A novel function for human Rad9 protein as a transcriptional activator of gene expression

Cell Cycle

Volumn 3, Issue 8, 2004, Pages 1006-1008

  Lieberman, Howard B ^a   Yin, Yuxin ^a  

^a New York Presbyterian Columbia University Medical Center   (United States)

Author keywords

Cell cycle checkpoint control; p21; p53; Rad9; Transcription

Indexed keywords

CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE; CYCLINE; PROTEIN RAD9;

ANIMAL CELL; APOPTOSIS; CELL CYCLE; DNA DAMAGE; DNA MICROARRAY; GENE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC CONSERVATION; GENOMIC INSTABILITY; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; NONHUMAN; NORTHERN BLOTTING; P21 GENE; PROTEIN FUNCTION; RAD9 GENE; REVIEW; TRANSACTIVATION; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION;

EID: 13944249515     PISSN: 15384101     EISSN: 15514005     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4161/cc.3.8.1069     Document Type: Review

References (29)

1. Yin Y, Zhu A, Jin YJ, Liu YX, Zhang X, Hopkins KM, Lieberman HB. Human RAD9 checkpoint control/pro-apoptotic protein can activate transcription of p21. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004: 101:8804-9.
2. Murray JM, Carr AM, Lehmann AR, Watts FZ. Cloning and characterisation of the rad9 DNA repair gene from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Nucl Acids Res 1991; 19:3525-31.
3. Lieberman HB, Hopkins KM, Laverty M, Chu HM. Molecular cloning and analysts of Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad9, a gene involved in DNA repair and mutagenesis. Mol Gen Genet 1992; 232:367-76.
4. Lieberman HB, Hopkins KM, Nass M, Demetrick D, Davey S. A human homologue of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad9+ checkpoint control gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93:13890-5.
5. Hang H, Rauth SJ, Hopkins KM, Davey SK, Lieberman HB. Molecular cloning and tissue-specific expression of Mrad9, a murine orthologue of the Schizosaccharomyces pomhe rad9+ checkpoint control gene. J Cell Physiol 1998; 177:241-7.
6. Hirai I, Wang H-G. A role of the C-terminal region of human Rad9 (hRad9) in nuclear transport of the hRad9 checkpoint complex. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:25722-7.
7. Hopkins KM, Auerbach W, Wang XY, Hande MP, Hang H, Wolgemuth DJ, Joyner AL, Lieberman HB. Deletion of mouse Rad9 causes abnormal cellular responses to DNA damage, genomic instability and embryonic lethality. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:7235-48.
8. Komatsu K, Miyashita T, Hang H, Hopkins KM, Zheng W, Cuddeback S, Yamada M, Lieberman HB, Wang HG. Human homologue of S. pombe Rad9 interacts with Bcl-2/Bcl-XL and promotes apoptosis. Nature Cell Biol 2000; 2:1-6.
9. 2 checkpoint control protein RAD9 is a nuclear phosphoprotein that forms complexes with RAD1 and HUS1. Mol Biol Cell 1999; 10:1985-95.
10. Volkmer E, Karnitz LM. Human homologues of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Rad1, Hus1 and Rad9 form a DNA damage-responsive protein complex. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:567-70.
11. St. Onge RP, Besley BD, Park M, Casselman R, Davey S. DNA damage-dependent and - independent phosphorylation of the hRad9 checkpoint protein. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:41898-905.
12. Yoshida K, Wang H-G, Miki Y, Kufe D. Protein kinase CΔ is responsible for constitutive and DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of Rad9. EMBO J 2003; 22:1431-41.
13. Chen MJ, Lin YT, Lieberman HB, Chen G, Lee EY. ATM-dependent phosphorylation of human Rad9 is required for ionizing radiation-induced checkpoint activation. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:16580-6.
14. Roos-Mattjus P, Hopkins KM, Oestreich AJ, Vroman BT, Johnson KL, Naylor S, Lieberman HB, Karnitz LM. Phosphorylation of human Rad9 is required for genotoxin-activated checkpoint signaling. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:24428-37.
15. Yoshida K, Komatsu K, Wang H-G, Kufe D. c-Abl tyrosine kinase regulates the human Rad9 checkpoint protein in response to DNA damage. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:3292-300.
16. Sorensen CS, Syljuasen RG, Lukas J, Bartek J. ATR, claspin, and the Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 complex regulate Chk1 and Cdc25A in the absence of DNA damage. Cell Cycle 2004; 3:941-5.
17. Bessho T, Sancar A. Human DNA damage checkpoint protein hRAD9 is a 3′ to 5′ exonuclease. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:7451-4.
18. Wang L, Hsu CL, Ni J, Wang PH, Yeh S, Keng P, Chang C. Human checkpoint protein hRad9 functions as a negative coregulator to repress androgen receptor transactivation in prostate cancer cells. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:2202-13.
19. Nabetani A, Yokoyama O, Ishikawa F. Localization of hRad9, hHus1, hRad1 and hRad17, and caffeine-sensitive DNA replication at ALT (alternative lengthening of telomeres)-associated promyelocytic leukemia body. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:25849-57.
20. Hang H, Lieberman HB. Physical interactions among human checkpoint control proteins HUS1p, RAD1p and RAD9p, and implications for the regulation of cell cycle progression. Genomics 2000; 65:14-33.
21. Rauen M, Burtelow MA, Dufault VM, Karnitz LM. The human checkpoint protein hRad17 interacts with the PCNA-like proteins hRad1, hHus1, and hRad9. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:29767-71.
22. Griffith JD, Lindsey-Boltz LA, Sancar A. Structures of the human Radl7-replication factor C and checkpoint Rad 9-1-1 complexes visualized by glycerol spray/low voltage microscopy. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:15233-6.
23. Zou L, Cortez D, Elledge SJ. Regulation of ATR substrate selection by Radl7-dependent loading of Rad9 complexes onto chromatin. Genes Dev 2002; 16:198-208.
24. Bermudez VP, Lindsey-Boltz LA, Cesare AJ, Maniwa Y, Griffith JD, Hurwitz J, Sancar A. Loading of the human 9-1-1 checkpoint complex onto DNA by the checkpoint clamp loader hRadl7-replication factor C complex in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100:1633-8.
25. Ellison V, Stillman B. Biochemical characterization of DNA damage checkpoint complexes: clamp loader and clamp complexes with specificity for 5′ recessed DNA. PLoS Biol 2003; 1:231-43.
26. Yin Y, Liu YX, Jin YJ, Hall EJ, Barrett JC. PAC1 phosphatase is a transcription target of p53 in signalling apoptosis and growth suppression. Nature 2003; 422:527-31.
27. Kern SE, Kinzler KW, Bruskin A Jarosz D, Friedman P, Prives C, Vogelstein B. Science 1991; 252:1708-11.
28. El-Deiry WS, Kern S E, Pietenpol JA, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Identification of p53 as a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein. Nat Genet 1992; 1:45-9.
29. Donehower LA, Harvey M, Slagle BL, McArthur MJ, Montgomery CA Jr, Butel JS, Bradley A. Mice deficient for p53 are developmentally normal but susceptible to spontaneous tumours. Nature 1992; 356:215-21.