Iron assessment tests: Transferrin receptor vis-à-vis zinc protoporphyrin

Clinical Biochemistry

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 165-174

  Labbé, Robert F ^a,b   Dewanji, Anjana ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^c INDIAN STATISTICAL INSTITUTE   (India)

Author keywords

Anemia; Iron assessment; Iron deficiency; Iron disorders; Iron status; Transferrin receptor; Zinc protoporphyrin

Indexed keywords

FERRITIN; HEME; IRON; PROTOPORPHYRIN ZINC; TRANSFERRIN; TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR;

BONE MARROW; CELL LEVEL; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DISEASE MARKER; ERYTHROCYTE ZINC PROTOPORPHYRIN HEME RATIO; HUMAN; IRON DEFICIENCY; IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA; IRON METABOLISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SERUM TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR CONCENTRATION; TRANSFERRIN BLOOD LEVEL;

EID: 1242337466     PISSN: 00099120     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2003.10.006     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Dallman P.R. Manifestations of iron deficiency. Semin. Hematol. 19:1982;19-30.
2. Dallman P.R. Iron deficiency: does it matter? J. Intern. Med. 226:1989;3672-3676.
3. Webb T.E., Oski F.A. Iron deficiency anemia and scholastic achievement in young adolescents. J. Pediatr. 82:1973;827-830.
4. Walter T., Kovalskys J., Stekel A. Effect of mild iron deficiency on infant mental development scores. J. Pediatr. 102:1983;519-522.
5. Walter T. Effect of iron-deficiency anaemia on cognitive skills in infancy and childhood. Baillieres Clin. Haematol. 7:1994;815-827.
6. Lozoff B., Jimenez E., Hagan J., Mollen E., Wolf A.W. Poor behavioral and developmental outcome more than 10 years after treatment for iron deficiency in infants. Pediatyrics. 105:2000;E51.
7. Roncagliolo M., Garrido M., Walter T., Peirano P., Lozoff B. Evidence of altered central nervous system development in infants with iron deficiency anemia at 6 mo: delayed maturation of auditory brainstem responses. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:1998;683-690.
8. Lozoff B. Perinatal iron deficiency and the developing brain. Pediatr. Res. 48:2000;137-139.
9. Mackler B., Person R., Miller L.R., Inamdar A.R., Finch C.A. Iron deficiency in the rat: biochemical studies of brain metabolism. Pediatr. Res. 12:1978;217-220.
10. de Ungria M., Raghavendra R., Wobken J.D., Luciana M., Nelson C.A., Georgieff M.K. Perinatal iron deficiency decreases cytochrome c oxidase (CytOx) activity in selected regions of neonatal rat brain. Pediatr. Res. 48:2000;169-176.
11. Ackrell B.A., Maguire J.J., Dallman P.R., Kearny E.B. Effect of iron deficiency on succinate- and NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductases on skeletal muscle mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 259:1984;10053-10059.
12. Zhu Y.I., Haas J.D. Iron depletion without anemia and physical performance in young women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 66:1997;334-341.
13. Hinton P.S., Giordano C., Brownlie T., Haas J.D. Iron supplementation improves endurance after training in iron-depleted, non-anemic women. J. Appl. Physiol. 88:2000;1103-1111.
14. Brownlie T.T., Utermohlen V., Hinton P.S., Giordano C., Haas J.D. Marginal iron deficiency without anemia impairs aerobic adaptation among previously untrained women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 75:2002;734-742.
15. Finch C.A., Miller L.R., Inamdar A.R., Person R., Seller K., Mackler B. Iron deficiency in the rat. Physiological and biochemical studies of muscle dysfunction. J. Clin. Invest. 58:1976;447-453.
16. Willis W.T., Gohil K., Brooks G.A., Dallman P.R. Iron deficiency: improved exercise performance within 15 hours of iron treatment in rats. J. Nutr. 120:1990;909-916.
17. Worwood M. The laboratory assessment of iron status - An update. Clin. Chim. Acta. 259:1997;3-23.
18. McLaren G.D., Carpenter J.T. Jr., Nino H.V. Erythrocyte protoporphyrin in the detection of iron deficiency. Clin. Chem. 21:1975;1121-1127.
19. Means R.T. Jr., Allen J., Sears D.A., Schuster S.J. Serum soluble transferrin receptor and the prediction of marrow aspirate iron results in a heterogeneous group of patients. Clin. Lab. Haematol. 21:1999;161-167.
20. Crosby W.H. Who needs iron? N. Engl. J. Med. 297:1977;543-545.
21. Brugnara C. Reticulocyte cellular indices: a new approach in the diagnosis of anemias and monitoring of erythropoietic function. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 37:2000;93-130.
22. Winzerling J.J., Kling P.J. Iron-deficient erythropoiesis in premature infants measured by blood zinc protoporphyrin/heme. J. Pediatr. 139:2001;134-136.
23. Kling P.J., Roberts R.A., Widness J.A. Plasma transferrin receptor levels and indices of erythropoiesis and iron status in healthy term infants. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 20:1998;309-314.
24. Khumalo H., Gomo Z.A., Moyo V.M., Gordeuk V.R., Saungweme T., Rouault T.A.et al. Serum transferrin receptors are decreased in the presence of iron overload. Clin. Chem. 44:1998;40-44.
25. Huebers H.A., Beguin Y., Pootrakul P., Einspahr D., Finch C.A. Intact transferrin receptors in human plasma and their relation to erythropoiesis. Blood. 75:1990;102-107.
26. Baynes R.D., Cook J.D., Bothwewll T.H., Friedman B.M., Meyer T.E. Serum transferrin receptor in hereditary hemochromatosis and African siderosis. Am. J. Hematol. 45:1994;288-292.
27. Hastka J., Lasserre J.J., Schwarzbeck A., Reiter A., Hehlmann R. Laboratory tests of iron status: correlation or common sense? Clin. Chem. 42:1996;718-724.
28. van Tellingen A., Kuenen J.C., de Kieviet W., van Tinteren H., Kooi M.L., Vasmel W.L. Iron deficiency anaemia in hospitalized patients: value of various laboratory parameters. Differention between IDA and ACD. Neth. J. Med. 59:2001;270-279.
29. van den Broek N.R., Letsky E.A., White S.A., Shenkin A. Iron status in pregnant women: which measurements are valid? Br. J. Haematol. 103:1998;817-824.
30. Harthoorn-Lasthuizen E.J., van't Sant P., Lindemans J., Langenhuijsen M. Serum transferrin receptor and erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin in patients with anemia. Clin. Chem. 46:2000;719-722.
31. Tilg H., Ulmer H., Kaser A., Weiss G. Role of IL-10 for induction of anemia during inflammation. J. Immunol. 169:2002;2204-2209.
32. Feelders R.A., Kuiper-Kramer E.P., van Eijk H.G. Structure, function and clinical significance of transferrin receptor. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 37:1999;1-10.
33. Song J.S., Park W., Bae S.K., Kim S.S., Lee Y.H., Choi J.W.et al. The usefulness of transferrin receptor and ferritin for assessing anemia in rheumatoid arthritis: comparison with bone marrow iron study. Rheumatol. Int. 21:2001;24-29.
34. Lipschitz D.A. The anemia of chronic disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 38:1990;1258-1264.
35. Hastka J., Lasserre J.J., Schwarzbeck A., Strauch M., Hehlmann R. Zinc protoporphyrin in anemia of chronic disorders. Blood. 81:1993;1200-1204.
36. Beguin Y. The soluble transferrin receptor: biological aspects and clinical usefulness as quantitative measure of erythropoiesis. Haematologica. 77:1992;1-10.
37. Cook J.D., Baynes R.D., Skikne B.S. The physiological significance of circulating transferrin receptors. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 352:1994;119-126.
38. Baynes R.D. Assessment of iron status. Clin. Biochem. 29:1996;209-215.
39. Skikne B.S. Circulating transferrin receptor assay - Coming of age. Clin. Chem. 44:1998;7-9.
40. Trowbridge I.S., Omary M.B. Human cell surface gkycoprotein related to cell proliferation is the receptor for transferrin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 78:1981;3039-3043.
41. Baynes R.D. Transferrin reduces the production of soluble tranferrin receptor. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 209:1995;186-194.
42. R'zik S., Loo M., Beguin Y. Reticulocyte transferrin receptor (TfR) expression and contribution to soluble TfR levels. Haematologica. 86:2001;244-251.
43. Tarng D.C., Huang T.P. Determinants of circulating soluble transferrin receptor level in chronic hemodialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 17:2002;1063-1069.
44. Theil E. Regulation of ferritin and transferrin receptor mRNAs. J. Biol. Chem. 265:1990;4771-4774.
45. Kohgo Y., Kondo H., Kato J., Tsushima N., Sasaki K., Hirayama M.et al. Serum transferrin receptor as a new index of erythropoiesis. Blood. 70:1987;1955-1958.
46. Shih Y.J., Baynes R.D., Hudson B.G., Cook J.D. Characterization and quantitation of the circulating forms of serum transferrin receptor using domain-specific antibodies. Blood. 81:1993;234-238.
47. Carriaga M.T., Skikne B.S., Finley B., Cutler B., Cook J.D. Serum transferrin receptor for the detection of iron deficiency in pregnancy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 54:1991;1077-1081.
48. Punnonen K., Irjala K., Rajamäki A. Serum transferrin receptor and its ratio to serum ferritin in the diagnosis of iron deficiency. Blood. 89:1997;1052-1057.
49. Rimon E., Levy S., Sapir A., Gelzer G., Peled R., Ergas D.et al. Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in the elderly by transferrin receptor-ferritin index. Arch. Intern. Med. 162:2002;445-449.
50. Ruivard M., Gerbaud L., Doz M., Philippe P. Ferritin is more cost effective than transferrin receptor-ferritin index for the diagnosis of iron deficiency. Arch. Intern. Med. 162:2002;1783.
51. Worwood M. Serum transferrin receptor assays and their application. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 39:2002;221-230.
52. Cook J.D. The measurement of serum tranferrin receptor. Am. J. Med. Sci. 318:1999;269-276.
53. Beerenhout C., Beekers O., Kooman J.P., Van Der Sande F.M., Leunissen K.M. A comparison between the soluble transferrin receptor, transferrin saturation and serum ferritin as markers of iron state in hemodialysis patients. Nephron. 92:2002;32-35.
54. Joosten E., Van Loon R., Billen J., Blanckaert N., Fabri R., Pelemans W. Serum transferrin receptor in the evaluation of the iron status in elderly hospitalized patients with anemia. Am. J. Hematol. 69:2002;1-6.
55. Goodnough L.T., Skikne B., Brugnara C. Erythropoietin, iron, and erythropoiesis. Blood. 96:2000;823-833.
56. Akesson A., Bjellerup P., Berglund M., Bremme K., Vahter M. Serum transferrin receptor: a specific marker of iron deficiency in pregnancy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:1998;1241-1246.
57. Choi J.W., Im W.M., Pai S.H. Serum transferrin receptor concentrations during normal pregnancy. Clin. Chem. 46:2000;725-727.
58. Hytten F. Blood volume changes in normal pregnancy. Clin. Haematol. 14:1985;601-612.
59. Dagg J.H., Goldberg A., Lochhead A. Value of erythrocyte protoporphyrin in the diagnosis of latent iron deficiency (sideropenia). Br. J. Haematol. 12:1966;326-330.
60. Lamola A.A., Yamane T. Zinc protoporphyrin in the erythrocytes of patients with lead intoxication and iron deficiency anemia. Science. 186:1974;936-938.
61. Lange B., Kispal G., Lill R. Mechanism of iron transport to the site of heme synthesis inside yeast mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;18989-18996.
62. Outten C.E., O'Halloran T.V. Femtomolar sensitivity of metalloregulatory proteins controlling zinc homeostasis. Science. 292:2001;2488-2492.
63. Camadro J.M., Labbe P. Kinetic studies of ferrochelatase in yeast. Zinc or iron as competing substrates. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 707(2):1982;280-288.
64. Labbe R.F., Vreman H.J., Stevenson D.K. Zinc protoporphyrin: a metabolite with a mission. Clin. Chem. 45:1999;2060-2072.
65. Camadro J.M., Labbe P. Purification and properties of ferrochelatase from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Evidence for a precursor form of the protein. J. Biol. Chem. 263:1988;11675-11682.
66. Al-Karadaghi S., Hansson M., Nikonov S., Jonsson B., Hederstedt L. Crystal structure of ferrochelatase: the terminal enzyme in heme biosynthesis. Structure. 5:1997;1501-1510.
67. Taketani S., Tokunaga R. Purification and substrate specificity of bovine liver-ferrochelatase. Eur. J. Biochem. 127:1982;443-447.
68. Brugnara C., Zurakowski D., DiCanzio J., Boyd T., Platt O. Reticulocyte hemoglobin content to diagnose iron deficiency in children. JAMA. 281:1999;2225-2230.
69. Yip R., Schwartz S., Deinard M.D. Screening for iron deficiency with the erythrocyte protoporphyrin test. Pediatrics. 72:1983;214-219.
70. Labbe R.F., Rettmer R.L., Shah A.G., Turnlund J.R. Zinc protoporphyrin. Past, present, and future. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 514:1987;7-14.
71. Harthoorn-Lasthuizen E.J., Lindemans J., Langenhuijsen M.M. Zinc protoporphyrin as screening test in female blood donors. Clin. Chem. 44:1998;800-804.
72. Birgegård G., de Verdier C.H., Högman C. A comparison between concentrations of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin and serum ferritin during development of iron deficiency by phlebotomy in polycythaemia vera patients. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 47:1987;593-597.
73. Rettmer R.L., Carlson T.H., Origenes M.L. Jr., Jack R.M., Labbe R.F. The zinc protoporphyrin/heme ratio for diagnosis of pre-anemic iron deficiency. Pediatrics. 104:1999;e37.
74. Juul S.E., Zerzan J.C., Strandjord T.P., Woodrum D.E. Zinc protoporphyrin/heme as an indicator of iron status in NICU patients. J. Pediatr. 142:2003;273-278.
75. National Committee on Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin Testing: Approved Guideline. 1996;NCCLS, Villanova, PA.
76. Hastka J., Lasserre J.J., Schwarzbeck A., Hehlmann R. Central role of zinc protoporphyrin in staging iron deficiency. Clin. Chem. 40:1994;768-773.
77. Myers B., Walker A., Davies J.M. The utility of the zinc-protoporphyrin assay as an initial screen for iron-deficient erythropoiesis. Hematol. J. 3:2002;116-117.
78. Schifman R.B., Rivers S.L., Finley P.R., Thies C. RBC zinc protoporphyrin to screen blood donors for iron deficiency anemia. JAMA. 248:1982;2012-2025.
79. Schifman R.B., Rivers S.L. Red blood cell zinc protoporphyrin to evaluate anemia risk in deferred blood donors. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 87:1987;511-514.
80. Jensen B.M., Sandø S.H., Grandjean P., Wiggers P., Dalhøj J. Screening with zinc protoporphyrin for iron deficiency in non-anemic female blood donors. Clin. Chem. 36:1990;846-848.
81. Romslo I., Haram K., Sagen N., Augensen K. Iron requirement in normal pregnancy as assessed by serum ferritin, serum transferrin saturation and erythrocyte protoporphyrin determinations. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 90:1983;101-107.
82. Schifman R.B., Thomasson J.E., Evers J.M. Red blood cell zinc protoporphyrin testing for iron-deficiency anemia in pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 157:1987;304-307. [see comments].
83. J. Stein. Assessing iron status in pregnancy: relationship between zinc protoporphyrin/heme ratio and volume-corrected serum ferritin [Thesis]. Nursing. Spokane, WA: Gonzaga University, 39 (1999) 1999.
84. Aschkenazi S., Kaplan B., Shaklai M., Blickstein D., Bar J., Ben-Rafael Z. Red blood cell zinc protoporphyrin measurement for assessment of peripartum iron deficiency. Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol. 26:1999;183-184.
85. Pootrakul P., Wattanasaree J., Anuwatanakulchai M., Wasi P. Increased red blood cell protoporphyrin in thalassemia: a result of relative iron deficiency. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 82:1984;289-293.
86. Graham E.A., Felgenhauer J., Detter J.C., Labbe R.F. Elevated zinc protoporphyrin associated with thalassemia trait and hemoglobin E. J. Pediatr. 129:1996;105-110.
87. Harthoorn-Lasthuizen E.J., Lindemans J., Langenhuijsen M.M. Combined use of erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin and mean corpuscular volume in differentiation of thalassemia from iron deficiency anemia. Eur. J. Haematol. 60:1998;245-251.
88. Cavill I. Iron and erythropoietin in renal disease. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 17:2002;19-23.
89. Bottomley S.S., Muller-Eberhard U. Pathophysiology of heme synthesis. Semin. Hematol. 25:1988;282-302.
90. Yip R. The interaction of lead and iron. Filer J.L.J. Dietary Iron, Birth to Two Years. 1989;179-181 Raven Press, New York.
91. Siegel R.M., LaGrone D.H. The use of zinc protoporphyrin in screening young children for iron deficiency. Clin. Pediatr. 33:1994;473-479.
92. Graham E.A., Carlson T.H., Sodergren K.K., Detter J.C., Labbe R. Iron deficiency and delayed weaning in Southeast Asian toddlers. West. J. Med. 167:1997;10-14.
93. Griffin I.J., Reid M.M., McCormick K.P., Cooke R.J. Zinc protoporphyrin/haem ratio and plasma ferritin in preterm infants. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 87:2002;F49-F51.
94. Wong S.S., Qutishat A.S., Lange J., Gornet T.G., Buja L.M. Detection of iron-deficiency anemia in hospitalized patients by zinc protoporphyrin. Clin. Chim. Acta. 244:1996;91-101.
95. Garrett S., Worwood M. Zinc protoporphyrin and iron-deficient erythropoiesis. Acta Haematol. 91:1994;21-25.
96. Kolbe-Busch S., Lotz J., Hafner G., Blanckaert N.J., Claeys G., Togni G.et al. Multicenter evaluation of a fully mechanized soluble transferrin receptor assay on the Hirtachi and Cobas Integra analyzers. The determination of reference ranges. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 40:2002;529-536.
97. McDade T.W., Shell-Duncan B. Whole blood collected on filter paper provides a minimally-invasive method for assessing human transferrin receptor. J. Nutr. 132:2002;3760-3763.
98. Schumacher Y.O., Schmid A., Konig D., Berg A. Effects of exercise on soluble transferrin receptor and other variables of the iron status. Br. J. Sports Med. 36:2002;195-199.
99. Labbé R.F., Finch C.A., Smith N.J., Doan R.N., Sood S.K., Madan N. Erythrocyte protoporphyrin/heme ratio in the assessment of iron status. Clin. Chem. 25:1979;87-92.
100. Lamola A.A., Eisinger J., Blumberg W.E. Erythrocyte protoporphyrin/heme ratio by hematofluorometry. Clin. Chem. 26:1980;677-678. [letter].
101. Hastka J., Lasserre J.J., Schwarzbeck A., Strauch M., Hehlmann R. Washing erythrocytes to remove interferents in measurements of zinc protoporphyrin by front-face hematofluorometry. Clin. Chem. 38:1992;2184-2189.
102. Chisolm J.J., Brown D.H. Micromethod for zinc protoporphyrin in erythrocytes: including new data on the absorptivity of zinc protoporphyrin and new observations in neonates and sickle cell disease. Biochem. Med. 22:1979;214-237.
103. Gunter E.W., Turner W.E., Huff D.L. Investigation of protoporphyrin IX standard materials used in acid-extraction methods, and a proposed correction for the millimolar absorptivity of protoporphyrin IX. Clin. Chem. 35:1989;1601-1608.
104. Markowitz S.B., Nunez C.M., Klitzman S., Munshi A.A., Kim W.S., Eisinger J.et al. Lead poisoning due to Hai Ge Fen. The porphyrin content of individual erythrocytes. JAMA. 271:1994;932-934.