-52.
62. Pendlebury, S. and P. Enslin. 'Transforming education in South Africa'. Cambridge Journal of Education 28, 3 (1999), pp. 261-8.
63. Sayed, Y. and Jansen, J. (eds) Implementing Education Policies: the South African Experience (University of Cape Town Press, Cape Town, 2001).
64. Sen, A. Development as Freedom (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1990).
65. Soudien, C. and Y. Sayed. 'Integrating South African schools: some preliminary findings'. In R. Subrahmanian, Y. Sayed, S. Balgopalan and C. Soudien C (eds), Education Inclusion and Exclusion: Indian and South African Perspectives, IDS Bulletin 34, 1 (2003), pp. 29-42.
66. Subrahmanian, R. 'Introduction: exploring processes of marginalisation and inclusion in education'. In R. Subrahmanian, R. Sayed, Y. Balagopalan and C. Soudien (eds), Education Inclusion and Exclusion: Indian and South African perspectives, IDS Bulletin 34, 1 (2003), pp. 1-8.
67. Tikky, L. 'Governmentality and the study of education policy in South Africa'. Journal of Education Policy 18, 2 (2003), pp. 1611-74.
68. UNDP. Human Development Report 2000: South Africa (United Nations Development Programme, New York, 2002).
69. Vally, S. 'School fees: time for a review'. Indicator South Africa 19, 2 (2002), pp. 77-9.
70. Wade, R. Governing the market. economic theory and the role of government in East Asian industrialisation (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1990).
71. Wills, T. M.'Pietermaritzburg'. In A. Lemon (ed.), Homes Apart: South Africa's segregated cities (Paul Chapman, London, 1991) pp. 90-103.
72. Wood,L. 'Residential real estate transfers in Pietermaritzburg-Msunduzi, South Africa'. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 91, 3 (2000), pp. 263-77.