메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 86, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 59-72

Improving seasonal prediction practices through attribution of climate variability

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; STATISTICAL METHODS; WEATHER FORECASTING;

EID: 14244258514     PISSN: 00030007     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-86-1-59     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (66)

References (73)
  • 1
    • 0001184024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Present-day capabilities of numerical and statistical models for atmospheric extratropical seasonal simulation and prediction
    • Anderson, J., H. Van den Dool, A. Barnston, W. Chen, W. Stern, and J. Ploshay, 1999: Present-day capabilities of numerical and statistical models for atmospheric extratropical seasonal simulation and prediction. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 1349-1359.
    • (1999) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.80 , pp. 1349-1359
    • Anderson, J.1    Van den Dool, H.2    Barnston, A.3    Chen, W.4    Stern, W.5    Ploshay, J.6
  • 2
    • 19944434306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The new GFDL global atmosphere and land model AM2-LM2: Evaluation with prescribed SST simulations
    • and Coauthors
    • Anderson, J., and Coauthors, 2005: The new GFDL global atmosphere and land model AM2-LM2: Evaluation with prescribed SST simulations. J. Climate, 17, 4641-4673.
    • (2005) J. Climate , vol.17 , pp. 4641-4673
    • Anderson, J.1
  • 3
    • 0003825537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atlas of seasonal means simulated by the NSIPP 1 atmospheric GCM
    • NASA/TM-2000-104505
    • Bacmeister, J., P. J. Pegion, S. D. Schubert, and M. J. Suarez, 2000: Atlas of seasonal means simulated by the NSIPP 1 atmospheric GCM. NASA/ TM-2000-104505, Vol. 17.
    • (2000) , vol.17
    • Bacmeister, J.1    Pegion, P.J.2    Schubert, S.D.3    Suarez, M.J.4
  • 5
    • 0036540010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drought in central and southwest Asia: La Niña, the warm pool, and Indian Ocean precipitation
    • Barlow, M., H. Cullen, and B. Lyon, 2002: Drought in central and southwest Asia: La Niña, the warm pool, and Indian Ocean precipitation. J. Climate, 15, 697-700.
    • (2002) J. Climate , vol.15 , pp. 697-700
    • Barlow, M.1    Cullen, H.2    Lyon, B.3
  • 6
    • 0019678103 scopus 로고
    • Statistical prediction of North American air temperatures from Pacific predictors
    • Barnett, T. P., 1981: Statistical prediction of North American air temperatures from Pacific predictors. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1021-1041.
    • (1981) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.109 , pp. 1021-1041
    • Barnett, T.P.1
  • 7
    • 85006682431 scopus 로고
    • Linear statistical short-term climate predictive skill in the Northern Hemisphere
    • Barnston, A. G., 1994: Linear statistical short-term climate predictive skill in the Northern Hemisphere. J. Climate, 7, 1513-1564.
    • (1994) J. Climate , vol.7 , pp. 1513-1564
    • Barnston, A.G.1
  • 8
    • 0030391795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specification and prediction of global surface temperature and precipitation from global SST using CCA
    • Barnston, A. G., and T. M. Smith, 1996: Specification and prediction of global surface temperature and precipitation from global SST using CCA. J. Climate, 9, 2660-2697.
    • (1996) J. Climate , vol.9 , pp. 2660-2697
    • Barnston, A.G.1    Smith, T.M.2
  • 9
    • 0036951380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global atmospheric sensitivity to tropical SST anomalies throughout the Indo-Pacific basin
    • Barsugli, J. J., and P. D. Sardeshmukh, 2002: Global atmospheric sensitivity to tropical SST anomalies throughout the Indo-Pacific basin. J. Climate, 15, 3427-3442.
    • (2002) J. Climate , vol.15 , pp. 3427-3442
    • Barsugli, J.J.1    Sardeshmukh, P.D.2
  • 11
    • 0345772925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes of subseasonal variability associated with El Niño
    • Compo, G. P., P. D. Sardeshmukh, and C. Penland, 2001: Changes of subseasonal variability associated with El Niño. J. Climate, 14, 3356-3374.
    • (2001) J. Climate , vol.14 , pp. 3356-3374
    • Compo, G.P.1    Sardeshmukh, P.D.2    Penland, C.3
  • 12
    • 0037704741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water systems planning: The optimization perspective
    • Cunha, M. D., 2003: Water systems planning: The optimization perspective. Eng. Optimization, 35, 255-266.
    • (2003) Eng. Optimization , vol.35 , pp. 255-266
    • Cunha, M.D.1
  • 13
    • 0031394372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climatic factors affecting annual maize yields in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico
    • Dilley, M., 1997: Climatic factors affecting annual maize yields in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Int. J. Climatol., 17, 1549-1557.
    • (1997) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.17 , pp. 1549-1557
    • Dilley, M.1
  • 14
    • 0033653301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ensembles of AGCM two-tier predictions and simulations of the circulation anomalies during winter 1997-98
    • Farrara, J. D., C. H. Mechoso, and A. W. Robertson, 2000: Ensembles of AGCM two-tier predictions and simulations of the circulation anomalies during winter 1997-98. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3589-3604.
    • (2000) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.128 , pp. 3589-3604
    • Farrara, J.D.1    Mechoso, C.H.2    Robertson, A.W.3
  • 15
    • 0002642530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An overview of the results of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP I)
    • Coauthors
    • Gates, W. L., and Coauthors, 1999: An overview of the results of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP I). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 29-55.
    • (1999) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.80 , pp. 29-55
    • Gates, W.L.1
  • 16
    • 0242410711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oceanic forcing of Sahel rainfall on interannual to interdecadal time scales
    • Giannini, A., R. Saravanan, and P. Chang, 2003: Oceanic forcing of Sahel rainfall on interannual to interdecadal time scales. Science, 302, 1027-1030.
    • (2003) Science , vol.302 , pp. 1027-1030
    • Giannini, A.1    Saravanan, R.2    Chang, P.3
  • 17
    • 0033609587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of the Indian Ocean for simulating rainfall anomalies over eastern and southern Africa
    • Goddard, L., and N. E. Graham, 1999: The importance of the Indian Ocean for simulating rainfall anomalies over eastern and southern Africa. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 19 099-19 116.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 19099-19116
    • Goddard, L.1    Graham, N.E.2
  • 18
    • 0036740406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of seasonal climate forecasts to persisted SST anomalies
    • doi 10.1007/s00382-002-0251-y
    • Goddard, L., and S. J. Mason, 2002: Sensitivity of seasonal climate forecasts to persisted SST anomalies. Climate Dyn., 19, doi 10.1007/s00382-002-0251-y.
    • (2002) Climate Dyn. , vol.19
    • Goddard, L.1    Mason, S.J.2
  • 20
    • 0029504001 scopus 로고
    • ENSO and ENSO-related predictability. Part II: Northern Hemisphere 700-mb height predictions based on a hybrid coupled ENSO model
    • Graham, N. E., and T. P. Barnett, 1995: ENSO and ENSO-related predictability. Part II: Northern Hemisphere 700-mb height predictions based on a hybrid coupled ENSO model. J. Climate, 8, 544-549.
    • (1995) J. Climate , vol.8 , pp. 544-549
    • Graham, N.E.1    Barnett, T.P.2
  • 21
    • 85013685326 scopus 로고
    • On the roles of tropical and midlatitude SSTs in forcing interannual to interdecadal variability in the winter Northern Hemisphere circulation
    • Graham, N. E., T. P. Barnett, R. Wilde, M. Ponater, and S. Schubert, 1994: On the roles of tropical and midlatitude SSTs in forcing interannual to interdecadal variability in the winter Northern Hemisphere circulation. J. Climate, 7, 1416-1441.
    • (1994) J. Climate , vol.7 , pp. 1416-1441
    • Graham, N.E.1    Barnett, T.P.2    Wilde, R.3    Ponater, M.4    Schubert, S.5
  • 23
    • 0031661950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hydrologic and thermodynamic characteristics of the NCAR CCM3
    • Hack, J. J., J. T. Kiehl, and J. W. Hurrell, 1998: The hydrologic and thermodynamic characteristics of the NCAR CCM3. J. Climate, 11, 1179-1206.
    • (1998) J. Climate , vol.11 , pp. 1179-1206
    • Hack, J.J.1    Kiehl, J.T.2    Hurrell, J.W.3
  • 24
    • 0001351087 scopus 로고
    • Surface-temperature patterns associated with the Southern Oscillation
    • Halpert, M. S., and C. F. Ropelewski, 1992: Surface-temperature patterns associated with the Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 5, 577-593.
    • (1992) J. Climate , vol.5 , pp. 577-593
    • Halpert, M.S.1    Ropelewski, C.F.2
  • 26
    • 0029481968 scopus 로고
    • Recent advances in tropical climate prediction
    • Hastenrath, S., 1995: Recent advances in tropical climate prediction. J. Climate, 8, 1519-1532.
    • (1995) J. Climate , vol.8 , pp. 1519-1532
    • Hastenrath, S.1
  • 27
    • 0034351721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dominant factors influencing the seasonal predictability of U.S. precipitation and surface air temperature
    • Higgins, R. W., A. Leetmaa, Y. Xue, and A. Barnston, 2000: Dominant factors influencing the seasonal predictability of U.S. precipitation and surface air temperature. J. Climate, 13, 3994-4017.
    • (2000) J. Climate , vol.13 , pp. 3994-4017
    • Higgins, R.W.1    Leetmaa, A.2    Xue, Y.3    Barnston, A.4
  • 28
    • 0037474125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The perfect ocean for drought
    • Hoerling, M. P., and A. Kumar, 2003: The perfect ocean for drought. Science, 299, 691-694.
    • (2003) Science , vol.299 , pp. 691-694
    • Hoerling, M.P.1    Kumar, A.2
  • 29
    • 0031207768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • El Niño, La Niña, and the nonlinearity of their teleconnections
    • Hoerling, M. P., A. Kumar, and M. Zhong, 1997: El Niño, La Niña, and the nonlinearity of their teleconnections. J. Climate, 10, 1769-1786.
    • (1997) J. Climate , vol.10 , pp. 1769-1786
    • Hoerling, M.P.1    Kumar, A.2    Zhong, M.3
  • 31
    • 0019655505 scopus 로고
    • Planetary scale atmospheric phenomena associated with the Southern Oscillation
    • Horel, J. D., and J. M. Wallace, 1981: Planetary-scale atmospheric phenomena associated with the Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev. 109, 813-829.
    • (1981) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.109 , pp. 813-829
    • Hotel, J.D.1    Wallace, J.M.2
  • 32
    • 0019697466 scopus 로고
    • The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing
    • Hoskins, B. J., and D. Karoly, 1981: The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1179-1196.
    • (1981) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.38 , pp. 1179-1196
    • Hoskins, B.J.1    Karoly, D.2
  • 34
    • 0030456311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-lead seasonal temperature prediction using optimal climate normals
    • Huang, J., H. M. Van den Dool, and A. G. Barnston, 1996: Long-lead seasonal temperature prediction using optimal climate normals. J. Climate, 9, 809-817.
    • (1996) J. Climate , vol.9 , pp. 809-817
    • Huang, J.1    Van den Dool, H.M.2    Barnston, A.G.3
  • 35
    • 0031695929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dynamical simulation of the NCAR Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3)
    • Hurrell, J. W., J. J. Hack, B. A. Boville, D. L. Williamson, and J. T. Kiehl, 1998: The dynamical simulation of the NCAR Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3). J. Climate, 11, 1207-1236.
    • (1998) J. Climate , vol.11 , pp. 1207-1236
    • Hurrell, J.W.1    Hack, J.J.2    Boville, B.A.3    Williamson, D.L.4    Kiehl, J.T.5
  • 36
    • 0036630557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NCEP dynamical seasonal forecast system 2002
    • Coauthors
    • Kanamitsu, M., and Coauthors, 2002: NCEP dynamical seasonal forecast system 2002. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1019-1037.
    • (2002) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.83 , pp. 1019-1037
    • Kanamitsu, M.1
  • 39
    • 0001435583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of a conceptual model of seasonal climate variability and implications for seasonal prediction
    • Kumar, A., and M. P. Hoerling, 2000: Analysis of a conceptual model of seasonal climate variability and implications for seasonal prediction. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 81, 255-264.
    • (2000) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.81 , pp. 255-264
    • Kumar, A.1    Hoerling, M.P.2
  • 40
    • 0029757527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing a GCM's suitability for making seasonal predictions
    • Kumar, A., M. Hoerling, M. Ji, A. Leetmaa, and P. Sardeshmukh, 1996: Assessing a GCM's suitability for making seasonal predictions. J. Climate, 9, 115-129.
    • (1996) J. Climate , vol.9 , pp. 115-129
    • Kumar, A.1    Hoerling, M.2    Ji, M.3    Leetmaa, A.4    Sardeshmukh, P.5
  • 41
    • 0034277373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the spread of the variability of the seasonal mean atmospheric states associated with ENSO
    • Kumar, A., A. G. Barnston, P. Peng, M. P. Hoerling, and L. Goddard, 2000: Changes in the spread of the variability of the seasonal mean atmospheric states associated with ENSO. J. Climate, 13, 3139-3151.
    • (2000) J. Climate , vol.13 , pp. 3139-3151
    • Kumar, A.1    Barnston, A.G.2    Peng, P.3    Hoerling, M.P.4    Goddard, L.5
  • 42
    • 0035297910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal predictions, probabilistic verifications, and ensemble size
    • Kumar, A., A. G. Barnston, and M. P. Hoerling, 2001a: Seasonal predictions, probabilistic verifications, and ensemble size. J. Climate, 14, 1671-1676.
    • (2001) J. Climate , vol.14 , pp. 1671-1676
    • Kumar, A.1    Barnston, A.G.2    Hoerling, M.P.3
  • 43
    • 0035254973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sustained North American warming of 1997 and 1998
    • Kumar, A., W. Q. Wang, M. P. Hoerling, A. Leetmaa, and M. Ji, 2001b: The sustained North American warming of 1997 and 1998. J. Climate, 14, 345-353.
    • (2001) J. Climate , vol.14 , pp. 345-353
    • Kumar, A.1    Wang, W.Q.2    Hoerling, M.P.3    Leetmaa, A.4    Ji, M.5
  • 44
    • 0032722690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Operational long-lead prediction of South African rainfall using canonical correlation analysis
    • Landman, W. A., and S. J. Mason, 1999: Operational long-lead prediction of South African rainfall using canonical correlation analysis. Int. J. Climatol., 19, 1073-1090.
    • (1999) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.19 , pp. 1073-1090
    • Landman, W.A.1    Mason, S.J.2
  • 45
    • 0039613872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interannual, decadal-interdecadal, and global warming signals in sea surface temperature during 1955-97
    • Lau, K. M., and H. Y. Weng, 1999: Interannual, decadal-interdecadal, and global warming signals in sea surface temperature during 1955-97. J. Climate, 12, 1257-1267.
    • (1999) J. Climate , vol.12 , pp. 1257-1267
    • Lau, K.M.1    Weng, H.Y.2
  • 46
    • 0025528155 scopus 로고
    • Variability of skill of long-range forecasts and implications for their use and value
    • Livezey, R. E., 1990: Variability of skill of long-range forecasts and implications for their use and value. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 71, 300-309.
    • (1990) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.71 , pp. 300-309
    • Livezey, R.E.1
  • 47
    • 0024234107 scopus 로고
    • An operational multifield analog antianalog prediction system for United States seasonal temperatures. 1. System design and winter experiments
    • Livezey, R. E., and A. G. Barnston, 1988: An operational multifield analog antianalog prediction system for United States seasonal temperatures. 1. System design and winter experiments. J. Geophys. Res., 93A, 10 953-10 974.
    • (1988) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.93 A , pp. 10953-10974
    • Livezey, R.E.1    Barnston, A.G.2
  • 48
    • 0000462522 scopus 로고
    • Detection of a 40-50 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific
    • Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian, 1971: Detection of a 40-50 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci. 28, 702-708.
    • (1971) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.28 , pp. 702-708
    • Madden, R.A.1    Julian, P.R.2
  • 49
    • 0001874416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probabilistic precipitation anomalies associated with ENSO
    • Mason, S. J., and L. Goddard, 2001: Probabilistic precipitation anomalies associated with ENSO. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 82, 619-638.
    • (2001) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.82 , pp. 619-638
    • Mason, S.J.1    Goddard, L.2
  • 50
    • 3042535435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate research and reinsurance
    • Murnane, R. J., 2004: Climate research and reinsurance. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 697-707.
    • (2004) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.85 , pp. 697-707
    • Murnane, R.J.1
  • 52
    • 0021640934 scopus 로고
    • The stability of empirical long-range forecast techniques - A case study
    • Nicholls, N., 1984: The stability of empirical long-range forecast techniques - A case study. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 23, 143-147.
    • (1984) J. Climate Appl. Meteor. , vol.23 , pp. 143-147
    • Nicholls, N.1
  • 53
    • 0019117263 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal differences in the stationary response of a linearized primitive equation model - Prospects for long-range weather forecasting
    • Opsteegh, J. D., and H. M. Van den Dool, 1980: Seasonal differences in the stationary response of a linearized primitive equation model - Prospects for long-range weather forecasting. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2169-2185.
    • (1980) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.37 , pp. 2169-2185
    • Opsteegh, J.D.1    Van den Dool, H.M.2
  • 54
    • 0004033067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An assessment of the predictability of northern winter seasonal means with the NSIPP 1 AGCM
    • NASA/TM-2000-104505
    • Pegion, P. J., S. D. Schubert, and M. J. Suarez, 2000: An assessment of the predictability of northern winter seasonal means with the NSIPP 1 AGCM. NASA/TM-2000-104505, Vol. 18, 110 pp.
    • (2000) , vol.18 , pp. 110
    • Pegion, P.J.1    Schubert, S.D.2    Suarez, M.J.3
  • 55
    • 0036646424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Categorical climate forecasts through regularization and optimal combination of multiple GCM ensembles
    • Rajagopalan, B., U. Lall, and S. E. Zebiak, 2002: Categorical climate forecasts through regularization and optimal combination of multiple GCM ensembles. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1792-1811.
    • (2002) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.130 , pp. 1792-1811
    • Rajagopalan, B.1    Lall, U.2    Zebiak, S.E.3
  • 56
    • 0000496686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between North Pacific wintertime blocking, El Niño, and the PNA pattern
    • Renwick, J. A., and J. M. Wallace, 1996: Relationships between North Pacific wintertime blocking, El Niño, and the PNA pattern. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 2071-2076.
    • (1996) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.124 , pp. 2071-2076
    • Renwick, J.A.1    Wallace, J.M.2
  • 57
    • 11844296090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal combination of multiple atmospheric GCM ensembles for seasonal prediction
    • Robertson, A. W., U. Lall, S. E. Zebiak, and L. Goddard, 2004: Optimal combination of multiple atmospheric GCM ensembles for seasonal prediction. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 2732-2744.
    • (2004) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.132 , pp. 2732-2744
    • Robertson, A.W.1    Lall, U.2    Zebiak, S.E.3    Goddard, L.4
  • 58
    • 0032004271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing potential seasonal predictability with an ensemble of multidecadal GCM simulations
    • Rowell, D. P., 1998: Assessing potential seasonal predictability with an ensemble of multidecadal GCM simulations. J. Climate, 11, 109-120.
    • (1998) J. Climate , vol.11 , pp. 109-120
    • Rowell, D.P.1
  • 59
    • 0003815148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM4: Model description and simulation of present-day climate
    • Coauthors, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie Rep. 218, Hamburg, Germany
    • Roeckner, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM4: Model description and simulation of present-day climate. Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie Rep. 218, Hamburg, Germany, 90 pp.
    • (1996) , pp. 90
    • Roeckner, E.1
  • 60
    • 0034670340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes of probability associated with El Niño
    • Sardeshmukh, P. D., G. P. Compo, and C. Penland, 2000: Changes of probability associated with El Niño. J. Climate, 13, 4268-4286.
    • (2000) J. Climate , vol.13 , pp. 4268-4286
    • Sardeshmukh, P.D.1    Compo, G.P.2    Penland, C.3
  • 61
    • 0035872222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of ENSO on extra-tropical low-frequency noise in seasonal forecasts
    • Schubert, S. D., M. J. Suarez, Y. H. Chang, and G. Branstator, 2001: The impact of ENSO on extra-tropical low-frequency noise in seasonal forecasts. J. Climate, 14, 2351-2365.
    • (2001) J. Climate , vol.14 , pp. 2351-2365
    • Schubert, S.D.1    Suarez, M.J.2    Chang, Y.H.3    Branstator, G.4
  • 63
    • 0000037820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamical seasonal prediction
    • Coauthors
    • Shukla, J., and Coauthors, 2000: Dynamical seasonal prediction. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 81, 2593-2606.
    • (2000) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.81 , pp. 2593-2606
    • Shukla, J.1
  • 64
    • 0037790554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extended reconstruction of global sea surface temperatures based on COADS data (1854-1997)
    • Smith, T. M., and R. W. Reynolds, 2003: Extended reconstruction of global sea surface temperatures based on COADS data (1854-1997). J. Climate, 16, 1495-1510.
    • (2003) J. Climate , vol.16 , pp. 1495-1510
    • Smith, T.M.1    Reynolds, R.W.2
  • 65
    • 0034728824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forecasting disease risk using seasonal climate predictions
    • Thomson, M. C., T. Palmer, A. P. Morse, M. Cresswell, and S. J. Connor, 2000: Forecasting disease risk using seasonal climate predictions. Lancet, 355, 1559-1560.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 1559-1560
    • Thomson, M.C.1    Palmer, T.2    Morse, A.P.3    Cresswell, M.4    Connor, S.J.5
  • 66
    • 0033594511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased El Niño frequency in a climate model forced by future greenhouse warming
    • Timmermann, A., J. Oberhuber, A. Bacher, M. Esch, M. Latif, and E. Roeckner, 1999: Increased El Niño frequency in a climate model forced by future greenhouse warming. Nature, 398, 694-697.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.398 , pp. 694-697
    • Timmermann, A.1    Oberhuber, J.2    Bacher, A.3    Esch, M.4    Latif, M.5    Roeckner, E.6
  • 67
    • 0032577959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progress during TOGA in understanding and modeling global teleconnections associated with tropical sea surface temperatures
    • Trenberth, K. E., G. W. Branstator, D. Karoly, A. Kumar, N.-C. Lau, and C. Ropelewski, 1998: Progress during TOGA in understanding and modeling global teleconnections associated with tropical sea surface temperatures. J. Geophys. Res., 103D, 14 291-14 324.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 D , pp. 14291-14324
    • Trenberth, K.E.1    Branstator, G.W.2    Karoly, D.3    Kumar, A.4    Lau, N.-C.5    Ropelewski, C.6
  • 68
    • 0001511262 scopus 로고
    • Medium- and long-range forecasting
    • Wagner, A. J., 1989: Medium- and long-range forecasting. Wea. Forecasting, 4, 413-426.
    • (1989) Wea. Forecasting , vol.4 , pp. 413-426
    • Wagner, A.J.1
  • 69
    • 0032430690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and short-lead time prediction of summer rainfall in tropical North Africa at interannual and multidecadal timescales
    • Ward, M. N., 1998: Diagnosis and short-lead time prediction of summer rainfall in tropical North Africa at interannual and multidecadal timescales. J. Climate, 11, 3167-3191.
    • (1998) J. Climate , vol.11 , pp. 3167-3191
    • Ward, M.N.1
  • 70
    • 0026266748 scopus 로고
    • Prediction of seasonal rainfall in the north Nordeste of Brazil using eigen-vectors of sea surface temperature
    • Ward, M. N., and C. K. Folland, 1991: Prediction of seasonal rainfall in the north Nordeste of Brazil using eigen-vectors of sea-surface temperature, Int. J. Climatol., 11, 711-743.
    • (1991) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.11 , pp. 711-743
    • Ward, M.N.1    Folland, C.K.2
  • 71
    • 0034067949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A method to aid in the determination of the sampling size of AGCM ensemble simulations
    • Wehner, M. F., 2000: A method to aid in the determination of the sampling size of AGCM ensemble simulations. Climate Dyn., 16, 321-331.
    • (2000) Climate Dyn. , vol.16 , pp. 321-331
    • Wehner, M.F.1
  • 72
    • 0000475959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interpretation of short climate records, with comments on the North Atlantic and Southern Oscillations
    • Wunsch, C., 1999: The interpretation of short climate records, with comments on the North Atlantic and Southern Oscillations. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 245-255.
    • (1999) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.80 , pp. 245-255
    • Wunsch, C.1
  • 73
    • 0030430797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precursory signals associated with the interannual variability of the Asian summer monsoon
    • Yang, S., K.-M. Lau, and M. Sankar-Rao, 1996: Precursory signals associated with the interannual variability of the Asian summer monsoon. J. Climate, 9, 949-964.
    • (1996) J. Climate , vol.9 , pp. 949-964
    • Yang, S.1    Lau, K.-M.2    Sankar-Rao, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.