Extended reconstruction of global sea surface temperatures based on COADS data (1854-1997)

Journal of Climate

Volumn 16, Issue 10, 2003, Pages 1495-1510

  Smith, Thomas M ^a   Reynolds, Richard W ^a  

^a NCDC/NESDIS/NOAA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATOLOGY; DATA REDUCTION; EIGENVALUES AND EIGENFUNCTIONS;

SURFACE TEMPERATURE;

MARINE APPLICATIONS;

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; DATA INTERPRETATION; FILTER; RECONSTRUCTION; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE;

EID: 0037790554     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442-16.10.1495     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Bottomley, M., C. K. Folland, J. Hsiung, R. E. Newell, and D. E. Parker, 1990: Global Ocean Surface Temperature Atlas "GOSSTA." Joint project of the U.K. Meteorological Office and the Massachussetts Institute of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 20 pp. and 313 plates.
2. Cai, W., and P. H. Whetton, 2001: Modes of SST variability and the fluctuation of global mean temperature. Climate Dyn., 17, 889-901.
3. Delworth, T. L., R. J. Stouffer, K. W. Dixon, M. J. Spelman, T. R. Knutson, A. J. Broccoli, P. J. Kushner, and R. T. Wetherald, 2002: Review of simulations of climate variability and change with the GFDL R30 coupled climate model. Climate Dyn., 19, 555-574.
4. Duffy, P. B., C. Doutriaux, I. K. Fodor, and B. D. Santer, 2001: Effect of missing data on estimates of near-surface temperature change since 1900. J. Climate, 14, 2809-2814.
5. Folland, C. K., and D. E. Parker, 1995: Correction of instrumental biases in historical sea surface temperature data. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 121, 319-367.
6. Folland, C. K., D. E. Parker, and F. E. Kates, 1984: Worldwide marine surface temperature fluctuations 1856-1981. Nature, 310, 670-673.
7. Folland, C. K. R. W. Reynolds, M. Gordon, and D. E. Parker, 1993: A study of six operational sea surface temperature analyses. J. Climate, 6, 96-113.
8. Folland, C. K. and Coauthors, 2001: Global temperature change and its uncertainties since 1861. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2621-2624.
9. Hansen, B., W. R. Turrell, and S. Østerhus, 2001: Decreasing overflow from the Nordic seas into the Atlantic Ocean through the Faroe Bank channel since 1950. Nature, 411, 927-930.
10. Kaplan, A., Y. Kushnir, M. A. Cane, and M. B. Blumenthal, 1997: Reduced space optimal analysis for historical data sets: 136 years of Atlantic sea surface temperatures. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 27 835-27 860.
11. Kaplan, A., M. A. Cane, Y. Kushnir, A. C. Clement, M. B. Blumenthal, and B. Rajagopalan, 1998: Analyses of global sea surface temperature 1856-1991. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 18 567-18 589.
12. Levitus, S., J. I. Antonov, T. J. Boyer, and C. Stephens, 2000: Warming of the world ocean. Science, 287, 2225-2229.
13. Manabe, S., and R. J. Stouffer, 1994: Multiple-century response of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to an increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide. J. Climate, 7, 5-23.
14. Murphy, A. H., and E. S. Epstein, 1989: Skill scores and correlation coefficients in model verification. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 572-581.
15. North, G. R., T. L. Bell, R. F. Cahalan, and F. J. Moeng, 1982: Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 699-706.
16. Parker, D. E., P. D. Jones, C. K. Folland, and A. Bevan, 1994: Interdecadal changes of surface temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 14 373-14 399.
17. Rayner, N. A., D. E. Parker, E. B. Horton, C. K. Folland, L. V. Alexander, D. P. Rowell, E. C. Kent, and A. Kaplan, 2003: Global analyses of SST sea ice and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res., in press.
18. Reynolds, R. W., and T. M. Smith, 1994: Improved global sea surface temperature analyses using optimum interpolation. J. Climate, 7, 929-948.
19. Reynolds, R. W., N. A. Rayner, T. M. Smith, D. C. Stokes, and W. Wang, 2002: An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis. J. Climate, 15, 1609-1625.
20. Slutz, R. J., S. J. Lubker, J. D. Hiscox, S. D. Woodruff, R. L. Jenne, D. H. Joseph, P. M. Steurer, and J. D. Elms, 1985: COADS: Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set. Release 1, 262 pp. [Available from Climate Research Program. Environmental Research Laboratories, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303.]
21. Smith, T. M., and R. W. Reynolds, 1998: A high-resolution global sea surface temperature climatology for the 1961-90 base period. J. Climate, 11, 3320-3323.
22. Smith, T. M. and R. W. Reynolds, 2002: Bias corrections for historic sea surface temperatures based on marine air temperatures. J. Climate, 15, 73-87.
23. Smith, T. M. R. W. Reynolds, R. E. Livezey, and D. C. Stokes, 1996: Reconstruction of historical sea surface temperatures using empirical orthogonal functions. J. Climate, 9, 1403-1420.
24. Smith, T. M. R. E. Livezey, and S. S. Shen, 1998: An improved method for analyzing sparse and irregularly distributed SST data on a regular grid: The tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 11, 1717-1729.
25. Smith, T. M. T. R. Karl, and R. W. Reynolds, 2002: How accurate are climate simulations? Science, 296, 483-484.
26. Thiébaux, H. J., 1997: The power of the duality in spatial-temporal estimation. J. Climate, 10, 567-573.
27. Thiébaux, H. J. and M. A. Pedder, 1987: Spatial Objective Analysis with Applications in Atmospheric Science. Academic Press, 299 pp.
28. Van den Dool, H. M., S. Saha, and Å. Johansson, 2000: Empirical orthogonal teleconnections. J. Climate, 13, 1421-1435.
29. Wolter, K., 1997: Trimming problems and remedies in COADS. J. Climate, 10, 1980-1997.
30. Woodruff, S. D., H. F. Diaz, J. D. Elms, and S. J. Worley, 1998: COADS Release 2 data and metadata enhancements for improvements of marine surface flux fields. Phys. Chem. Earth, 23, 517-527.
31. Yasunaka, S., and K. Hanawa, 2002: Regime shifts found in the Northern Hemisphere SST field. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 80, 119-135.
32. Zhang, Y., J. M. Wallace, and D. S. Battisti, 1997: ENSO-like interdecadal variability: 1900-93. J. Climate, 10, 1004-1020.