Acquisition of differential delay eyeblink classical conditioning is independent of awareness

Behavioral Neuroscience

Volumn 119, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 78-86

  Smith, Christine N ^a,d   Manns, Joseph R ^b   Clark, Robert E ^a,c,e   Squire, Larry R ^a,c,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c VA SAN DIEGO HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; AUDITORY STIMULATION; AWARENESS; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; EYELID REFLEX; FEMALE; HUMAN; INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING; MALE; MEMORY; NORMAL HUMAN; PARAMETER; QUESTIONNAIRE; SCORING SYSTEM; TRAINING; WHITE NOISE;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; ATTENTION; BLINKING; CONDITIONING, CLASSICAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MEMORY; MIDDLE AGED; REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULE;

EID: 14044262298     PISSN: 07357044     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.119.1.78     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Baer, P. E., & Fuhrer, M. J. (1982). Cognitive factors in the concurrent differential conditioning of eyelid and skin conductance responses. Memory & Cognition, 10, 81-88.
2. Bayley, P. J., & Squire, L. R. (2002). Medial temporal lobe amnesia: Gradual acquisition of factual information by nondeclarative memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 5741-5748.
3. Bellebaum, C., & Daum, I. (2004). Effects of age and awareness on eyeblink conditional discrimination learning. Behavioral Neuroscience, 118, 1157-1165.
4. Berger, T. W., & On, W. B. (1983). Hippocampectomy selectively disrupts discrimination reversal conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response. Behavioural Brain Research, 8, 49-68.
5. Berns, G. S., Cohen, J. D., & Mintun, M. A. (1997, May 23). Brain regions responsive to novelty in the absence of awareness. Science, 276, 1272-1275.
6. Carrillo, M. C., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Disterhoft, J. F. (2000). Selective effects of division of attention on discrimination conditioning. Psychobiology, 28, 293-302.
7. Carrillo, M. C., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Hopkins, R. O., McGlinchey-Berroth, R., Fortier, C. B., Kesner, R. P., & Disterhoft, J. F. (2001). Spared discrimination and impaired reversal eyeblink conditioning in patients with temporal lobe amnesia. Behavioral Neuroscience, 115, 1171-1179.
8. Christian, K. M., & Thompson, R. F. (2003). Neural substrates of eyeblink conditioning: Acquisition and retention. Learning & Memory, 11, 427-455.
9. Clark, R. E., Manns, J. R., & Squire, L. R. (2002). Classical conditioning, awareness, and brain systems. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 524-531.
10. Clark, R. E., & Squire, L. R. (1998, April 3). Classical conditioning and brain systems: The role of awareness. Science, 280, 77-81.
11. Clark, R. E., & Squire, L. R. (1999). Human eyeblink classical conditioning: Effects of manipulating awareness of the stimulus contingencies. Psychological Science, 10, 14-18.
12. Clark, R. E., & Squire, L. R. (2000). Awareness and the conditioned eyeblink response. In D. S. Woodruff-Pak & J. E. Steinmetz (Eds.), Eyeblink classical conditioning: Vol. 1. Applications in humans (pp. 229-251). Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic.
13. Clark, R. R., & Squire, L. R. (2004). The importance of awareness for eyeblink conditioning is conditional: Theoretical comment on Bellebaum and Daum (2004). Behavioral Neuroscience, 118, 1466-1468.
14. Cleeremans, A., & McClelland, J. L. (1991). Learning the structure of event sequences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 120, 235-253.
15. Daum, L, Channon, S., & Canavan, A. (1989). Classical conditioning in patients with severe memory problems. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 52, 47-51.
16. Daum, I., Channon, S., Polkey, C. E., & Gray, J. A. (1991). Classical conditioning after temporal lobe lesions in man: Impairment in conditional discrimination. Behavioral Neuroscience, 105, 396-408.
17. Eichenbaum, H., & Cohen, N. J. (2001). From conditioning to conscious recollection: Memory systems of the brain. New York: Oxford University Press.
18. Fortier, C. B., Disterhoft, J. F., Capozzi, S., Kilduff, P. K., Cronin-Golomb, A., & McGlinchey, R. E. (2003). Conditional discrimination learning in patients with bilateral medial temporal lobe amnesia. Behavioral Neuroscience, 117, 1181-1195.
19. Gabrieli, J. D. E., McGlinchey-Berroth, R., Carrillo, M. C., Gluck, M. A., Cermak, L. S., & Disterhoft, J. F. (1995). Intact delay-eyeblink classical conditioning in amnesia. Behavioral Neuroscience, 109, 819-827.
20. Knuttinen, M. G., Power, J. M., Preston, A. R., & Disterhoft, J. F. (2001). Awareness in classical differential eyeblink conditioning in young and aging humans. Behavioral Neuroscience, 115, 747-757.
21. Lovibond, P. F., & Shanks, D. R. (2002). The role of awareness in Pavlovian conditioning: Empirical evidence and theoretical implications. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Process, 28, 3-26.
22. Manns, J. R., Clark, R. E., & Squire, L. R. (2000a). Awareness predicts the magnitude of single-cue trace eyeblink conditioning. Hippocampus, 19, 181-186.
23. Manns, J. R., Clark, R. E., & Squire, L. R. (2000b). Parallel, acquisition of awareness and trace eyeblink classical conditioning. Learning & Memory, 7, 267-272.
24. Manns, J. R., Clark, R. E., & Squire, L. R. (2001). Single-cue delay eyeblink conditioning is unrelated to awareness. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 1, 192-198.
25. Manns, J. R., Clark, R. E., & Squire, L. R. (2002). Standard delay eyeblink classical conditioning is independent of awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Process, 28, 32-37.
26. Nelson, M. N., & Ross, L. E. (1974). Effects of masking tasks on differential eyelid conditioning: A distinction between knowledge of stimulus contingencies and attentional or cognitive activities involving them. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 1-9.
27. Papka, M., Ivry, R. B., & Woodruff-Pak, D. S. (1997). Eyeblink classical conditioning and awareness revisited. Psychological Science, 8, 404-408.
28. Perry, L. C., Grant, D. A., & Schwartz, M. (1977). Effects of noun imagery and awareness of the discriminative cue upon differential eyelid conditioning to grammatical and ungrammatical phrases. Memory & Cognition, 5, 423-429.
29. Reber, P. J., & Squire, L. R. (1994). Parallel brain systems for learning with and without awareness. Learning & Memory, 2, 1-13.
30. Ross, L. E., & Nelson, M. N. (1973). The role of awareness in differential conditioning. Psychophysiology, 10, 91-94.
31. Schacter, D., & Tulving, E. (1994). Memory systems 1994. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
32. Spence, K. W., & Ross, L. E. (1959). A methodological study of the form and latency of eyelid responses in conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 376-381.
33. Spence, K. W., & Taylor, J. (1951). Anxiety and strength of the UCS as determiners of the amount of eyelid conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 42, 183-188.
34. Squire, L. R. (1992). Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans. Psychological Review, 99, 195-231.
35. Willingham, D. B., Nissen, M. J., & Bullemer, P. (1989). On the development of procedural knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 15, 1047-1060.