Reliable polarization control of VCSELs through monolithically integrated surface gratings: A comparative theoretical and experimental study

IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 107-116

  Debernardi, Pierluigi ^a   Ostermann, Johannes Michael ^b   Feneberg, Martin ^b   Jalics, Christof ^b   Michalzik, Rainer ^b  

^a POLITECNICO DI TORINO   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ULM   (Germany)

Author keywords

Polarization control; Semiconductor laser modeling; Surface grating; Vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL)

Indexed keywords

ARRAYS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; COMPUTER SOFTWARE; DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES; DIFFRACTION GRATINGS; EIGENVALUES AND EIGENFUNCTIONS; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; ELECTROMAGNETISM; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; MAXWELL EQUATIONS; PARAMETER ESTIMATION; POLARIZATION;

POLARIZATION CONTROL; SEMICONDUCTOR LASER MODELING; SURFACE GRATING; VERTICAL CAVITY SURFACE-EMITTING LASERS (VCSEL);

SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS;

EID: 14544306132     PISSN: 1077260X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2004.841712     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. M. Shimizu, F. Koyama, and K. Iga, "Polarization characteristics of MOCVD grown GaAs/GaAlAs CBH surface emitting lasers," Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 27, pp. 1774-1775, 1988.
2. C. Chang-Hasnain, J. Harbison, L. Florez, and N. Stoffel, "Polarization characteristics of quantum well vertical cavity surface emitting lasers," Electron. Lett., vol. 27, pp. 163-165, 1991.
3. D. Kuksenkov, H. Temkin, and S. Swirhun, "Polarization instability and relative intensity noise in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 67, pp. 2141-2143, 1995.
4. M. S. Miguel, Q. Feng, and J. V. Moloney, "Light-polarization dynamics in surface-emitting semiconductor lasers," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 52, pp. 1728-1739, 1995.
5. A. Valle, K. A. Shore, and L. Pesquera, "Polarization selection in bire-fringent vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers," J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 2062-2068, Sep. 1996.
6. T. Erneux, J. Danckaert, K. Panajotov, and I. Veretennicoff, "Two-variable reduction of the San Miguel-Feng-Moloney model for vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 59, pp. 4660-4667, 1999.
7. K. Panajotov, B. Nagler, G. Verschaffelt, A. Georgievski, H. Thienpont, J. Danckaert, and I. Veretennicoff, "Impact of in-plane anistropic strain on the polarization behavior of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 77, pp. 1590-1592, 2000.
8. T. Ackemann and M. Sondermann, "Characteristics of polarization switching from the low to the high frequency mode in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 78, pp. 3574-3576, 2001.
9. G. Verschaffelt, K. Panajotov, J. Albert, B. Nagler, M. Peeters, J. Danckaert, I. Veretennicoff, and H. Thienpont, "Polarization switching in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers: from experimental observations to applications," Opto-Electron. Rev., vol. 9, pp. 257-268, 2001.
10. M. P. van Exter, A. K. J. van Doom, and J. P. Woerdman, "Electro-optic effect and birefringence in semiconductor vertical-cavity lasers," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 56, pp. 845-853, 1997.
11. D. Wiedenmann, P. Schnitzer, C. Jung, M. Grabherr, R. Jäger, R. Michalzik, and K. J. Ebeling, "Noise characteristics of 850 nm single-mode vertical cavity surface emitting lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 73, pp. 717-719, 1998.
12. G. Giacomelli, F. Marin, M. Babrysch, K. Gulden, and M. Moser, "Polarization competition and noise properties of VCSELs," Opt. Commun., vol. 146, pp. 136-140, 1998.
13. C. I. Wilkinson, J. Woodhead, J. E. F. Frost, J. S. Roberts, R. Wilson, and M. F. Lewis, "Electrical polarization control of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers using polarized feedback and a liquid crystal," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 155-157, Feb. 1999.
14. N. Nishiyama, A. Mizutani, N. Hatori, M. Aral, F. Koyama, and K. Iga, "Lasing characteristics of InGaAs-GaAs polarization controlled vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser grown on GaAs (311)B substrate," IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 530-536, May/Jun. 1999.
15. L. J. Sargent, J. M. Rorison, M. Kuball, R. V. Penty, I. H. White, S. W. Corzine, M. R. T. Tan, S. Y. Wang, and P. J. Heard, "Investigation of polarization-pinning mechanism in deep-line-etched vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 76, pp. 400-402, 2000.
16. K. Tastavridis, K. A. Williams, L. J. Sargent, P. J. Heard, J. M. Rorison, R. V. Penty, and I. H. White, "Polarization pinning in VCSEL array," Proc. SPIE, vol. 3946, pp. 78-85, 2000.
17. K. D. Choquette and R. E. Leibenguth, "Control of vertical-cavity laser polarization with anisotropic transverse cavity geometries," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 40-42, Jan. 1994.
18. B. Weigl, M. Grabherr, C. Jung, R. Jäger, G. Reiner, R. Michalzik, D. Sowada, and K. J. Ebeling, "High-performance oxide-confined GaAs VCSEL's," IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 409-415, Apr. 1997.
19. H. J. Unold, M. C. Riedl, R. Michalzik, and K. J. Ebeling, "Polarization control in VCSEL's by elliptic surface etching," Electron. Lett., vol. 38, pp. 77-78, 2002.
20. P. Debernardi, H. J. Unold, J. Maehnss, R. Michalzik, G. P. Bava, and K. J. Ebeling, "Single mode, single polarization VCSEL's via elliptical surface etching: experiments and theory," IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 1394-1405, Sep./Oct. 2003.
21. D. S. Song, Y.-J. Lee, H.-W. Choi, and Y.-H. Lee, "Polarization- controlled, single-transverse-mode, photonic-crystal, vertical-cavity, surface-emitting lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 82, pp. 3182-3184, 2003.
22. C.-A. Berseth, B. Dwir, I. Utke, H. Pier, A. Rudra, V. P. Iakovlev, E. Kapon, and M. Moser, "Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers incorporating structured mirrors patterned by electron-beam lithography," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, vol. 17, pp. 3222-3224, 1999.
23. T. Mukaihara, N. Ohnoki, Y. Hayashi, N. Hatori, F. Koyama, and K. Iga, "Polarization control of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers using a birefringent metal/dielectric polarizer loaded on top of distributed Bragg reflector," IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 667-673, Jun. 1995.
24. J.-H. Ser, Y.-G. Ju, J.-H. Shin, and Y. H. Lee, "Polarization stabilization of vertical-cavity top-surface-emitting lasers by inscription of fine metal-interlaced gratings," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 66, pp. 2769-2771, 1995.
25. G. P. Bava, P. Debernardi, and L. Fratta, "Three-dimensional model for vectorial fields in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 63, pp. 023 816-1-023 816-13, 2001.
26. P. Debernardi and G. P. Bava, "Coupled mode theory: a powerful tool for analyzing complex VCSEL's and designing advanced device features," IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 905-917, May/Jun. 2003.
27. P. Debernardi, G. Bava, C. Degen, I. Fischer, and W. Elsäßer, "Influence of anisotropies on transverse modes in oxide-confined VCSELs," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 73-84, Jan. 2002.
28. S. Goeman, S. Boons, B. Dhoedt, K. Vandeputte, K. Caekebeke, P. Van Daele, and R. Baets, "First demonstration of highly reflective and highly polarization selective diffraction gratings (GIRO-gratings) for long-wavelength VCSEL's," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 1205-1207, Sep. 1998.
29. J. M. Ostermann, P. Debernardi, C. Jalics, A. Kroner, M. Feneberg, M. C. Riedl, and R. Michalzik, "Monolithic polarization control of multimode VCSEL's by a dielectric surface grating," Proc. SPIE, vol. 5364, pp. 201-212, 2004.
30. R. Michalzik, J. M. Ostermann, P. Debernardi, C. Jalics, A. Kroner, M. Feneberg, and M. C. Riedl, "Polarization-controlled monolithic oxide confined VCSELs," Proc. SPIE, vol. 5453, pp. 182-196, 2004.
31. L. Fratta, P. Debernardi, G. P. Bava, C. Degen, J. Kaiser, I. Fischer, and W. Elsäßer, "Spatially inhomogeneously polarized transverse modes in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 64, pp. 1-4, 2001.
32. J. M. Ostermann, P. Debernardi, C. Jalics, A. Kroner, M. C. Riedl, and R. Michalzik, "Surface gratings for polarization control of single- and multi-mode oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers," Opt. Commun., to be published.
33. P. Debernardi, G. P. Bava, F. Monti di Sopra, and M. B. Willemsen, "Features of vectorial modes in phase-coupled VCSEL arrays: experiments and theory," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 109-119, Jan. 2003.