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Volumn 126, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 1388-1401

Donor-Acceptor (Electronic) Coupling in the Precursor Complex to Organic Electron Transfer: Intermolecular and Intramolecular Self-Exchange between Phenothiazine Redox Centers

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHARGE TRANSFER; CHEMICAL ACTIVATION; POSITIVE IONS; RATE CONSTANTS; REDOX REACTIONS;

EID: 1042288185     PISSN: 00027863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ja038746v     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (177)

References (140)
  • 7
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    • Balzani, V., Ed.: Wiley-VCH: New York
    • (a) Newton, M. D. In Electron Transfer in Chemistry; Balzani, V., Ed.: Wiley-VCH: New York, 2001; Vol. 1, p 3.
    • (2001) Electron Transfer in Chemistry , vol.1 , pp. 3
    • Newton, M.D.1
  • 13
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    • Balzani, V., Ed.; Wiley-VCH: New York
    • (a) Such an upper limit of the electronic coupling element is rather arbitrary since it depends on the reorganization energy. See: Nelsen, S. In Electron Transfer in Chemistry, Balzani, V., Ed.; Wiley-VCH: New York, 2001; Vol. 1. p 342.
    • (2001) Electron Transfer in Chemistry , vol.1 , pp. 342
    • Nelsen, S.1
  • 14
    • 0142213302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3a and underscores another example of the never-ending rivalry between MO and VB treatments. See: Hoffmann, R.; Shaik, S. ; Hiberty, P. C. Acc. Chem. Res. 2003, 36, 750.
    • (2003) Acc. Chem. Res. , vol.36 , pp. 750
    • Hoffmann, R.1    Shaik, S.2    Hiberty, P.C.3
  • 19
    • 1042305495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Eberson in ref 4. p 44
    • See Eberson in ref 4. p 44.
  • 20
    • 1042305496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • .+ attendant upon one-electron oxidation. The latter also points to the mechanistic advantage accrued in a more general context by the use of "infinitely" variable organic structures for electron-transfer studies.
  • 42
    • 1042305494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • .+ in the ET and self-association processes.
  • 46
    • 1042293872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Note that in this study, dichloromethane was the solvent of choice because of the expanded temperature range accessible for the kinetic studies as well as the enhanced solubility and stability of the various phenothiazine cation radical salts examined in this study.
  • 47
    • 1042282251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • .+, respectively, by Bard et al.14
  • 48
    • 36849125606 scopus 로고
    • For previous examples of intermolecular π-association of various cation radicals, see: (a) Lewis, L. C.; Singer, L. S. Chem. Phys. 1965, 43, 2712.
    • (1965) Chem. Phys. , vol.43 , pp. 2712
    • Lewis, L.C.1    Singer, L.S.2
  • 59
    • 1042270758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • (l) All attempts to prepare the corresponding anionic dimers in solution have been unsuccessful heretofore.
  • 60
    • 1042305505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 2+ complexes23).
  • 63
    • 1042305497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • (c) Charge resonance as employed here derives from Badger, Brocklehurst et al.21d-g to describe the NIR absorption bands associated with the transient cationic pimers of various aromatic donors.
  • 64
    • 1042293881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 2+ at low temperature, see Figure S6.
  • 70
    • 1042305498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • (b) We conclude from the bond distance changes and the opening of the dihedral angle α that the effective charge on the central phenothiazine in the triplex is roughly +1.0 and the asymmetric distribution is +0.7 and +0.3 on the terminal phenothiazines (see Table 2, entries 3-5).
  • 71
    • 1042270760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • (a) Note that the strong similarity of the solid-state spectrum in Figure S5 and the NIR band of the precursor complex in solution (Figure 1) supports such a suggestion.
  • 72
    • 1042293876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • (b) The 3.3 Å separation is similar to those published previously for different complexes between cation and anion radicals and their neutral precursor (e.g., in the 1:1 pimer of octamethylanthracene, which is isoelectronic with phenothiazine).26b The planar moieties within such associates lie atop one another (or somewhat shifted) with the interplanar separation of 3.3 ± 0.3 Å which does not essentially depend on the stoichiometric composition of the particular complex (1:1, 1:2, 2:1, etc).41
  • 73
    • 1042282259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • (c) In the [1:1] charge-transfer complexes between phenothiazine and 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinedimethane28d or 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene,28e the donor and acceptor moieties also lie atop each other at the interplanar distance of about 3.4 Å.
  • 80
    • 1042293871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Table 6, column 7
    • See also Table 6, column 7.
  • 81
    • 0348168084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • as modified by Petillo, P. A. and Ismagilov, R. F.
    • (a) Heinzer, J. Quantum Chemistry Program Exchange 209, as modified by Petillo, P. A. and Ismagilov, R. F. We thank Prof. S. F. Nelsen for providing us with a copy of this program.
    • Quantum Chemistry Program Exchange 209
    • Heinzer, J.1
  • 82
    • 1042305502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • -1) at which the diagnostic alternating line width effects would be observed in the dynamic simulation of the ESR spectra, as we previously showed in a related mixed-valence system.36 We thank a reviewer for pointing out the desirability for such an experimental verification.
  • 86
    • 1042270768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 2+ as a triplet (ground-state) dication diradical (or as a nearly degenerate singlet/triplet ground state).34b
  • 88
    • 1042305503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • .+/P redox centers.
  • 89
    • 1042282258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • (b) For a discussion of this crystallographic point as it applies to a related aromatic redox center, see Le Magueres, P. et al. in ref 22a and Lindeman et al. in ref 30a.
  • 92
    • 1042293877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For the detailed description of intermolecular ET kinetics, see the following discussion.
  • 100
    • 1042293879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • D in [2:1] complexes is close to that in the corresponding [1:1] associationS.41c.d
  • 101
    • 1042282257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • .+ is close to that based on X-ray studies
  • 105
    • 1042270766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The two-state model for ET is based on orthogonal initial and final diabatic states. The extent to which there is orbital overlap between cofacial redox centers violates this restriction, but only strictly speaking. What is not yet known is the degree to which even a modicum of orbital overlap completely violates the applicability of the two-state model, and it thus remains to be seen (by further studies such as this) as to how far this restriction can be further tested with other (orbital) combinations.
  • 112
    • 1042282253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 2+ as determined by Okada et al.34b from its ESR (triplet) spectrum.
  • 113
    • 1042270765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • AD < λ/2 in Table 6 support the assignment of these systems to Class II.
  • 115
    • 1042293874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For such a syn conformation in the analogous o-xylylene-bridged cation radical with benzenoid redox centers, see Sun, D.-L. et al. in ref 36.
  • 116
    • 1042305501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 2+ systematically change from tub/tub, tub/planar, and planar/ planar, respectively. See text for the mechanistic implications of such structural changes in the phenothiazine redox centers.
  • 117
    • 1042293878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Compare with the ORTEP structure in Figure S10.
  • 118
    • 1042270759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • -9 s, we tentatively conclude that it falls into the Robin-Day Class II category based on the solvent dependence of the intervalence band as seen by the blue-shift with increasing solvent polarity as described in Table S1.
  • 119
    • 1042270761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • -1 is not uncommon (see: Elliot et al. in ref 54).
  • 120
    • 1042270763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • -1), and the reorganization energy would be less (not greater) than the maximum values listed in Tables 5 and 6.
  • 121
    • 1042293875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Note that HTD evaluated from the electrochemical data is expected to represent an upper limit to the intrinsic electronic coupling element because of the neglect of the other energy terms.36,52
  • 122
    • 1042270762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • ab is generally weaker for the organic intervalence compounds with aromatic redox centers (due to small solvation difference between dication and cation) than for the usual mixed-valence coordination compounds.
  • 123
    • 1042305500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • .+ may necessitate some correction of the parameters obtained via eq 8.
  • 124
    • 17344362159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Nelsen and co-workers in ref 43
    • For previous examples of the application of such a test, see: Elliot, C. M.; Derr, D. L.; Matyushov, D. V.; Newton, M. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11714, and Nelsen and co-workers in ref 43.
    • (1998) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.120 , pp. 11714
    • Elliot, C.M.1    Derr, D.L.2    Matyushov, D.V.3    Newton, M.D.4
  • 125
    • 1042270764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • -1, the same value as previously used for the description of ET in phenylene-bridged organic mixed-valence cation radicals30 and in the kinetics evaluation of the intermolecular anion radical self-exchange.37
  • 126
    • 1042282254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • .+/PH) self-exchange underscores its utilitarian value for further use provided that due cognizance is presently taken of the rigorous definitions of the separation parameter and the pre-exponential factor for reliable computations of the Mulliken-Hush electronic coupling element.
  • 128
    • 1042282255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • ET‡(theor) = 2.5 kcal/ mol. Note, however, that such a close coincidence may be somewhat fortuitous, since the accurate comparison requires the more rigorous estimate of diffusion effects.
  • 130
    • 1042282256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 2). Thus, it cannot be applied quantitatively to the pimer in which two phenothiazine moieties are positioned parallel at an interplanax separation less than their molecular size. As a result, the pimer is best considered as a dipole within the solvent sphere, and the redox process within such a pimer will require substantially less solvent reorganization.
  • 131
    • 1042293880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • -1 and λ = 17 kcal/mol.
  • 132
    • 0037454319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (b) The planarization of both phenothiazine redox centers in the pimer indicates that part of the reorganization energy is already taken up in the pre-equilibrium step prior to the electron-transfer step. Compare with: Gwaltney, S. R.; Rosokha, S. V.; Head-Gordon, M.; Kochi, J. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3273.
    • (2003) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.125 , pp. 3273
    • Gwaltney, S.R.1    Rosokha, S.V.2    Head-Gordon, M.3    Kochi, J.K.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.