Focal treatment for refractory epilepsy: Hope for the future?

Brain Research Reviews

Volumn 44, Issue 2-3, 2004, Pages 141-153

  Nilsen, Karen E ^a   Cock, Hannah R ^a  

^a ST GEORGE'S UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Animal models; Antiepileptic drugs; Disorders of the nervous system; Epilepsy; Focal application; Neuronal grafts; Treatment

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID A RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID A RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ADENOSINE; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; DIAZEPAM; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; LIDOCAINE; MUSCIMOL; NORADRENALIN; PHENYTOIN; PICROTOXIN; SAPORIN; SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; THYROTROPIN; VIGABATRIN;

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RELEASE; AUDIOGENIC SEIZURE; BRAIN CORTEX; CARDIOTOXICITY; CELL SURVIVAL; CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG RELEASE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; ELECTROSTIMULATION; EPILEPSY; EPILEPTOGENESIS; EVALUATION; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; INFERIOR COLLICULUS; LITERATURE; LOCUS CERULEUS; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PYRIFORM CORTEX; REVIEW; SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEM; SIDE EFFECT; STEM CELL; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA;

ANIMALS; ANTICONVULSANTS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; EPILEPSY; HUMANS;

EID: 1442323738     PISSN: 01650173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2003.11.003     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Allison C., Pratt J.A. Neuroadaptive processes in GABAergic and glutamatergic systems in benzodiazepine dependence. Pharmacol. Ther. 98:2003;171-195.
2. Attwell P.J.E., Koumentaki A., Croucher M.J., Bradford H.F. Specific group II metabotropic glutamate receptor activation inhibits the development of kindled epilepsy in rats. Brain Res. 787:1998;286-291.
3. Barry D.I., Kikvadze I., Brundin P., Bolwig T.G., Bjorklund A., Lindvall O. Grafted noradrenergic neurons suppress seizure development in kindling-induced epilepsy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 84:1987;8712-8715.
4. Bengzon J., Kokaia M., Brundin P., Lindvall O. Seizure suppression in kindling epilepsy by intrahippocampal locus coeruleus grafts: evidence for an alpha-2-adrenoreceptor mediated mechanism. Exp. Brain Res. 81:1990;433-437.
5. Bengzon J., Brundin P., Kalen P., Kokaia M., Lindvall O. Host regulation of noradrenaline release from grafts of seizure-suppressant locus coeruleus neurons. Exp. Neurol. 111:1991;49-54.
6. Bengzon J., Kokaia Z., Lindvall O. Specific functions of grafted locus coeruleus neurons in the kindling model of epilepsy. Exp. Neurol. 122:1993;143-154.
7. Berkovic S.F., Scheffer I.E. Genetics of the epilepsies. Epilepsia. 42:2001;16-23.
8. Bertram E.H., Williamson J.M., Cornett J.F., Spradlin S., Chen Z.F. Design and construction of a long-term continuous video-EEG monitoring unit for simultaneous recording of multiple small animals. Brain Res. Protoc. 2:1997;85-97.
9. Bialer M., Johannessen S.I., Kupferberg H.J., Levy R.H., Loiseau P., Perucca E. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: a summary of the fourth Eilat conference (EILAT IV). Epilepsy Res. 34:1999;1-41.
10. Bloom F.E. Catecholaminergic brain stem regulatory systems. Bjorklund B.A., Lindvall O. Handbook of Physiology: The Nervous System IV, Intrinsic regulatory systems in the brain. 1986;155-235 American Physiological Society, Bethesda.
11. Boison D., Scheurer L., Tseng J.L., Aebischer P., Mohler H. Seizure suppression in kindled rats by intraventricular grafting of an adenosine releasing synthetic polymer. Exp. Neurol. 160:1999;164-174.
12. Bonhaus D.W., Walters J.R., McNamara J.O. Activation of substantia nigra neurons: role in the propagation of seizures in kindled rats. J. Neurosci. 6:1986;3024-3030.
13. Bortolotto Z.A., Calderazzo L., Cavalheiro E.A. Some evidence that intrahippocampal grafting of noradrenergic neurons suppresses spontaneous seizures in epileptic rats. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 23:1990;1267-1269.
14. Bragin A., Takacs J., Vinogradova O., Gogelia K., Hamori J. Age-related loss of GABA-positive and GABA-negative neurons in neocortical transplants. J. Neural Transpl. Plast. 4:1993;53-59.
15. Brailowsky S., Silva B.C., Menini C., Riche D., Naquet R. Effects of localized, chronic GABA infusions into different cortical areas of the photosensitive baboon, Papio papio. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 72:1989;147-156.
16. Browning R.A., Lanker M.L., Faingold C.L. Injections of noradrenergic and GABAergic agonists into the inferior colliculus: effects on audiogenic seizures in genetically epilepsy-prone rats. Epilepsy Res. 4:1989;119-125.
17. Buterbaugh G.G. Effect of drugs modifying central serotonergic function on the response extensor and nonextensor rats to maximal shock. Life Sci. 23:1978;2393-2404.
18. Buzsaki G., Ponomareff G., Bayardo F., Shaw T., Gage F.H. Suppression and induction of epileptic activity by neuronal grafts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 85:1988;9327-9330.
19. Buzsaki G., Bayardo F., Miles R., Wong R.K., Gage F.H. The grafted hippocampus: an epileptic focus. Exp. Neurol. 105:1989;10-22.
20. Buzsaki G., Masliah E., Chen L.S., Horvath Z., Terry R., Gage F.H. Hippocampal grafts into the intact brain induce epileptic patterns. Brain Res. 554:1991;30-37.
21. Callagan D.A., Schwark W.S. Involvement of catecholamines in kindled amygdaloid convulsions in the rat. Neuropharmacology. 18:1979;541-545.
22. Camu W., Marlier L., Lernernatoli M., Rondouin G., Privat A. Transplantation of serotonergic neurons into the 5,7-DHT-lesioned rat olfactory-bulb restores the parameters of kindling. Brain Res. 518:1990;23-30.
23. Cassel J.C., Kelche C., Will B.E. Susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol- induced and audiogenic seizures in rats with selective fimbria-fornix lesions and intrahippocampal septal grafts. Exp. Neurol. 97:1987;564-576.
24. Chadwick D. Vagal-nerve stimulation for epilepsy. Lancet. 357:2001;1726-1727.
25. Clough R.W., Browning R.A., Maring M.L., Jobe P.C. Intracerebral grafting of fetal dorsal pons in genetically epilepsy-prone rats: effects on audiogenic-induced seizures. Exp. Neurol. 112:1991;195-199.
26. Clough R.W., Browning R.A., Maring M.L., Statnick M.A., Wang C., Jobe P.C. Effects of intraventricular locus coeruleus transplants on seizure severity in genetically epilepsy-prone rats following depletion of brain norepinephrine. J. Neural Transpl. Plast. 5:1994;65-79.
27. Clough R., Statnick M., Maring S.M., Wang C., Eells J., Browning R., Dailey J., Jobe P. Fetal raphe transplants reduce seizure severity in serotonin-depleted GEPRs. NeuroReport. 8:1996;341-346.
28. Cockerell O.C., Johnson A.L., Sander J.W., Shorvon S.D. Prognosis of epilepsy: a review and further analysis of the first nine years of the British National General Practice Study of Epilepsy, a prospective population-based study. Epilepsia. 38:1997;31-46.
29. Croucher M.J., Bradford H.F., Sunter D.C., Watkins J.C. Inhibition of the development of electrical kindling of the prepyriform cortex by daily focal injections of excitatory amino acid antagonists. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 152:1988;29-38.
30. Dailey J.W., Jobe P.C. Indexes of noradrenergic function in the central-nervous-system of the seizure-naive genetically epilepsy-prone rats. Epilepsia. 27:1986;665-670.
31. De-Sarro G., Meldrum B.S., Reavill C. Anticonvulsant action of 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid in the substantia nigra. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 106:1984;175-179.
32. DeFelipe J. Chandelier cells and epilepsy. Brain. 122:1999;1807-1822.
33. Duncan J.S. The outcome of epilepsy surgery. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 70:2001;432.
34. Eder H.G., Jones D.B., Fisher R.S. Local perfusion of diazepam attenuates interictal and ictal events in the bicuculline model of epilepsy in rats. Epilepsia. 38:1997;516-521.
35. Eder H.G., Stein A., Fisher R.S. Interictal and ictal activity in the rat cobalt/pilocarpine model of epilepsy decreased by local perfusion of diazepam. Epilepsy Res. 29:1997;17-24.
36. Emson P.C., Joseph M.H. Neurochemical and morphological changes during the development of cobalt-induced epilepsy in the rat. Brain Res. 93:1975;91-110.
37. Fine A., Meldrum B.S., Patel S. Modulation of experimentally induced epilepsy by intracerebral grafts of fetal GABAergic neurons. Neuropsychologia. 28:1990;627-634.
38. Finnerty G.T., Jefferys J.G.R. Investigation of the neuronal aggregate generating seizures in the rat tetanus toxin model of epilepsy. J. Neurophysiol. 88:2002;2919-2927.
39. Fisher R.S., Ho J. Potential new methods for antiepileptic drug delivery. CNS Drugs. 16:2002;579-593.
40. Gale K. Mechanisms of seizure control mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid: role of the substantia nigra. Fed. Proc. 44:1985;2414-2424.
41. Garant D.S., Xu S.G., Sperber E.F., Moshe S.L. Age-related differences in the effects of GABA(A) agonists microinjected into rat substantia nigra - proconvulsant and anticonvulsant actions. Epilepsia. 36:1995;960-965.
42. Gill S.S., Patel N.K., Hotton G.R., O'Sullivan K., McCarter R., Bunnage M., Brooks D.J., Svendsen C.N., Heywood P. Direct brain infusion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in Parkinson disease. Nat. Med. 9:2003;589-595.
43. Harden C.L. Menopause and bone density issues for women with epilepsy. Neurology. 61:2003;S16-S22.
44. Holmes G.L., Thompson J.L., Huh K., Holmes C., Carl G.F. Effect of neural transplants on seizure frequency and kindling in immature rats following kainic acid. Dev. Brain Res. 64:1991;47-56.
45. Holmes G.L., Thompson J.L., Huh K., Stuart J.D., Carl G.F. Effects of neural transplantation on seizures in the immature genetically epilepsy-prone rat. Exp. Neurol. 116:1992;52-63.
46. Iadarola M.J., Gale K. Substantia nigra: site of anticonvulsant activity mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid. Science. 218:1982;1237-1240.
47. Isacson O., Brundin P., Gage F.H., Bjorklund A. Neural grafting in a rat model of Huntington's disease: progressive neurochemical changes after neostriatal ibotenate lesions and striatal tissue grafting. Neuroscience. 16:1985;799-817.
48. Jacobs M.P., Fischbach G.D., Davis M.R., Dichter M.A., Dingledine R., Lowenstein D.H., Morrell M.J., Noebels J.L., Rogawski M.A., Spencer S.S., Theodore W.H. Future directions for epilepsy research. Neurology. 57:2001;1536-1542.
49. Jimenez R.C., Voltura A., Weiss G.K. Effect of locus ceruleus stimulation on the development of kindled seizures. Exp. Neurol. 95:1987;13-20.
50. Johnson M.R., Sander J.W.A.S. The clinical impact of epilepsy genetics. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 70:2001;428-430.
51. Knox R.A. Brain Cell Transplants from Fiction to Reality. 1999.
52. Kokaia M., Aebischer P., Elmer E., Bengzon J., Kalen P., Kokaia Z., Lindvall O. Seizure suppression in kindling epilepsy by intracerebral implants of GABA - but not by noradrenaline-releasing polymer matrices. Exp. Brain Res. 100:1994;385-394.
53. Kokaia M., Cenci M.A., Elmer E., Nilsson O.G., Kokaia Z., Bengzon J., Bjorklund A., Lindvall O. Seizure development and noradrenaline release in kindling epilepsy after noradrenergic reinnervation of the subcortically deafferented hippocampus by superior cervical ganglion or fetal locus coeruleus grafts. Exp. Neurol. 130:1994;351-361.
54. Kokaia M., Ferencz I., Leanza G., Elmer E., Metsis M., Kokaia Z., Wiley R.G., Lindvall O. Immunolesioning of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons facilitates hippocampal kindling and perturbs neurotrophin messenger RNA regulation. Neuroscience. 70:1996;313-327.
55. Kordower J.H., Freeman T.B., Chen E.Y., Mufson E.J., Sanberg P.R., Hauser R.A., Snow B., Olanow C.W. Fetal nigral grafts survive and mediate clinical benefit in a patient with Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 13:1998;383-393.
56. Kovacs D.A., Zoll J.G. Seizure inhibition by median raphe nucleus stimulation in rat. Brain Res. 70:1974;165-169.
57. Kubek M.J., Liang D., Byrd K.E., Domb A.J. Prolonged seizure suppression by a single implantable polymeric-TRH microdisk preparation. Brain Res. 809:1998;189-197.
58. Loscher W. Animal models of epilepsy and epileptic seizures. Eadie M.I., Vajda R.J.E. Antiepileptic drugs: pharmacology and therapeutics, Handbook of experimental pharmacology. 138:1999;19-62.
59. Löscher W., Czuczwar S.J. Evaluation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-normal-propylamino)tetralin in different rodent models of epilepsy. Neurosci. Lett. 60:1985;201-206.
60. Löscher W., Czuczwar S.J., Jackler R., Schwarz M. Effect of microinjections of gamma-vinyl GABA or isoniazid into substantia-nigra on the development of amygdala kindling in rats. Exp. Neurol. 95:1987;622-638.
61. Löscher W., Ebert U., Lehmann H., Rosenthal C., Nikkhah G. Seizure suppression in kindling epilepsy by grafts of fetal GABAergic neurons in rat substantia nigra. J. Neurosci. Res. 51:1998;196-209.
62. Maggio R., Gale K. Seizures evoked from area tempestas are subject to control by GABA and glutamate receptors in substantia nigra. Exp. Neurol. 105:1989;184-188.
63. Majkowski J. Kindling: clinical relevance for epileptogenicity in humans. Adv. Neurol. 81:1999;113.
64. McIntyre D.C., Edson N. Effect of norepinephine depletion on dorsal hippocampus kindling in rats. Exp. Neurol. 77:1982;700-704.
65. McIntyre D.C., Saari M., Pappas B. Potentiation of amygdala kindling in adult or infant rats by injections of 6-hydroxydopamine. Exp. Neurol. 63:1979;527-544.
66. McNamara J.O., Galloway M.T., Rigsbee L.C., Shin C. Evidence implicating substantia nigra in regulation of kindled seizure threshold. J. Neurosci. 4:1984;2410-2417.
67. Meldrum B., Millan M., Patel S., DeSarro G. Anti-epileptic effects of focal micro-injection of excitatory amino acid antagonists. J. Neural Transm. 72:1988;191-200.
68. Menei P., Benoit J.P., Boisdroncelle M., Fournier D., Mercier P., Guy G. Drug targeting into the central nervous system by stereotaxic implantation of biodegradable microspheres. Neurosurgery. 34:1994;1058-1064.
69. Miyamoto O., Itano T., Yamamoto Y., Tokuda M., Matsui H., Janjua N.A., Suwaki H., Okada Y., Murakami T.H., Negi T., Nakahara S., Hatase O. Effect of embryonic hippocampal transplantation in amygdaloid kindled rat. Brain Res. 603:1993;143-147.
70. Moore R.Y., Halaris A.E. Hippocampal innervation by serotonin neurons of the midbrain raphe in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 164:1975;171-184.
71. Morimoto K., Goddard G.V. The substantia nigra is an important site for the containment of seizure generalization in the kindling model of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 28:1987;1-10.
72. Moshe S.L., Brown L.L., Kubova H., Veliskova J., Zukin R.S., Sperber E.F. Maturation and segregation of brain networks that modify seizures. Brain Res. 665:1994;141-146.
73. Olsen R.W., Avoli M. GABA and epileptogenesis. (Review, 85 refs) Epilepsia. 38:1997;399-407.
74. Patchell R.A., Regine W.F., Ashton P., Tibbs P.A., Wilson D., Shappley D., Young B. A phase I trial of continuously infused intratumoral bleomycin for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. J. Neuro-Oncol. 60:2002;37-42.
75. Pitler T.A., Alger B.E. Cholinergic excitation of GABAergic interneurons in the rat hippocampal slice. J. Physiol. (Lond.). 450:1992;127-142.
76. Prendiville S., Gale K. Anticonvulsant effect of fluoxetine on focally evoked limbic motor seizures in rats. Epilepsia. 34:1993;381-384.
77. Puranam R.S., McNamara J.O. Seizure disorders in mutant mice: relevance to human epilepsies. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 9:1999;281-287.
78. Regis J., Bartolomei F., Rey M., Genton P., Dravet C., Semah F., Gastaut J.L., Chauvel P., Peragut J.C. Gamma knife surgery for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 40:1999;1551-1556.
79. Remler M.P., Marcussen W. Radiation-controlled focal pharmacology in the therapy of experimental epilepsy. Epilepsia. 22:1981;153-159.
80. Sabatino M., Gravante G., Ferraro G., Vella N., La-Grutta G., La G. V. Striatonigral suppression of focal hippocampal epilepsy. Neurosci. Lett. 98:1989;285-290.
81. Sander J.W.A.S. New drugs for epilepsy. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 11:1998;141-148.
82. Segal M., Bloom F.E. The action of norepinephrine in the rat hippocampus: II. Activation of the input pathway. Brain Res. 77:1974;99-114.
83. Shetty A.K., Turner D.A. Enhanced cell-survival in fetal hippocampal suspension transplants grafted to adult-rat hippocampus following kainate lesions - A 3-dimensional graft reconstruction study. Neuroscience. 67:1995;561-582.
84. Shetty A.K., Turner D.A. Development of fetal hippocampal grafts in intact and lesioned hippocampus. (Review, 355 refs) Prog. Neurobiol. 50:1996;597-653.
85. Shetty A.K., Turner D.A. Development of long-distance efferent projections from fetal hippocampal grafts depends upon pathway specificity and graft location in kainate-lesioned adult hippocampus. Neuroscience. 76:1997;1205-1219.
86. Shetty A.K., Turner D.A. Fetal hippocampal cells grafted to kainate-lesioned CA3 region of adult hippocampus suppress aberrant supragranular sprouting of host mossy fibers. Exp. Neurol. 143:1997;231-245.
87. Shetty A.K., Turner D.A. Fetal hippocampal grafts containing CA3 cells restore host hippocampal glutamate decarboxylase-positive interneuron numbers in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Neurosci. 20:2000;8788-8801.
88. Shetty A.K., Zaman V., Turner D.A. Pattern of long-distance projections from fetal hippocampal field CA3 and CA1 cell grafts in lesioned CA3 of adult hippocampus follows intrinsic character of respective donor cells. Neuroscience. 99:2000;243-255.
89. Shorvon S. Antiepileptic drug therapy during pregnancy: the neurologist's perspective. J. Med. Genet. 39:2002;248-250.
90. Sinden J.D., Rashid-Doubell F., Kershaw T.R., Nelson A., Chadwick A., Jat P.S., Noble M.D., Hodges H., Gray J.A. Recovery of spatial learning by grafts of a conditionally immortalized hippocampal neuroepithelial cell line into the ischaemia-lesioned hippocampus. Neuroscience. 81:1997;599-608.
91. Sirinathsinghji D.J., Dunnett S.B., Isacson O., Clarke D.J., Kendrick K., Bjorklund A. Striatal grafts in rats with unilateral neostriatal lesions: II. In vivo monitoring of GABA release in globus pallidus and substantia nigra. Neuroscience. 24:1988;803-811.
92. Smith D.C., Krahl S.E., Browning R.A., Barea E.J. Rapid cessation of focally induced generalized seizures in rats through microinfusion of lidocaine hydrochloride into the focus. Epilepsia. 34:1993;43-53.
93. Stables J.P., Bertram E.H., White H.S., Coulter D.A., Dichter M.A., Jacobs M.P., Loscher W., Lowenstein D.H., Moshe S.L., Noebels J.L., Davis M. Models for epilepsy and epileptogenesis: report from the NIH workshop, Bethesda, Maryland. Epilepsia. 43:2002;1410-1420.
94. Stein A.G., Eder H.G., Blum D.E., Drachev A., Fisher R.S. An automated drug delivery system for focal epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 39:2000;103-114.
95. Sutula T.P., Pitkanen A. Do seizures damage the brain? Sutula T.P., Pitkanen A. Progress in Brain Research. 2002;Elsevier, Amsterdam.
96. Tamargo R.J., Rossell L.A., Kossoff E.H., Tyler B.M., Ewend M.G., Aryanpur J.J. The intracerebral administration of phenytoin using controlled-release polymers reduces experimental seizures in rats. Epilepsy Res. 48:2002;145-155.
97. Tang E., Yip P.K., Chapman A.G., Jane D.E., Meldrum B.S. Prolonged anticonvulsant action of glutamate metabotropic receptor agonists in inferior colliculus of genetically epilepsy-prone rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 327:1997;109-115.
98. Taverner D., Bain W.A. Intravenous Lignocaine as an anticonvulsant in status epilepticus and serial seizures. Lancet. 2:1958;1145-1147.
99. Thompson K., Guttman O., Tobin A.J. Doxycycline-dependent modulation of kindled seizures following hippocampal transplantation of cells engineered to produce GABA. Soc. Neurosci. 25:1999;846.
100. Thompson K., Anantharam V., Behrstock S., Bongarzone E., Campagnoni A., Tobin A.J. Conditionally immortalized cell lines, engineered to produce and release GABA, modulate the development of behavioral seizures. Exp. Neurol. 161:2000;481-489.
101. Uemura S., Ienaga K., Higashiura K., Kimura H. Effects of intraamygdaloid injection of taurine and valyltaurine on amygdaloid kindled seizure in rats. Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol. 45:1991;383-385.
102. Velasco F., Velasco M., Velasco A.L., Jimenez F., Marquez I., Rise M. Electrical stimulation of the centromedian thalamic nucleus in control of seizures: long-term studies. Epilepsia. 36:1995;63-71.
103. Wada Y., Nakamura M., Hasegawa H., Yamaguchi N. Role of serotonin receptor subtype in seizures kindled from the feline hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett. 141:1992;21-24.
104. Wada Y., Nakamura M., Hasegawa H., Yamaguchi N. Intra-hippocampal injection of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) inhibits partial and generalized seizures induced by kindling stimulation in cats. Neurosci. Lett. 159:1993;179-182.
105. Wang P.P., Frazier J., Brem H. Local drug delivery to the brain. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 54:2002;987-1013.
106. Wictorin K., Clarke D.J., Bolam J.P., Bjorklund A. Fetal striatal neurons grafted into the ibotenate lesioned adult striatum: efferent projections and synaptic contacts in the host globus pallidus. Neuroscience. 37:1990;301-315.
107. Wiley R.G., Oeltmann T.N., Lappi D.A. Immunolesioning - selective destruction of neurons using immunotoxin to rat NGF receptor. Brain Res. 562:1991;149-153.
108. Yoon H.H., Kwon H.L., Mattson R.H., Spencer D.D., Spencer S.S. Long-term seizure outcome in patients initially seizure-free after resective epilepsy surgery. Neurology. 61:2003;445-450.
109. Zaman V., Shetty A.K. Fetal hippocampal CA3 cell grafts transplanted to lesioned CA3 region of the adult hippocampus exhibit long-term survival in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol. Dis. 8:2001;942-952.
110. Zaman V., Shetty A.K. Pretreatment of donor cells with FGF-2 enhances survival of fetal hippocampal CA3 cell transplants in the chronically lesioned young adult hippocampus. Exp. Neurol. 183:2003;11-24.
111. Zaman V., Turner D.A., Shetty A.K. Survival of grafted fetal neural cells in kainic acid lesioned CA3 region of adult hippocampus depends upon cell specificity. Exp. Neurol. 161:2000;535-561.
112. Zaman V., Turner D.A., Shetty A.K. Prolonged postlesion transplantation delay adversely influences survival of both homotopic and heterotopic fetal hippocampal cell grafts in kainate-lesioned CA3 region of adult hippocampus. Cell Transplant. 10:2001;41-52.
113. Gernert M., Thompson K.W., Loscher W., Tobin A.J. Genetically engineered GABA-producing cells demonstrate anticonvulsant effects and long-term transgene expression when transplanted into the central piriform cortex of rats. Exp. Neurol. 176:2002;183-192.