Isolation of the latent precursor complex in electron-transfer dynamics. Intermolecular association and self-exchange with acceptor anion radicals

Journal of the American Chemical Society

Volumn 125, Issue 9, 2003, Pages 2559-2571

  Ganesan, Vellaichamy ^a   Rosokha, Sergiy V ^a   Kochi, Jay K ^a  

^a University of Houston   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTRON ACCEPTORS;

CHARGE TRANSFER; COMPLEXATION; NEGATIVE IONS; RATE CONSTANTS;

ELECTRON TRANSITIONS;

ANION; RADICAL;

ARTICLE; CALCULATION; COMPLEX FORMATION; DYNAMICS; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; ELECTRON TRANSPORT; ENERGY TRANSFER; ION EXCHANGE; METHODOLOGY; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; PRECURSOR; PREDICTION;

EID: 0037420381     PISSN: 00027863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ja0211611     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. (a) Sutin, N. Prog. Inorg. Chem. 1983, 30, 441.
2. (b) Note that in self-exchange the successor complex is equivalent to the precursor complex denoted in generalized electron-transfer formulations.
3. For a trenchant evaluation of the precursor complexes in intermolecular organic electron transfer, see: Nelsen, S.; Pladziewicz, J. Acc. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 247.
4. For the spectral characterization of precursor complexes in the outer-sphere electron transfer of coordination compounds, see: (a) Khoshtariya, D. E.; Meusinger, R.; Billing, R. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99 (9), 3592. (b) Curtis, J. C.; Sullivan, B. P.; Meyer, T. J. Inorg. Chem. 1980, 19, 3833.
5. For the spectral characterization of precursor complexes in the outer-sphere electron transfer of coordination compounds, see: (a) Khoshtariya, D. E.; Meusinger, R.; Billing, R. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99 (9), 3592. (b) Curtis, J. C.; Sullivan, B. P.; Meyer, T. J. Inorg. Chem. 1980, 19, 3833.
6. For the analysis of intramolecular thermal/optical electron transfer in bridged mixed-valence systems as prototypes for the precursor complex in intermolecular electron transfer, see: (a) Elliot, C. M.; Derr, D. L.; Matyushov, D. V.; Newton, M. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11714. (b) Nelsen, S. F.; Adamus, J.; Wolff, J. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 1589. (c) Nelsen, S. F.; Ramm, M. T.; Wolff, J. J.; Powell, D. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 6863. (d) Nelsen, S. F.; Trieber, D. A.; Wolff, J. J.; Powell, D. R.; Rogers-Crowley S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 6873. (e) Nelsen, S. F.; Ismagilov, R. F.; Powell, D. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10213. (f) Lindeman, S. V.; Rosokha, S. V.; Sun, D.; Kochi, J. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 843. (g) Kambhampati, P.; Son, D. H.; Kee, T. W.; Barbara, P. F. J. Phys. Chem. A 2000, 104, 10637. (h) Son, D. H.; Kambhampati, P.; Kee, T. W.; Barbara, P. F. J. Phys. Chem. A 2002, 106, 4591.
7. For the analysis of intramolecular thermal/optical electron transfer in bridged mixed-valence systems as prototypes for the precursor complex in intermolecular electron transfer, see: (a) Elliot, C. M.; Derr, D. L.; Matyushov, D. V.; Newton, M. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11714. (b) Nelsen, S. F.; Adamus, J.; Wolff, J. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 1589. (c) Nelsen, S. F.; Ramm, M. T.; Wolff, J. J.; Powell, D. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 6863. (d) Nelsen, S. F.; Trieber, D. A.; Wolff, J. J.; Powell, D. R.; Rogers-Crowley S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 6873. (e) Nelsen, S. F.; Ismagilov, R. F.; Powell, D. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10213. (f) Lindeman, S. V.; Rosokha, S. V.; Sun, D.; Kochi, J. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 843. (g) Kambhampati, P.; Son, D. H.; Kee, T. W.; Barbara, P. F. J. Phys. Chem. A 2000, 104, 10637. (h) Son, D. H.; Kambhampati, P.; Kee, T. W.; Barbara, P. F. J. Phys. Chem. A 2002, 106, 4591.
8. For the analysis of intramolecular thermal/optical electron transfer in bridged mixed-valence systems as prototypes for the precursor complex in intermolecular electron transfer, see: (a) Elliot, C. M.; Derr, D. L.; Matyushov, D. V.; Newton, M. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11714. (b) Nelsen, S. F.; Adamus, J.; Wolff, J. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 1589. (c) Nelsen, S. F.; Ramm, M. T.; Wolff, J. J.; Powell, D. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 6863. (d) Nelsen, S. F.; Trieber, D. A.; Wolff, J. J.; Powell, D. R.; Rogers-Crowley S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 6873. (e) Nelsen, S. F.; Ismagilov, R. F.; Powell, D. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10213. (f) Lindeman, S. V.; Rosokha, S. V.; Sun, D.; Kochi, J. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 843. (g) Kambhampati, P.; Son, D. H.; Kee, T. W.; Barbara, P. F. J. Phys. Chem. A 2000, 104, 10637. (h) Son, D. H.; Kambhampati, P.; Kee, T. W.; Barbara, P. F. J. Phys. Chem. A 2002, 106, 4591.
9. For the analysis of intramolecular thermal/optical electron transfer in bridged mixed-valence systems as prototypes for the precursor complex in intermolecular electron transfer, see: (a) Elliot, C. M.; Derr, D. L.; Matyushov, D. V.; Newton, M. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11714. (b) Nelsen, S. F.; Adamus, J.; Wolff, J. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 1589. (c) Nelsen, S. F.; Ramm, M. T.; Wolff, J. J.; Powell, D. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 6863. (d) Nelsen, S. F.; Trieber, D. A.; Wolff, J. J.; Powell, D. R.; Rogers-Crowley S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 6873. (e) Nelsen, S. F.; Ismagilov, R. F.; Powell, D. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10213. (f) Lindeman, S. V.; Rosokha, S. V.; Sun, D.; Kochi, J. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 843. (g) Kambhampati, P.; Son, D. H.; Kee, T. W.; Barbara, P. F. J. Phys. Chem. A 2000, 104, 10637. (h) Son, D. H.; Kambhampati, P.; Kee, T. W.; Barbara, P. F. J. Phys. Chem. A 2002, 106, 4591.
10. For the analysis of intramolecular thermal/optical electron transfer in bridged mixed-valence systems as prototypes for the precursor complex in intermolecular electron transfer, see: (a) Elliot, C. M.; Derr, D. L.; Matyushov, D. V.; Newton, M. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11714. (b) Nelsen, S. F.; Adamus, J.; Wolff, J. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 1589. (c) Nelsen, S. F.; Ramm, M. T.; Wolff, J. J.; Powell, D. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 6863. (d) Nelsen, S. F.; Trieber, D. A.; Wolff, J. J.; Powell, D. R.; Rogers-Crowley S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 6873. (e) Nelsen, S. F.; Ismagilov, R. F.; Powell, D. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10213. (f) Lindeman, S. V.; Rosokha, S. V.; Sun, D.; Kochi, J. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 843. (g) Kambhampati, P.; Son, D. H.; Kee, T. W.; Barbara, P. F. J. Phys. Chem. A 2000, 104, 10637. (h) Son, D. H.; Kambhampati, P.; Kee, T. W.; Barbara, P. F. J. Phys. Chem. A 2002, 106, 4591.
11. For the analysis of intramolecular thermal/optical electron transfer in bridged mixed-valence systems as prototypes for the precursor complex in intermolecular electron transfer, see: (a) Elliot, C. M.; Derr, D. L.; Matyushov, D. V.; Newton, M. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11714. (b) Nelsen, S. F.; Adamus, J.; Wolff, J. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 1589. (c) Nelsen, S. F.; Ramm, M. T.; Wolff, J. J.; Powell, D. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 6863. (d) Nelsen, S. F.; Trieber, D. A.; Wolff, J. J.; Powell, D. R.; Rogers-Crowley S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 6873. (e) Nelsen, S. F.; Ismagilov, R. F.; Powell, D. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10213. (f) Lindeman, S. V.; Rosokha, S. V.; Sun, D.; Kochi, J. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 843. (g) Kambhampati, P.; Son, D. H.; Kee, T. W.; Barbara, P. F. J. Phys. Chem. A 2000, 104, 10637. (h) Son, D. H.; Kambhampati, P.; Kee, T. W.; Barbara, P. F. J. Phys. Chem. A 2002, 106, 4591.
12. For the analysis of intramolecular thermal/optical electron transfer in bridged mixed-valence systems as prototypes for the precursor complex in intermolecular electron transfer, see: (a) Elliot, C. M.; Derr, D. L.; Matyushov, D. V.; Newton, M. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11714. (b) Nelsen, S. F.; Adamus, J.; Wolff, J. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 1589. (c) Nelsen, S. F.; Ramm, M. T.; Wolff, J. J.; Powell, D. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 6863. (d) Nelsen, S. F.; Trieber, D. A.; Wolff, J. J.; Powell, D. R.; Rogers-Crowley S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 6873. (e) Nelsen, S. F.; Ismagilov, R. F.; Powell, D. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10213. (f) Lindeman, S. V.; Rosokha, S. V.; Sun, D.; Kochi, J. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 843. (g) Kambhampati, P.; Son, D. H.; Kee, T. W.; Barbara, P. F. J. Phys. Chem. A 2000, 104, 10637. (h) Son, D. H.; Kambhampati, P.; Kee, T. W.; Barbara, P. F. J. Phys. Chem. A 2002, 106, 4591.
13. For the analysis of intramolecular thermal/optical electron transfer in bridged mixed-valence systems as prototypes for the precursor complex in intermolecular electron transfer, see: (a) Elliot, C. M.; Derr, D. L.; Matyushov, D. V.; Newton, M. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11714. (b) Nelsen, S. F.; Adamus, J.; Wolff, J. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 1589. (c) Nelsen, S. F.; Ramm, M. T.; Wolff, J. J.; Powell, D. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 6863. (d) Nelsen, S. F.; Trieber, D. A.; Wolff, J. J.; Powell, D. R.; Rogers-Crowley S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 6873. (e) Nelsen, S. F.; Ismagilov, R. F.; Powell, D. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10213. (f) Lindeman, S. V.; Rosokha, S. V.; Sun, D.; Kochi, J. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 843. (g) Kambhampati, P.; Son, D. H.; Kee, T. W.; Barbara, P. F. J. Phys. Chem. A 2000, 104, 10637. (h) Son, D. H.; Kambhampati, P.; Kee, T. W.; Barbara, P. F. J. Phys. Chem. A 2002, 106, 4591.
14. (a) Marcus, R. A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1111.
15. (b) Marcus, R. A. Discuss. Faraday Soc. 1960, 29, 21.
16. (c) Marcus, R. A. J. Phys. Chem. 1963, 67, 853.
17. (d) Marcus, R. A. J. Chem. Phys. 1965, 43, 679.
18. (e) Marcus, R. A.; Sutin, N. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1985, 811, 265.
19. (a) Astruc, D. Electron Transfer and Radical Processes in Transition-Metal Chemistry; VCH: New York, 1995.
20. (b) Eberson, L. Electron-Transfer Reactions in Organic Chemistry; Springer-Verlag: New York, 1987.
21. (c) Cannon, R. D. Electron-Transfer Reactions; Butterworth: London, 1980.
22. (d) Formosinho, S. J.; Arnaut, L. G.; Fausto, R. Prog. React. Kinet. 1998, 23, 1.
23. For kinetic studies of electron-transfer self-exchange, see: (a) Jurgen, D.; Pedersen, S.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. Acta Chem. Scand. 1997, 51, 767. (b) Larsen, H.; Pedersen, S. U.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 331, 971. (c) Fukuzumi, S.; Nakanishi, I.; Suenobu, T.; Kadish, K. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3468. (d) Grampp, G.; Rauhut, G. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 1815. (e) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 1985, 81, 1035. (f) Nelsen, S. F.; Blackstock, S. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 7189. (g) Malinovski, G. L., Jr.; Bruning, W. H.; Griffin, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 2665. (h) Ward, R. L.; Weissman, S. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 2086. (i) Haran, N.; Luz, Z.; Shporer, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 119, 6873. For theoretical (quantum-mechanical) studies of self-exchange, see: (j) Jacobsen, S.; Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U. J. Phys. Chem. 1996. 100, 7411. (k) Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U.; Lund. H.; Swanstrøm, P. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 8892. (l) Ma, S.-H.; Zhang, X.-D.; Xu, H.; Shen, L.-L.; Zhang, X.-K.; Zhang, Q.-Y. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2001, 139, 97. (m) Kelterer, A.-M.; Landgraf, S.; Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 2001, A57, 1959. (n) Vener, M. V.; Ioffe, N. T.; Cheprakov, A. V.; Mairanovsky, V. G. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 370, 33. (o) Rauhut, G.; Clark, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9127.
24. For kinetic studies of electron-transfer self-exchange, see: (a) Jurgen, D.; Pedersen, S.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. Acta Chem. Scand. 1997, 51, 767. (b) Larsen, H.; Pedersen, S. U.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 331, 971. (c) Fukuzumi, S.; Nakanishi, I.; Suenobu, T.; Kadish, K. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3468. (d) Grampp, G.; Rauhut, G. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 1815. (e) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 1985, 81, 1035. (f) Nelsen, S. F.; Blackstock, S. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 7189. (g) Malinovski, G. L., Jr.; Bruning, W. H.; Griffin, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 2665. (h) Ward, R. L.; Weissman, S. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 2086. (i) Haran, N.; Luz, Z.; Shporer, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 119, 6873. For theoretical (quantum-mechanical) studies of self-exchange, see: (j) Jacobsen, S.; Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U. J. Phys. Chem. 1996. 100, 7411. (k) Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U.; Lund. H.; Swanstrøm, P. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 8892. (l) Ma, S.-H.; Zhang, X.-D.; Xu, H.; Shen, L.-L.; Zhang, X.-K.; Zhang, Q.-Y. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2001, 139, 97. (m) Kelterer, A.-M.; Landgraf, S.; Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 2001, A57, 1959. (n) Vener, M. V.; Ioffe, N. T.; Cheprakov, A. V.; Mairanovsky, V. G. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 370, 33. (o) Rauhut, G.; Clark, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9127.
25. For kinetic studies of electron-transfer self-exchange, see: (a) Jurgen, D.; Pedersen, S.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. Acta Chem. Scand. 1997, 51, 767. (b) Larsen, H.; Pedersen, S. U.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 331, 971. (c) Fukuzumi, S.; Nakanishi, I.; Suenobu, T.; Kadish, K. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3468. (d) Grampp, G.; Rauhut, G. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 1815. (e) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 1985, 81, 1035. (f) Nelsen, S. F.; Blackstock, S. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 7189. (g) Malinovski, G. L., Jr.; Bruning, W. H.; Griffin, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 2665. (h) Ward, R. L.; Weissman, S. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 2086. (i) Haran, N.; Luz, Z.; Shporer, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 119, 6873. For theoretical (quantum-mechanical) studies of self-exchange, see: (j) Jacobsen, S.; Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U. J. Phys. Chem. 1996. 100, 7411. (k) Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U.; Lund. H.; Swanstrøm, P. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 8892. (l) Ma, S.-H.; Zhang, X.-D.; Xu, H.; Shen, L.-L.; Zhang, X.-K.; Zhang, Q.-Y. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2001, 139, 97. (m) Kelterer, A.-M.; Landgraf, S.; Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 2001, A57, 1959. (n) Vener, M. V.; Ioffe, N. T.; Cheprakov, A. V.; Mairanovsky, V. G. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 370, 33. (o) Rauhut, G.; Clark, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9127.
26. For kinetic studies of electron-transfer self-exchange, see: (a) Jurgen, D.; Pedersen, S.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. Acta Chem. Scand. 1997, 51, 767. (b) Larsen, H.; Pedersen, S. U.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 331, 971. (c) Fukuzumi, S.; Nakanishi, I.; Suenobu, T.; Kadish, K. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3468. (d) Grampp, G.; Rauhut, G. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 1815. (e) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 1985, 81, 1035. (f) Nelsen, S. F.; Blackstock, S. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 7189. (g) Malinovski, G. L., Jr.; Bruning, W. H.; Griffin, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 2665. (h) Ward, R. L.; Weissman, S. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 2086. (i) Haran, N.; Luz, Z.; Shporer, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 119, 6873. For theoretical (quantum-mechanical) studies of self-exchange, see: (j) Jacobsen, S.; Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U. J. Phys. Chem. 1996. 100, 7411. (k) Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U.; Lund. H.; Swanstrøm, P. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 8892. (l) Ma, S.-H.; Zhang, X.-D.; Xu, H.; Shen, L.-L.; Zhang, X.-K.; Zhang, Q.-Y. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2001, 139, 97. (m) Kelterer, A.-M.; Landgraf, S.; Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 2001, A57, 1959. (n) Vener, M. V.; Ioffe, N. T.; Cheprakov, A. V.; Mairanovsky, V. G. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 370, 33. (o) Rauhut, G.; Clark, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9127.
27. For kinetic studies of electron-transfer self-exchange, see: (a) Jurgen, D.; Pedersen, S.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. Acta Chem. Scand. 1997, 51, 767. (b) Larsen, H.; Pedersen, S. U.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 331, 971. (c) Fukuzumi, S.; Nakanishi, I.; Suenobu, T.; Kadish, K. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3468. (d) Grampp, G.; Rauhut, G. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 1815. (e) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 1985, 81, 1035. (f) Nelsen, S. F.; Blackstock, S. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 7189. (g) Malinovski, G. L., Jr.; Bruning, W. H.; Griffin, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 2665. (h) Ward, R. L.; Weissman, S. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 2086. (i) Haran, N.; Luz, Z.; Shporer, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 119, 6873. For theoretical (quantum-mechanical) studies of self-exchange, see: (j) Jacobsen, S.; Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U. J. Phys. Chem. 1996. 100, 7411. (k) Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U.; Lund. H.; Swanstrøm, P. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 8892. (l) Ma, S.-H.; Zhang, X.-D.; Xu, H.; Shen, L.-L.; Zhang, X.-K.; Zhang, Q.-Y. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2001, 139, 97. (m) Kelterer, A.-M.; Landgraf, S.; Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 2001, A57, 1959. (n) Vener, M. V.; Ioffe, N. T.; Cheprakov, A. V.; Mairanovsky, V. G. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 370, 33. (o) Rauhut, G.; Clark, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9127.
28. For kinetic studies of electron-transfer self-exchange, see: (a) Jurgen, D.; Pedersen, S.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. Acta Chem. Scand. 1997, 51, 767. (b) Larsen, H.; Pedersen, S. U.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 331, 971. (c) Fukuzumi, S.; Nakanishi, I.; Suenobu, T.; Kadish, K. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3468. (d) Grampp, G.; Rauhut, G. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 1815. (e) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 1985, 81, 1035. (f) Nelsen, S. F.; Blackstock, S. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 7189. (g) Malinovski, G. L., Jr.; Bruning, W. H.; Griffin, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 2665. (h) Ward, R. L.; Weissman, S. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 2086. (i) Haran, N.; Luz, Z.; Shporer, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 119, 6873. For theoretical (quantum-mechanical) studies of self-exchange, see: (j) Jacobsen, S.; Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U. J. Phys. Chem. 1996. 100, 7411. (k) Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U.; Lund. H.; Swanstrøm, P. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 8892. (l) Ma, S.-H.; Zhang, X.-D.; Xu, H.; Shen, L.-L.; Zhang, X.-K.; Zhang, Q.-Y. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2001, 139, 97. (m) Kelterer, A.-M.; Landgraf, S.; Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 2001, A57, 1959. (n) Vener, M. V.; Ioffe, N. T.; Cheprakov, A. V.; Mairanovsky, V. G. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 370, 33. (o) Rauhut, G.; Clark, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9127.
29. For kinetic studies of electron-transfer self-exchange, see: (a) Jurgen, D.; Pedersen, S.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. Acta Chem. Scand. 1997, 51, 767. (b) Larsen, H.; Pedersen, S. U.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 331, 971. (c) Fukuzumi, S.; Nakanishi, I.; Suenobu, T.; Kadish, K. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3468. (d) Grampp, G.; Rauhut, G. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 1815. (e) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 1985, 81, 1035. (f) Nelsen, S. F.; Blackstock, S. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 7189. (g) Malinovski, G. L., Jr.; Bruning, W. H.; Griffin, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 2665. (h) Ward, R. L.; Weissman, S. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 2086. (i) Haran, N.; Luz, Z.; Shporer, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 119, 6873. For theoretical (quantum-mechanical) studies of self-exchange, see: (j) Jacobsen, S.; Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U. J. Phys. Chem. 1996. 100, 7411. (k) Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U.; Lund. H.; Swanstrøm, P. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 8892. (l) Ma, S.-H.; Zhang, X.-D.; Xu, H.; Shen, L.-L.; Zhang, X.-K.; Zhang, Q.-Y. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2001, 139, 97. (m) Kelterer, A.-M.; Landgraf, S.; Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 2001, A57, 1959. (n) Vener, M. V.; Ioffe, N. T.; Cheprakov, A. V.; Mairanovsky, V. G. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 370, 33. (o) Rauhut, G.; Clark, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9127.
30. For kinetic studies of electron-transfer self-exchange, see: (a) Jurgen, D.; Pedersen, S.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. Acta Chem. Scand. 1997, 51, 767. (b) Larsen, H.; Pedersen, S. U.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 331, 971. (c) Fukuzumi, S.; Nakanishi, I.; Suenobu, T.; Kadish, K. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3468. (d) Grampp, G.; Rauhut, G. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 1815. (e) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 1985, 81, 1035. (f) Nelsen, S. F.; Blackstock, S. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 7189. (g) Malinovski, G. L., Jr.; Bruning, W. H.; Griffin, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 2665. (h) Ward, R. L.; Weissman, S. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 2086. (i) Haran, N.; Luz, Z.; Shporer, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 119, 6873. For theoretical (quantum-mechanical) studies of self-exchange, see: (j) Jacobsen, S.; Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U. J. Phys. Chem. 1996. 100, 7411. (k) Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U.; Lund. H.; Swanstrøm, P. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 8892. (l) Ma, S.-H.; Zhang, X.-D.; Xu, H.; Shen, L.-L.; Zhang, X.-K.; Zhang, Q.-Y. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2001, 139, 97. (m) Kelterer, A.-M.; Landgraf, S.; Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 2001, A57, 1959. (n) Vener, M. V.; Ioffe, N. T.; Cheprakov, A. V.; Mairanovsky, V. G. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 370, 33. (o) Rauhut, G.; Clark, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9127.
31. For kinetic studies of electron-transfer self-exchange, see: (a) Jurgen, D.; Pedersen, S.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. Acta Chem. Scand. 1997, 51, 767. (b) Larsen, H.; Pedersen, S. U.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 331, 971. (c) Fukuzumi, S.; Nakanishi, I.; Suenobu, T.; Kadish, K. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3468. (d) Grampp, G.; Rauhut, G. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 1815. (e) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 1985, 81, 1035. (f) Nelsen, S. F.; Blackstock, S. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 7189. (g) Malinovski, G. L., Jr.; Bruning, W. H.; Griffin, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 2665. (h) Ward, R. L.; Weissman, S. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 2086. (i) Haran, N.; Luz, Z.; Shporer, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 119, 6873. For theoretical (quantum-mechanical) studies of self-exchange, see: (j) Jacobsen, S.; Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U. J. Phys. Chem. 1996. 100, 7411. (k) Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U.; Lund. H.; Swanstrøm, P. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 8892. (l) Ma, S.-H.; Zhang, X.-D.; Xu, H.; Shen, L.-L.; Zhang, X.-K.; Zhang, Q.-Y. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2001, 139, 97. (m) Kelterer, A.-M.; Landgraf, S.; Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 2001, A57, 1959. (n) Vener, M. V.; Ioffe, N. T.; Cheprakov, A. V.; Mairanovsky, V. G. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 370, 33. (o) Rauhut, G.; Clark, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9127.
32. For kinetic studies of electron-transfer self-exchange, see: (a) Jurgen, D.; Pedersen, S.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. Acta Chem. Scand. 1997, 51, 767. (b) Larsen, H.; Pedersen, S. U.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 331, 971. (c) Fukuzumi, S.; Nakanishi, I.; Suenobu, T.; Kadish, K. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3468. (d) Grampp, G.; Rauhut, G. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 1815. (e) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 1985, 81, 1035. (f) Nelsen, S. F.; Blackstock, S. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 7189. (g) Malinovski, G. L., Jr.; Bruning, W. H.; Griffin, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 2665. (h) Ward, R. L.; Weissman, S. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 2086. (i) Haran, N.; Luz, Z.; Shporer, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 119, 6873. For theoretical (quantum-mechanical) studies of self-exchange, see: (j) Jacobsen, S.; Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U. J. Phys. Chem. 1996. 100, 7411. (k) Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U.; Lund. H.; Swanstrøm, P. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 8892. (l) Ma, S.-H.; Zhang, X.-D.; Xu, H.; Shen, L.-L.; Zhang, X.-K.; Zhang, Q.-Y. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2001, 139, 97. (m) Kelterer, A.-M.; Landgraf, S.; Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 2001, A57, 1959. (n) Vener, M. V.; Ioffe, N. T.; Cheprakov, A. V.; Mairanovsky, V. G. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 370, 33. (o) Rauhut, G.; Clark, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9127.
33. For kinetic studies of electron-transfer self-exchange, see: (a) Jurgen, D.; Pedersen, S.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. Acta Chem. Scand. 1997, 51, 767. (b) Larsen, H.; Pedersen, S. U.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 331, 971. (c) Fukuzumi, S.; Nakanishi, I.; Suenobu, T.; Kadish, K. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3468. (d) Grampp, G.; Rauhut, G. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 1815. (e) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 1985, 81, 1035. (f) Nelsen, S. F.; Blackstock, S. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 7189. (g) Malinovski, G. L., Jr.; Bruning, W. H.; Griffin, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 2665. (h) Ward, R. L.; Weissman, S. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 2086. (i) Haran, N.; Luz, Z.; Shporer, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 119, 6873. For theoretical (quantum-mechanical) studies of self-exchange, see: (j) Jacobsen, S.; Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U. J. Phys. Chem. 1996. 100, 7411. (k) Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U.; Lund. H.; Swanstrøm, P. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 8892. (l) Ma, S.-H.; Zhang, X.-D.; Xu, H.; Shen, L.-L.; Zhang, X.-K.; Zhang, Q.-Y. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2001, 139, 97. (m) Kelterer, A.-M.; Landgraf, S.; Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 2001, A57, 1959. (n) Vener, M. V.; Ioffe, N. T.; Cheprakov, A. V.; Mairanovsky, V. G. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 370, 33. (o) Rauhut, G.; Clark, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9127.11
34. For kinetic studies of electron-transfer self-exchange, see: (a) Jurgen, D.; Pedersen, S.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. Acta Chem. Scand. 1997, 51, 767. (b) Larsen, H.; Pedersen, S. U.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 331, 971. (c) Fukuzumi, S.; Nakanishi, I.; Suenobu, T.; Kadish, K. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3468. (d) Grampp, G.; Rauhut, G. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 1815. (e) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 1985, 81, 1035. (f) Nelsen, S. F.; Blackstock, S. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 7189. (g) Malinovski, G. L., Jr.; Bruning, W. H.; Griffin, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 2665. (h) Ward, R. L.; Weissman, S. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 2086. (i) Haran, N.; Luz, Z.; Shporer, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 119, 6873. For theoretical (quantum-mechanical) studies of self-exchange, see: (j) Jacobsen, S.; Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U. J. Phys. Chem. 1996. 100, 7411. (k) Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U.; Lund. H.; Swanstrøm, P. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 8892. (l) Ma, S.-H.; Zhang, X.-D.; Xu, H.; Shen, L.-L.; Zhang, X.-K.; Zhang, Q.-Y. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2001, 139, 97. (m) Kelterer, A.-M.; Landgraf, S.; Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 2001, A57, 1959. (n) Vener, M. V.; Ioffe, N. T.; Cheprakov, A. V.; Mairanovsky, V. G. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 370, 33. (o) Rauhut, G.; Clark, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9127.
35. For kinetic studies of electron-transfer self-exchange, see: (a) Jurgen, D.; Pedersen, S.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. Acta Chem. Scand. 1997, 51, 767. (b) Larsen, H.; Pedersen, S. U.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 331, 971. (c) Fukuzumi, S.; Nakanishi, I.; Suenobu, T.; Kadish, K. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3468. (d) Grampp, G.; Rauhut, G. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 1815. (e) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 1985, 81, 1035. (f) Nelsen, S. F.; Blackstock, S. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 7189. (g) Malinovski, G. L., Jr.; Bruning, W. H.; Griffin, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 2665. (h) Ward, R. L.; Weissman, S. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 2086. (i) Haran, N.; Luz, Z.; Shporer, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 119, 6873. For theoretical (quantum-mechanical) studies of self-exchange, see: (j) Jacobsen, S.; Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U. J. Phys. Chem. 1996. 100, 7411. (k) Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U.; Lund. H.; Swanstrøm, P. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 8892. (l) Ma, S.-H.; Zhang, X.-D.; Xu, H.; Shen, L.-L.; Zhang, X.-K.; Zhang, Q.-Y. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2001, 139, 97. (m) Kelterer, A.-M.; Landgraf, S.; Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 2001, A57, 1959. (n) Vener, M. V.; Ioffe, N. T.; Cheprakov, A. V.; Mairanovsky, V. G. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 370, 33. (o) Rauhut, G.; Clark, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9127.
36. For kinetic studies of electron-transfer self-exchange, see: (a) Jurgen, D.; Pedersen, S.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. Acta Chem. Scand. 1997, 51, 767. (b) Larsen, H.; Pedersen, S. U.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 331, 971. (c) Fukuzumi, S.; Nakanishi, I.; Suenobu, T.; Kadish, K. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3468. (d) Grampp, G.; Rauhut, G. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 1815. (e) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 1985, 81, 1035. (f) Nelsen, S. F.; Blackstock, S. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 7189. (g) Malinovski, G. L., Jr.; Bruning, W. H.; Griffin, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 2665. (h) Ward, R. L.; Weissman, S. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 2086. (i) Haran, N.; Luz, Z.; Shporer, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 119, 6873. For theoretical (quantum-mechanical) studies of self-exchange, see: (j) Jacobsen, S.; Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U. J. Phys. Chem. 1996. 100, 7411. (k) Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U.; Lund. H.; Swanstrøm, P. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 8892. (l) Ma, S.-H.; Zhang, X.-D.; Xu, H.; Shen, L.-L.; Zhang, X.-K.; Zhang, Q.-Y. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2001, 139, 97. (m) Kelterer, A.-M.; Landgraf, S.; Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 2001, A57, 1959. (n) Vener, M. V.; Ioffe, N. T.; Cheprakov, A. V.; Mairanovsky, V. G. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 370, 33. (o) Rauhut, G.; Clark, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9127.
37. For kinetic studies of electron-transfer self-exchange, see: (a) Jurgen, D.; Pedersen, S.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. Acta Chem. Scand. 1997, 51, 767. (b) Larsen, H.; Pedersen, S. U.; Pedersen, J. A.; Lund, H. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 331, 971. (c) Fukuzumi, S.; Nakanishi, I.; Suenobu, T.; Kadish, K. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3468. (d) Grampp, G.; Rauhut, G. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 1815. (e) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 1985, 81, 1035. (f) Nelsen, S. F.; Blackstock, S. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 7189. (g) Malinovski, G. L., Jr.; Bruning, W. H.; Griffin, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 2665. (h) Ward, R. L.; Weissman, S. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 2086. (i) Haran, N.; Luz, Z.; Shporer, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 119, 6873. For theoretical (quantum-mechanical) studies of self-exchange, see: (j) Jacobsen, S.; Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U. J. Phys. Chem. 1996. 100, 7411. (k) Mikkelsen, K. V.; Pedersen, S. U.; Lund. H.; Swanstrøm, P. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 8892. (l) Ma, S.-H.; Zhang, X.-D.; Xu, H.; Shen, L.-L.; Zhang, X.-K.; Zhang, Q.-Y. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2001, 139, 97. (m) Kelterer, A.-M.; Landgraf, S.; Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 2001, A57, 1959. (n) Vener, M. V.; Ioffe, N. T.; Cheprakov, A. V.; Mairanovsky, V. G. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 370, 33. (o) Rauhut, G.; Clark, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9127.
38. For kinetic measurements of electron-transfer self-exchange processes with DDQ, TCNQ, and TCNE. see: (a) Komarynsky, M. A.; Wahl A. C. J. Phys. Chem. 1975, 79, 695. (b) Phillips, W. D.; Rowell, J. C.; Weissman, S. I J. Chem. Phys. 1960, 33, 626. (c) Watts, M. T.; Lu, M. L.; Chen, R. C.; Eastman, M. P J. Phys. Chem. 1973. 77. 2959. (d) Ogasawara, M.; Takaoka, H.; Hayashi, K. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1973, 46, 35. (e) Grampp, G.; Landgraf, S.; Rasmussen, K. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1999, 1897. (f) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 904. (g) Grampp, G.; Harrer, W.; Hetz, G. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 1343. (h) Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 1998, A54, 2349.
39. For kinetic measurements of electron-transfer self-exchange processes with DDQ, TCNQ, and TCNE. see: (a) Komarynsky, M. A.; Wahl A. C. J. Phys. Chem. 1975, 79, 695. (b) Phillips, W. D.; Rowell, J. C.; Weissman, S. I J. Chem. Phys. 1960, 33, 626. (c) Watts, M. T.; Lu, M. L.; Chen, R. C.; Eastman, M. P J. Phys. Chem. 1973. 77. 2959. (d) Ogasawara, M.; Takaoka, H.; Hayashi, K. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1973, 46, 35. (e) Grampp, G.; Landgraf, S.; Rasmussen, K. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1999, 1897. (f) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 904. (g) Grampp, G.; Harrer, W.; Hetz, G. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 1343. (h) Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 1998, A54, 2349.
40. For kinetic measurements of electron-transfer self-exchange processes with DDQ, TCNQ, and TCNE. see: (a) Komarynsky, M. A.; Wahl A. C. J. Phys. Chem. 1975, 79, 695. (b) Phillips, W. D.; Rowell, J. C.; Weissman, S. I J. Chem. Phys. 1960, 33, 626. (c) Watts, M. T.; Lu, M. L.; Chen, R. C.; Eastman, M. P J. Phys. Chem. 1973. 77. 2959. (d) Ogasawara, M.; Takaoka, H.; Hayashi, K. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1973, 46, 35. (e) Grampp, G.; Landgraf, S.; Rasmussen, K. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1999, 1897. (f) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 904. (g) Grampp, G.; Harrer, W.; Hetz, G. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 1343. (h) Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 1998, A54, 2349.
41. For kinetic measurements of electron-transfer self-exchange processes with DDQ, TCNQ, and TCNE. see: (a) Komarynsky, M. A.; Wahl A. C. J. Phys. Chem. 1975, 79, 695. (b) Phillips, W. D.; Rowell, J. C.; Weissman, S. I J. Chem. Phys. 1960, 33, 626. (c) Watts, M. T.; Lu, M. L.; Chen, R. C.; Eastman, M. P J. Phys. Chem. 1973. 77. 2959. (d) Ogasawara, M.; Takaoka, H.; Hayashi, K. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1973, 46, 35. (e) Grampp, G.; Landgraf, S.; Rasmussen, K. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1999, 1897. (f) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 904. (g) Grampp, G.; Harrer, W.; Hetz, G. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 1343. (h) Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 1998, A54, 2349.
42. For kinetic measurements of electron-transfer self-exchange processes with DDQ, TCNQ, and TCNE. see: (a) Komarynsky, M. A.; Wahl A. C. J. Phys. Chem. 1975, 79, 695. (b) Phillips, W. D.; Rowell, J. C.; Weissman, S. I J. Chem. Phys. 1960, 33, 626. (c) Watts, M. T.; Lu, M. L.; Chen, R. C.; Eastman, M. P J. Phys. Chem. 1973. 77. 2959. (d) Ogasawara, M.; Takaoka, H.; Hayashi, K. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1973, 46, 35. (e) Grampp, G.; Landgraf, S.; Rasmussen, K. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1999, 1897. (f) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 904. (g) Grampp, G.; Harrer, W.; Hetz, G. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 1343. (h) Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 1998, A54, 2349.
43. For kinetic measurements of electron-transfer self-exchange processes with DDQ, TCNQ, and TCNE. see: (a) Komarynsky, M. A.; Wahl A. C. J. Phys. Chem. 1975, 79, 695. (b) Phillips, W. D.; Rowell, J. C.; Weissman, S. I J. Chem. Phys. 1960, 33, 626. (c) Watts, M. T.; Lu, M. L.; Chen, R. C.; Eastman, M. P J. Phys. Chem. 1973. 77. 2959. (d) Ogasawara, M.; Takaoka, H.; Hayashi, K. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1973, 46, 35. (e) Grampp, G.; Landgraf, S.; Rasmussen, K. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1999, 1897. (f) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 904. (g) Grampp, G.; Harrer, W.; Hetz, G. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 1343. (h) Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 1998, A54, 2349.
44. For kinetic measurements of electron-transfer self-exchange processes with DDQ, TCNQ, and TCNE. see: (a) Komarynsky, M. A.; Wahl A. C. J. Phys. Chem. 1975, 79, 695. (b) Phillips, W. D.; Rowell, J. C.; Weissman, S. I J. Chem. Phys. 1960, 33, 626. (c) Watts, M. T.; Lu, M. L.; Chen, R. C.; Eastman, M. P J. Phys. Chem. 1973. 77. 2959. (d) Ogasawara, M.; Takaoka, H.; Hayashi, K. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1973, 46, 35. (e) Grampp, G.; Landgraf, S.; Rasmussen, K. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1999, 1897. (f) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 904. (g) Grampp, G.; Harrer, W.; Hetz, G. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 1343. (h) Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 1998, A54, 2349.
45. For kinetic measurements of electron-transfer self-exchange processes with DDQ, TCNQ, and TCNE. see: (a) Komarynsky, M. A.; Wahl A. C. J. Phys. Chem. 1975, 79, 695. (b) Phillips, W. D.; Rowell, J. C.; Weissman, S. I J. Chem. Phys. 1960, 33, 626. (c) Watts, M. T.; Lu, M. L.; Chen, R. C.; Eastman, M. P J. Phys. Chem. 1973. 77. 2959. (d) Ogasawara, M.; Takaoka, H.; Hayashi, K. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1973, 46, 35. (e) Grampp, G.; Landgraf, S.; Rasmussen, K. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1999, 1897. (f) Grampp, G.; Jaenicke, W. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 904. (g) Grampp, G.; Harrer, W.; Hetz, G. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 1343. (h) Grampp, G. Spectrochim. Acta 1998, A54, 2349.
46. (a) Miller, J. S. Inorg. Chem. 2000, 39, 4392.
47. (b) Williams, J. M. Organic Superconductors (Including Fullerenes): Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Theory; Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1992.
48. (c) Ferraro, J. R.; Williams, J. M. Introduction to Synthetic Electrical Conductors; Academic Press: Orlando, 1987.
49. 10d nor allow the determination of the corresponding extinction coefficients and formation constants.
50. 2)was observed after the irradiation of dianthracene in a rigid MTHF matrix, see: Shida, T.; Iwata, S. J. Chem. Phys. 1972, 56, 2858.
51. -. See: Terashita, S.; Nacatsu, K.; Ozaki, Y.; Takagi, S. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 3618.
52. (d) For ESR spectroscopic indications of the presence of (tetrafluorobenzene and octafluoronaphthalene) anion-radical, π-mers in hexane, see: Werst, D. W. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1993, 202, 101; Chem. Phys. Lett. 1996, 251, 315.
53. (d) For ESR spectroscopic indications of the presence of (tetrafluorobenzene and octafluoronaphthalene) anion-radical, π-mers in hexane, see: Werst, D. W. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1993, 202, 101; Chem. Phys. Lett. 1996, 251, 315.
54. (a) Lewis, L. C.; Singer, L. S. Chem. Phys. 1965, 43, 2712.
55. (b) Howarth, O. W.; Fraenkel, G. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 4514.
56. (c) Howarth, O. W.; Fraenkel, G. K. J. Chem. Phys. 1970, 52, 6258,
57. (d) Badger, B.; Brocklehurst, B. Nature 1968, 219, 263.
58. (e) Badger, B.; Dudley, R. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1967, 1, 122.
59. (f) Badger, B., Brocklehurst, B. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1969, 65, 2582.
60. (g) Badger, B.; Brocklehurst, B. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1969, 65, 2588.
61. (h) Badger, B.; Brocklehurst, B. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1970, 66, 2939.
62. (i) Meot-Ner, M.; Hamlet, P.; Hunter, E. P.; Field, F. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 5466.
63. (j) Meot-Ner, M. J. Phys. Chem. 1980, 84, 2724.
64. (k) Meot-Ner, M.; El-Shall, M. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 4386.
65. (l) All attempts to prepare the corresponding anionic dimers in solution were unsuccessful heretofore.
66. 15.18]
67. For the spectral and structural characterization of such cation-radical "π-mers", see: (a) Le Magueres, P.; Lindeman, S.; Kochi, J. K. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 2001, 1180. (b) Kochi, J. K.; Rathore, R.; Le Magueres, P. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 6826, and references therein.
68. For the spectral and structural characterization of such cation-radical "π-mers", see: (a) Le Magueres, P.; Lindeman, S.; Kochi, J. K. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 2001, 1180. (b) Kochi, J. K.; Rathore, R.; Le Magueres, P. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 6826, and references therein.
69. (a) Mulliken, R. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 811.
70. (b) Mulliken, R. S.; Person, W. B. Molecular Complexes; Wiley: New York, 1969.
71. -1 pm) between the (corresponding) bond length in the anion radical and its parent acceptor (the "+" sign indicates a longer bond in the reduced species). Note, for clarity, only changes in one of the symmetrically equivalent bonds are shown (see Tab]e S1. Supporting Information, for scatter of the data). The data used are from measurements made in this study, as well as those taken from: (b) Miller, J. S.; Krusic, P. J.; Dixon, D. A.; Reiff, W. M.; Zhang, J. H.; Anderson, E. C.; Epstein, A. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 4459. (c) Miller, J. S.; Zhang, J. H.; Reiff, W. M.; Dixon, D. A.; Preston, L. D.; Reis, A. H., Jr.; Gebert, E.; Extine, M.; Troup, J.; Epstein, A. J.; Ward, M. D. J. Phys. Chem. 1987, 91, 4344. (d) Dixon, D. A.; Miller, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 3656, and references therein.
72. -1 pm) between the (corresponding) bond length in the anion radical and its parent acceptor (the "+" sign indicates a longer bond in the reduced species). Note, for clarity, only changes in one of the symmetrically equivalent bonds are shown (see Tab]e S1. Supporting Information, for scatter of the data). The data used are from measurements made in this study, as well as those taken from: (b) Miller, J. S.; Krusic, P. J.; Dixon, D. A.; Reiff, W. M.; Zhang, J. H.; Anderson, E. C.; Epstein, A. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 4459. (c) Miller, J. S.; Zhang, J. H.; Reiff, W. M.; Dixon, D. A.; Preston, L. D.; Reis, A. H., Jr.; Gebert, E.; Extine, M.; Troup, J.; Epstein, A. J.; Ward, M. D. J. Phys. Chem. 1987, 91, 4344. (d) Dixon, D. A.; Miller, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 3656, and references therein.
73. -1 pm) between the (corresponding) bond length in the anion radical and its parent acceptor (the "+" sign indicates a longer bond in the reduced species). Note, for clarity, only changes in one of the symmetrically equivalent bonds are shown (see Tab]e S1. Supporting Information, for scatter of the data). The data used are from measurements made in this study, as well as those taken from: (b) Miller, J. S.; Krusic, P. J.; Dixon, D. A.; Reiff, W. M.; Zhang, J. H.; Anderson, E. C.; Epstein, A. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 4459. (c) Miller, J. S.; Zhang, J. H.; Reiff, W. M.; Dixon, D. A.; Preston, L. D.; Reis, A. H., Jr.; Gebert, E.; Extine, M.; Troup, J.; Epstein, A. J.; Ward, M. D. J. Phys. Chem. 1987, 91, 4344. (d) Dixon, D. A.; Miller, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 3656, and references therein.
74. For the crystal structures of dimers, see e.g.: (a) DDQ: Yan, Y.-K.; Mingos, M. P.; Muller, T. E.; Williams, T. E.; Kurmoo, M. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1995, 2509. (b) TCNE: Novoa, J. J.; Lafuente, P.; Del Seto, R. E.; Miller, J. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2540. (c) TCNQ: Grossel, M. C.; Weston, S. C. Chem. Mater. 1996, 8, 977.
75. For the crystal structures of dimers, see e.g.: (a) DDQ: Yan, Y.-K.; Mingos, M. P.; Muller, T. E.; Williams, T. E.; Kurmoo, M. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1995, 2509. (b) TCNE: Novoa, J. J.; Lafuente, P.; Del Seto, R. E.; Miller, J. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2540. (c) TCNQ: Grossel, M. C.; Weston, S. C. Chem. Mater. 1996, 8, 977.
76. For the crystal structures of dimers, see e.g.: (a) DDQ: Yan, Y.-K.; Mingos, M. P.; Muller, T. E.; Williams, T. E.; Kurmoo, M. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1995, 2509. (b) TCNE: Novoa, J. J.; Lafuente, P.; Del Seto, R. E.; Miller, J. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2540. (c) TCNQ: Grossel, M. C.; Weston, S. C. Chem. Mater. 1996, 8, 977.
77. (a) Harms, R.; Keller, H. J.; Nothe, D.; Wene, D. Acta Crystallogr. 1982, B38, 2838,
78. (b) Bigoli, F.; Deplano, P.; Devillanova, F. A.; Girlando, A.; Lippolis, V.; Mercuri, M.-L.; Pellinghelli, M.-A.; Trogu, E. F. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 1145.
79. (c) Bigoli, F.; Deplano, P.; Devillanova, F. A.; Girlando, A.; Lippolis, V.; Mercuri, M.-L.; Pellinghelli, M.-A.; Trogu, E. F. Inorg. Chem. 1996, 35, 5403.
80. (a) Goldstein, P.; Seff, K.; Trueblood, K. N. Acta Crystallogr. 1968, B24, 778.
81. (b) Hanson, A. W. Acta Crystallogr. 1968, B24, 773.
82. (c) Kobayashi, H. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1974, 47, 1346.
83. (d) Fourmigue, M.; Perrocheau, V.; Clerac, R.; Coulon, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 7, 2235. Ballester, L.; Gutierrez, A.; Perpinan, M. F.; Rico, S.; Azcondo, M. T.; Bellito, C. Inorg. Chem. 1999, 38, 4430.
84. (d) Fourmigue, M.; Perrocheau, V.; Clerac, R.; Coulon, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 7, 2235. Ballester, L.; Gutierrez, A.; Perpinan, M. F.; Rico, S.; Azcondo, M. T.; Bellito, C. Inorg. Chem. 1999, 38, 4430.
85. 18f. (b) Yamagishi, A. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1975, 48, 2440. (c) Bieber, A.; Andre, J. J. Chem. Phys. 1975, 7, 137. (d) Matsuzaki, S.; Mitsuishi, T.; Toyoda, K. Chem. Phys Lett. 1982, 91, 296. (e) Andre, J. J.; Will, G. Chem. Phys Lett. 1971, 9, 27. (f) Bieber, A.; Andre, J. J. Chem. Phys. 1975, 7, 137.
86. 18f. (b) Yamagishi, A. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1975, 48, 2440. (c) Bieber, A.; Andre, J. J. Chem. Phys. 1975, 7, 137. (d) Matsuzaki, S.; Mitsuishi, T.; Toyoda, K. Chem. Phys Lett. 1982, 91, 296. (e) Andre, J. J.; Will, G. Chem. Phys Lett. 1971, 9, 27. (f) Bieber, A.; Andre, J. J. Chem. Phys. 1975, 7, 137.
87. 18f. (b) Yamagishi, A. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1975, 48, 2440. (c) Bieber, A.; Andre, J. J. Chem. Phys. 1975, 7, 137. (d) Matsuzaki, S.; Mitsuishi, T.; Toyoda, K. Chem. Phys Lett. 1982, 91, 296. (e) Andre, J. J.; Will, G. Chem. Phys Lett. 1971, 9, 27. (f) Bieber, A.; Andre, J. J. Chem. Phys. 1975, 7, 137.
88. 18f. (b) Yamagishi, A. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1975, 48, 2440. (c) Bieber, A.; Andre, J. J. Chem. Phys. 1975, 7, 137. (d) Matsuzaki, S.; Mitsuishi, T.; Toyoda, K. Chem. Phys Lett. 1982, 91, 296. (e) Andre, J. J.; Will, G. Chem. Phys Lett. 1971, 9, 27. (f) Bieber, A.; Andre, J. J. Chem. Phys. 1975, 7, 137.
89. 18f. (b) Yamagishi, A. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1975, 48, 2440. (c) Bieber, A.; Andre, J. J. Chem. Phys. 1975, 7, 137. (d) Matsuzaki, S.; Mitsuishi, T.; Toyoda, K. Chem. Phys Lett. 1982, 91, 296. (e) Andre, J. J.; Will, G. Chem. Phys Lett. 1971, 9, 27. (f) Bieber, A.; Andre, J. J. Chem. Phys. 1975, 7, 137.
90. 18f. (b) Yamagishi, A. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1975, 48, 2440. (c) Bieber, A.; Andre, J. J. Chem. Phys. 1975, 7, 137. (d) Matsuzaki, S.; Mitsuishi, T.; Toyoda, K. Chem. Phys Lett. 1982, 91, 296. (e) Andre, J. J.; Will, G. Chem. Phys Lett. 1971, 9, 27. (f) Bieber, A.; Andre, J. J. Chem. Phys. 1975, 7, 137.
91. - is seen also from the data reported by: (a) Iida, Y. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1969, 42, 637. (b) Tanaka, J.; Tanaka, M.; Kawai, T.; Takabe, T.; Maki, O. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1976, 49, 2358.
92. - is seen also from the data reported by: (a) Iida, Y. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1969, 42, 637. (b) Tanaka, J.; Tanaka, M.; Kawai, T.; Takabe, T.; Maki, O. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1976, 49, 2358.
93. Benesi, H. A.: Hildebrand, J. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 2703.
94. 8d
95. (a) Foster, R. Organic Charge-Transfer Complexes; Academic: New York. 1969.
96. (b) Briegleb, G. Electronen-Donator-Acceptor Komplexe; Springer: Berlin, 1961. See also the footnotes in Table 2.
97. The direct relationship of the NIR bands of aromatic cation-radical π-mers to the charge-transfer bands of the same donor with the acceptors in this study was shown by Kochi et al. in ref 12.
98. 11.12
99. (a) Brunschwig, B. S.; Sutin, N. Reflections on the two-state electron-transfer model. In Electron Transfer in Chemistry; Balzani, V., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 2001; Vol. 2, p 583.
100. (b) Brunschwig, B. S.; Sutin, N. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1999, 187, 233.
101. (c) Sutin, N. Adv. Chem. Phys. 1999, 106, 7.
102. (d) Creutz, C.; Newton, M. D.; Sutin, N. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 1994, 82, 47.
103. (a) Creutz, C. Prog. Inorg. Chem. 1983, 30, 1.
104. (b) Omberg, K. M.; Chen, P.; Meyer, T. J. Adv. Chem. Phys. 1999, 106 (part 1), 553.
105. (c) Demadis, K. D.; Hartshorn, C. M.; Meyer, T. J. Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 2655.
106. (a) Hush, N. S. Z. Electrochem. 1957, 61, 734.
107. (b) Hush, N. S. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1961, 57, 557.
108. (c) Hush, N. S. Prog. Inorg. Chem. 1967, 8, 391.
109. (d) Hush, N. S. Electrochim. Acta 1968, 13, 1005.
110. (a) Note also the possibility of (planar) slippage as in Figure 1.
111. c
112. (c) Newton, M. D Electron Transfer: Theoretical Models and Computational Implementation. In Electron Transfer in Chemistry; Balzani, V., Ed.; Vol. 1, Wiley: New York, 2001; p 3.
113. (a) Rathore, R.; Lindeman, S.; Kochi, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 9393.
114. Robin, M. B.; Day, P. Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem. 1967, 10, 247.
115. 5
116. The electronic transmission coefficient represents the probability that electron transfer will occur once the system has reached the
117. -1).
118. 1.26 According to Sutin, such a choice derives from the effective frequency that is dominated by solvent modes, especially when the solvent barrier is relatively large (although the frequency of the intramolecular vibrations is substantially higher). Most importantly, this choice leads to calculated rate constants that agree with the experimental kinetics (Table 4), and a substantial increase in the preexponential factor will shift the rate constants to the (unrealistic) diffusion-controlled limit.
119. 25d successfully applied the MHS model to ruthenium complexes (with a similar overlap problem), and we depend on the same approach. In particular, we judge the validity of the two-state model by recognizing the reasonable correspondence between the experimental and theoretically predicted rate constants presented in Table 4. Clearly, a more quantitative analysis will ultimately be needed, the impetus for this being hopefully provided from studies such as that described herein.
120. 25d successfully applied the MHS model to ruthenium complexes (with a similar overlap problem), and we depend on the same approach. In particular, we judge the validity of the two-state model by recognizing the reasonable correspondence between the experimental and theoretically predicted rate constants presented in Table 4. Clearly, a more quantitative analysis will ultimately be needed, the impetus for this being hopefully provided from studies such as that described herein.
121. s are the optical and static dielectric constants), and g(r,d′) is a function of the effective molecular radius as described by Grampp et al. in ref 8f.
122. 8a
123. (c) For the quantum-mechanical calculation of the inner-sphere reorganization energy, see refs 7j-o.
124. Eberson, L.; Shaik, S. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112. 4484.
125. Taube, H. Electron-Transfer Reactions of Complex Ions in Solution; Academic Press: New York, 1970.
126. Moreover, as recently noted by Bixon and Jortner, "... the majority of thermal outer-sphere ET in solution and photoinduced ET via bridges in organic and inorganic supermolecules proceed via non-adiabatic ET...". See: Bixon, M.; Jortner, J. Adv. Chem. Phys. 1999, 106 (part 1), 35.
127. Haim, A. Prog. Inorg. Chem. 1983, 30, 273.
128. Rathore, R.; Kochi, J. K. Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 2000, 35, 193.
129. Nelsen, S. In Electron Transfer in Chemistry; Balzani, V., Ed.; Wiley-VCH: New York, 2001; Vol. 1, p 342.
130. 25,35a
131. DA/λ.
132. DA.
133. Perrin, D. D.; Armarego, W. L.; Perrill, D. R. Purification of Laboratory Chemicals, 2nd ed.; Pergamon: New York, 1980.
134. (a) Melby, L. R.; Harder, R. J.; Hertler, W. R.; Mahler, W.; Benson, R. E.; Mochel, W. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1962. 84, 3374.
135. (b) Webster, O. W.; Mahler, W.; Benson, R. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1962, 84, 3678.
136. (c) Torrey, H. A.; Hunter, W. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1912, 34. 702.
137. Sheldrick, G. M. SHELXS-86, Program for Structure Solution; University of Gottingen: Germany, 1986.
138. Drago, R. S. Physical Methods in Che0mistry; W. B. Saunders Company: Philadelphia, 1977.