Assessment of genetic testing and related counseling services: Current research and future directions

Social Science and Medicine

Volumn 58, Issue 7, 2004, Pages 1427-1442

  Wang, Catharine ^a   Gonzalez, Richard ^a   Merajver, Sofia D ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN COMPREHENSIVE CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Doctor patient communication; Genetic counseling; Genetic testing; Outcomes research

Indexed keywords

GENETICS;

CLINICAL RESEARCH; DECISION MAKING; GENETIC COUNSELING; GENETIC ENGINEERING; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEALTH SERVICE; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; LITERATURE; MEDICAL INFORMATION; MEDICAL PROFESSION; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PATIENT SATISFACTION; REVIEW;

EID: 0842305120     PISSN: 02779536     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00337-X     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. American Society of Human Genetics Ad Hoc Committee on Genetic Counseling. (1975). Genetic counseling. American Journal of Human Genetics, 27, 240-242.
2. Andrykowski M.A., Lightner R., Studts J.L., Munn R.K. Hereditary cancer risk notification and testing. How interested is the general population? Journal of Clinical Oncology. 15(5):1997;2139-2148.
3. Audrain J., Rimer B., Cella D., Garber J., Peshkin B.N., Ellis J., Schildkraut J., Stefanek M., Vogel V., Lerman C. Genetic counseling and testing for breast-ovarian cancer susceptibility. What do women want? Journal of Clinical Oncology. 16(1):1998;133-138.
4. Baum A., Friedman A.L., Zakowski S.G. Stress and genetic testing for disease risk. Health Psychology. 16(1):1997;8-19.
5. Bell J. The new genetics. The new genetics in clinical practice British Medical Journal. 316:1998;618-620.
6. Benkendorf J.L., Prince M.B., Rose M.A., De Fina A., Hamilton H.E. Does indirect speech promote nondirective genetic counseling? Results of a sociolinguistic investigation. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 106:2001;199-207.
7. Berkenstadt M., Shiloh S., Barkai G., Katznelson M.B., Goldman B. Perceived personal control (PPC). A new concept in measuring outcome of genetic counseling American Journal of Medical Genetics. 82:1999;53-59.
8. Bernhardt B.A. Empirical evidence that genetic counseling is directive. Where do we go from here? American Journal of Medical Genetics. 60:1997;17-20.
9. Bernhardt B.A., Biesecker B.B., Mastromarino C.L. Goals, benefits, and outcomes of genetic counseling. Client and genetic counselor assessment American Journal of Medical Genetics. 94:2000;189-197.
10. Bernhardt B.A., Geller G., Strauss M., Helzlsouer K.J., Stefanek M., Wilcox P.M., Holtzman N.A. Toward a model informed consent process for BRCA1 testing. A qualitative assessment of women's attitudes Journal of Genetic Counseling. 6(2):1997;207-222.
11. Biesecker B.B. Goals of genetic counseling. Clinical Genetics. 60:2001;323-330.
12. Biesecker B.B., Ishibe N., Hadley D.W., Giambarresi T.R., Kase R.G., Lerman C., Struewing J.P. Psychosocial factors predicting BRCA1/BRCA2 testing decisions in members of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer families. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 93:2000;257-263.
13. Biesecker B.B., Marteau T.M. The future of genetic counselling. An international perspective Nature Genetics. 22:1999;133-137.
14. Biesecker B.B., Peters K.F. Process studies in genetic counseling. Peering into the black box American Journal of Medical Genetics. 106:2001;191-198.
15. Bish A., Sutton S., Jacobs C., Levene S., Ramirez A., Hodgson S. Changes in psychological distress after cancer genetic counselling. A comparison of affected and unaffected women British Journal of Cancer. 86:2002;43-50.
16. Bloch M., Fahy M., Fox S., Hayden M.R. Predictive testing for Huntington disease. II. Demographic characteristics, life-style patterns, attitudes, and psychosocial assessments of the first fifty-one test candidates American Journal of Medical Genetics. 32(2):1989;217-224.
17. Bottorff J.L., Balneaves L.G., Buxton J., Ratner P.A., McCullum M., Chalmers K., Hack T. Falling through the cracks. Women's experiences of ineligibility for genetic testing for risk of breast cancer Canadian Family Physician. 46:2000;1449-1456.
18. Broadstock M., Michie S. Processes of patient decision making. Theoretical and methodological issues Psychology and Health. 15(2):2000;191-204.
19. Broadstock M., Michie S., Gray J., MacKay J., Marteau T.M. The psychological consequences of offering mutation searching in the family for those at risk of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer - A pilot study. Psycho-Oncology. 9:2000;537-548.
20. Broadstock M., Michie S., Marteau T. Psychological consequences of predictive genetic testing. A systematic review European Journal of Human Genetics. 8:2000;731-738.
21. Burke W., Culver J.O., Bowen D., Lowry D., Durfy S., McTiernan A., Andersen M.R. Genetic counseling for women with an intermediate family history of breast cancer. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 90:2000;361-368.
22. Burke W., Pinsky L.E., Press N.A. Categorizing genetic tests to identify their ethical, legal, and social implications. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 106:2001;233-240.
23. Chapman E., Smith J.A. Interpretative phenomenological analysis and the new genetics. Journal of Health Psychology. 7(2):2002;125-130.
24. Charavel M., Bremond A., Moumjid-Ferdjaoui N., Mignotte H., Carrere M.O. Shared decision-making in question. Psycho-Oncology. 10:2001;93-102.
25. Charles C., Gafni A., Whelan T. Shared decision-making in the medical encounter. What does it mean? (Or it takes at least two to tango) Social Science & Medicine. 44(3):1997;681-692.
26. Clark S., Bluman L.G., Borstelmann N., Regan K., Winer E.P., Rimer B.K., Skinner C.S. Patient motivation, satisfaction, and coping in genetic counseling and testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2. Journal of Genetic Counseling. 9(3):2000;219-235.
27. Clarke A., Parsons E., Williams A. Outcomes and process in genetic counselling. Clinical Genetics. 50:1996;462-469.
28. Collins F.S., Green E.D., Guttmacher A.E., Guyer M.S. A vision for the future of genomics research. Nature. 422(6934):2003;835-847.
29. Collins V., Halliday J., Warren R., Williamson R. Assessment of education and counselling offered by a familial colorectal cancer clinic. Clinical Genetics. 57:2000;48-55.
30. Coyne J.C., Benazon N.R., Gaba C.G., Calzone K., Weber B.L. Distress and psychiatric morbidity among women from high-risk breast and ovarian cancer families. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 68(5):2000;864-874.
31. Craufurd D., Dodge A., Kerzin-Storrar L., Harris R. Uptake of presymptomatic predictive testing for Huntington's disease. Lancet. 2(8663):1989;603-605.
32. Croyle R.T., Lerman C. Psychological impact of genetic testing. Croyle R.T. Psychosocial effects of screening for disease prevention and detection. 1995;11-37 Oxford University Press, New York.
33. Croyle R.T., Lerman C. Risk communication in genetic testing for cancer susceptibility. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. 25:1999;59-66.
34. Cull A., Miller H., Porterfield T., Mackay J., Anderson E.D.C., Steel C.M., Elton R.A. The use of videotaped information in cancer genetic counseling. A randomized evaluation study British Journal of Cancer. 77(5):1998;830-837.
35. Cummings S. The genetic testing process. How much counseling is needed? Journal of Clinical Oncology. 18(21s):2000;60s-64s.
36. Decruyenaere M., Evers-Kiebooms G., Van den Berghe H. Perception of predictive testing for Huntington's disease by young women. Preferring uncertainty to certainty? Journal of Medical Genetics. 30:1993;557-561.
37. Dudok de Wit A.C., Duivenvoorden H.J., Passchier J., Niermeijer M.F., Tibben A. Course of distress experienced by persons at risk for an autosomal dominant inheritable disorder participating in a predictive testing program. An explorative study Psychosomatic Medicine. 60:1998;543-549.
38. Ellington L., Roter D., Beveridge R., Upchurch R., Baty B., Smith K., Biesecker B., Botkin J. Communication analysis of BRCA1 genetic counseling sessions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 25(suppl):2003;S185.
39. Elwyn G., Gray J., Clarke A. Shared decision making and non-directiveness in genetic counselling. Journal of Medical Genetics. 37(2):2000;135-138.
40. Emery J. Is informed choice in genetic testing a different breed of informed decision-making? A discussion paper. Health Expectations. 4:2001;81-86.
41. Emmons K.M., Kalkbrenner K.J., Klar N., Light T., Schneider K.A., Garber J.E. Behavioral risk factors among women presenting for genetic testing. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 9:2000;89-94.
42. Evans D.G.R., Blair V., Greenhalgh R., Hopwood P., Howell A. The impact of genetic counselling on risk perception in women with a family history of breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer. 70:1994;934-938.
43. Evans D.G.R., Maher E.R., Macleod R., Davies D.R., Craufurd D. Uptake of genetic testing for cancer predisposition. Journal of Medical Genetics. 34:1997;746-748.
44. Evers-Kiebooms G., van den Berghe H. Impact of genetic counseling. A review of published follow-up studies Clinical Genetics. 15:1979;465-474.
45. Evers-Kiebooms G., Welkenhuysen M., Claes E., Decruyenaere M., Denayer L. The psychological complexity of predictive testing for late onset neurogenetic diseases and hereditary cancers. Implications for multidisciplinary counselling and for genetic education Social Science & Medicine. 51:2000;831-841.
46. Fine B.A. The evolution of nondirectiveness in genetic counseling and implications of the Human Genome Project. Bartels D.M., LeRoy B.S., Caplan A.L. Prescribing our future: Ethical challenges in genetic counseling. 1993;101-117 Aldine de Gruyter, New York.
47. Frets P.G., Duivenvoorden H.J., Verhage F., Niermeijer M.F., van de Berge S.M.M., Galjaard H. Factors influencing the reproductive decision after genetic counseling. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 35:1990;496-502.
48. Friedman L.C., Webb J.A., Richards C.S., Lynch G.R., Kaplan A.L., Brunicardi F.C., Plon S.E. Psychological impact of receiving negative BRCA1 mutation test results in Ashkenazim. Genetics in Medicine. 1(3):1999;74-79.
49. Geller G., Botkin J.R., Green M.J., Press N., Biesecker B.B., Wilfond B., Grana G., Daly M.B., Schneider K., Kahn M.J.E. Genetic testing for susceptibility to adult-onset cancer. The process and content of informed consent Journal of the American Medical Association. 277(18):1997;1467-1474.
50. Glanz K., Grove J., Lerman C., Gotay C., Le Marchand L. Correlates of intentions to obtain genetic counseling and colorectal cancer gene testing among at-risk relatives from three ethnic groups. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 8(4):1999;329-336.
51. Green M.J., Biesecker B.B., McInerney A.M., Mauger D., Fost N. An interactive computer program can effectively educate patients about genetic testing for breast cancer susceptibility. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 103:2001;16-23.
52. Green M.J., McInerney A.M., Biesecker B.B., Fost N. Education about genetic testing for breast cancer susceptibility. Patient preferences for a computer program or genetic counselor American Journal of Medical Genetics. 103:2001;24-31.
53. Greendale K., Pyeritz R.E. Empowering primary care professionals in medical genetics. How soon? How fast? How far? American Journal of Medical Genetics. 106:2001;223-232.
54. Griffin D., Gonzalez R., Varey C. The heuristic and biases approach to judgment under uncertainty. Tesser A., Schwartz N. Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intraindividual processes. 2001;207-235 Blackwell Publishers, Malden, MA.
55. Guttmacher A.E., Jenkins J., Uhlmann W.R. Genomic medicine. Who will practice it? A call to open arms American Journal of Medical Genetics. 106:2001;216-222.
56. Hall J.A., Roter D.L., Katz N.R. Meta-analysis of correlates of provider behavior in medical encounters. Medical Care. 26(7):1988;657-675.
57. Hallowell N., Murton F., Statham H., Green J.M., Richards M.P.M. Women's need for information before attending genetic counselling for familial breast or ovarian cancer. A questionnaire, interview, and observational study British Medical Journal. 314:1997;281-283.
58. Hallowell N., Richards M.P.M. Understanding life's lottery. An evaluation of studies of genetic risk awareness Journal of Health Psychology. 21(1):1997;31-43.
59. Jacobsen P.B., Valdimarsdottir H.B., Brown K.L., Offit K. Decision-making about genetic testing among women at familiar risk for breast cancer. Psychosomatic Medicine. 59:1997;459-466.
60. Jay L.R., Afifi W.A., Samter W. The role of expectations in effective genetic counseling. Journal of Genetic Counseling. 9(2):2000;95-116.
61. Julian-Reynier C., Eisinger F., Chabal F., Aurran Y., Bignon Y., Machelard-Roumagnac M., Maugard C., Nogues C., Vennin P., Sobol H. Cancer genetic consultation and anxiety in healthy consultees. Psychology and Health. 14:1999;379-390.
62. Julian-Reynier C., Sobol H., Sevilla C., Nogues C., Bourret P., Network T.F.C. Uptake of hereditary breast/ovarian cancer genetic testing in a French national sample of BRCA1 families. Psycho-Oncology. 9:2000;504-510.
63. Kaplan S.H., Greenfield S., Ware J.J.E. Impact of the doctor-patient relationship on the outcomes of chronic disease. Stewart M., Roter D. Communicating with Medical Patients. 1989;228-245 Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
64. Kessler S. Psychological aspects of genetic counseling. VI. A critical review of the literature dealing with education and reproduction American Journal of Medical Genetics. 34:1989;340-353.
65. Kessler S. Psychological aspects of genetic counseling. XI. Nondirectiveness revisited. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 72:1997;164-171.
66. Khoury M.J. From genes to public health. The applications of genetic technology in disease prevention American Journal of Public Health. 86(12):1996;1717-1722.
67. Lazarus R.S., Folkman S. Stress, appraisal, and coping. 1984;Springer, New York.
68. Leonard C.O., Chase G.A., Childs B. Genetic counseling. A consumers' view New England Journal of Medicine. 287(9):1972;433-439.
69. Lerman C., Biesecker B., Benkendorf J.L., Kerner J., Gomez-Caminero A., Hughes C., Reed M.M. Controlled trial of pretest education approaches to enhance informed decision-making for BRCA1 gene testing. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 89(2):1997;148-157.
70. Lerman C., Croyle R.T. Genetic testing for cancer predisposition. Behavioral science issues Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. 17:1995;63-66.
71. Lerman C., Gold K., Audrain J., Lin T.H., Boyd N.R., Orleans C.T., Wilfond B., Louben G., Caporaso N. Incorporating biomarkers of exposure and genetic susceptibility into smoking cessation treatment. Effects on smoking-related cognitions, emotions, and behavior change Health Psychology. 16(1):1997;87-99.
72. Lerman C., Hughes C., Croyle R.T., Main D., Durham C., Snyder C., Bonney A., Lynch J.F., Narod S.A., Lynch H.T. Prophylactic surgery decisions and surveillance practices one year following BRCA1/2 testing. Preventive Medicine. 31:2000;75-80.
73. Lerman C., Hughes C., Lemon S.J., Main D., Snyder C., Durham C., Narod S., Lynch H.T. What you don't know can hurt you. Adverse psychologic effects in members of BRCA1-linked and BRCA2-linked families who decline genetic testing Journal of Clinical Oncology. 16(5):1998;1650-1654.
74. Lerman C., Narod S., Schulman K., Hughes C., Gomez-Caminero A., Bonney G., Gold K., Trock B., Main D., Lynch J., Fulmore C., Synder C., Lemon S.J., Conway T., Tonin P., Lenoir G., Lynch H. BRCA1 testing in families with hereditary breast-ovarian cancer. A prospective study of patient decision making and outcomes Journal of the American Medical Association. 275(24):1996;1885-1892.
75. Lerman C., Schwartz M.D., Lin T.H., Hughes C., Narod S., Lynch H.T. The influence of psychological distress on use of genetic testing for cancer risk. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 65(3):1997;414-420.
76. Lippman-Hand A., Fraser F.C. Genetic counseling. Provision and reception of information American Journal of Medical Genetics. 3:1979;113-127.
77. Loader S., Levenkron J.C., Rowley P.T. Genetic testing for breast-ovarian cancer susceptibility. A regional trial Genetic Testing. 2(4):1998;305-313.
78. Lodder L., Frets P.G., Trijsburg R.W., Meijers-Heijboer E.J., Klijn J.G.M., Duivenvoorden H.J., Tibben A., Wagner A., van der Meer C.A., van den Ouweland A.M.W., Niermeijer M.F. Psychological impact of receiving a BRCA1/ BRCA2 test result. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 98:2001;15-24.
79. Lynch H.T., Watson P., Shaw T.G., Lynch J.F., Harty A.E., Franklin B.A., Kapler C.R., Tinley S.T., Liu B., Lerman C. Clinical impact of molecular genetic diagnosis, genetic counseling, and management of hereditary cancer. Part II. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma as a model Cancer. 86(11):1999;2457-2463.
80. Lynch H.T., Watson P., Tinley S., Snyder C., Durham C., Lynch J., Kirnarsky Y., Serova O., Lenoir G., Lerman C., Narod S.A. An update on DNA-based BRCA1/BRCA2 genetic counseling in hereditary breast cancer. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 109:1999;91-98.
81. Macleod R., Craufurd D., Booth K. Patients' perceptions of what makes genetic counseling effective. An interpretative phenomenological analysis Journal of Health Psychology. 7(2):2002;145-156.
82. Marteau T.M., Croyle R.T. The new genetics. Psychological responses to genetic testing British Medical Journal. 316(7132):1998;693-696.
83. Marteau T.M., Dormandy E., Michie S. A measure of informed choice. Health Expectations. 4:2001;99-108.
84. Marteau T.M., Lerman C. Genetic risk and behavioural change. British Medical Journal. 322:2001;1056-1059.
85. Meiser, B., Butow, P. N., Barratt, A. L., Schnieden, V., Gattas, M., Kirk, J., Gaff, C., Suthers, G., Tucker, K., (The Psychological Impact Collaborative Group). (2001). Long-term outcomes of genetic counseling in women at increased risk of developing hereditary breast cancer. Patient Education and Counseling, 44, 215-225.
86. Meiser B., Dunn S. Psychological impact of genetic testing for Huntington's disease. An update of the literature Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 69(5):2001;574-578.
87. Michie S., Marteau T.M., Bobrow M. Genetic counselling. The psychological impact of meeting patients' expectations Journal of Medical Genetics. 34(3):1997;237-241.
88. Michie S., McDonald V., Marteau T.M. Genetic counseling. Information given, recall, satisfaction Patient Education and Counseling. 32:1997;101-106.
89. Miller S.M. Monitoring and blunting. Validation of a questionnaire to assess styles of information seeking under threat Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 52(2):1987;345-353.
90. Miller S.M., Fang C.Y., Diefenbach M.A., Bales C.B. Tailoring psychosocial interventions to the individual's health information-processing style. Baum A., Anderson B.L. Psychosocial Interventions for Cancer. 2001;343-362 APA, Washington, DC.
91. Miron A., Schildkraut J.M., Rimer B.K., Winer E.P., Skinner C.S., Futreal P.A., Culler D., Calingaert B., Clark S., Marcom P.K., Iglehart J.D. Testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in the southeastern United States. Annals of Surgery. 231(5):2000;624-634.
92. National Society of Genetic Counselors. (1992). Code of ethics, available: www.nsgc.org/about/code_of_ethics.asp .
93. O'Connor A.M. Validation of a decisional conflict scale. Medical Decision Making. 15:1995;25-30.
94. Orr H.T. The impact of the Human Genome Project for genetic counseling services. Bartels D.M., LeRoy B.S., Caplan A.L. Prescribing our future: Ethical challenges in genetic counseling. 1993;97-99 Aldine De Gruyter, New York.
95. Patenaude A.F., Schneider K.A., Kieffer S.A., Calzone K.A., Stopfer J.E., Basili L.A., Weber B.L., Garber J.E. Acceptance of invitations for p53 and BRCA1 predisposition testing. Factors influencing potential utilization of cancer genetic testing Psycho-Oncology. 5:1996;241-250.
96. Peterson E.A., Milliron K.J., Lewis K.E., Goold S.D., Merajver S.D. Health insurance and discrimination concerns and BRCA1/2 testing in a clinic population. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomakers and Prevention. 11:2002;79-87.
97. Pierce P.F. Deciding on breast cancer treatment. A description of decision behavior Nursing Research. 42(1):1993;22-28.
98. Pilnick A., Dingwall R. Research directions in genetic counselling. A review of the literature Patient Education and Counseling. 44:2001;95-105.
99. Plon S.E., Peterson L.E., Friedman L.C., Richards C.S. Mammography behavior after receiving a negative BRCA1 mutation test result in the Ashkenazim. A community-based study Genetics in Medicine. 2(6):2000;307-311.
100. Richards M.P.M., Hallowell N., Green J.M., Murton F., Statham H. Counseling families with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. A psychosocial perspective Journal of Genetic Counseling. 4(3):1995;219-233.
101. Roter D.L. The roter interaction analysis system (RAIS) coding manual. 1995;Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
102. Roter D.L., Hall J.A. Patient-provider communication. Glanz K., Lewis F.M., Rimer B.K. Health behavior and health education. 2nd ed. 1997;206-226 Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
103. Schneider K.A., Marnane D. Cancer risk counseling. How is it different? Journal of Genetic Counseling. 6(2):1997;97-109.
104. Schwartz M.D., Peshkin B.N., Hughes C., Main D., Isaacs C., Lerman C. Impact of BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation testing on psychologic distress in a clinic-based sample. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 20(2):2002;514-520.
105. Schwartz M.D., Rimer B.K., Daly M., Sands C., Lerman C. A randomized trial of breast cancer risk counseling. The impact on self-reported mammography use American Journal of Public Health. 89(6):1999;924-926.
106. Severin M.J. Genetic susceptibility for specific cancers. Medical liability of the clinician Cancer. 86(11):1999;2564-2569.
107. Shiloh S., Avdor O., Goodman R.M. Satisfaction with genetic counseling. Dimensions and measurement American Journal of Medical Genetics. 37:1990;522-529.
108. Smith J.A., Michie S., Stephenson M., Quarrell O. Risk perception and decision-making processes in candidates for genetic testing for Huntington's disease. An interpretative phenomenological analysis Journal of Health Psychology. 7(2):2002;131-144.
109. Soldan J., Street E., Gray J., Binedell J., Harper P.S. Psychological model for presymptomatic test interviews. Lessons learned from Huntington disease Journal of Genetic Counseling. 9(1):2000;15-31.
110. Somer M., Mustonen H., Norio R. Evaluation of genetic counselling. Recall of information, post-counselling reproduction, and attitude of the counsellees Clinical Genetics. 34:1988;352-365.
111. Sorenson J.R. Genetic counseling. values that have mattered Bartels D.M., LeRoy B.S., Caplan A.L. Prescribing our future: Ethical challenges in genetic counseling. 1993;3-14 Aldine De Gruyter, New York.
112. Suchard M.A., Yudkin P., Sinsheimer J.S. Are general practitioners willing and able to provide genetic services for common diseases? Journal of Genetic Counseling. 8(5):1999;301-311.
113. Tercyak K.P., Bennett Johnson S., Roberts S.F., Cruz A.C. Psychological response to prenatal genetic counseling and amniocentesis. Patient Education and Counseling. 43:2001;73-84.
114. Tessaro I., Borstelmann N., Regan K., Rimer B.K., Winer E. Genetic testing for susceptibility to breast cancer. Findings from women's focus groups Journal of Women's Health. 6(3):1997;317-327.
115. The International Human Genome Mapping Consortium. (2001). A physical map of the human genome. Nature, 409, 934-941.
116. Tversky A., Kahneman D. Judgment under uncertainty. Heuristics and biases Science. 185:1974;1124-1131.
117. Ubel P.A., Loewenstein G. The role of decision analysis in informed consent. Choosing between intuition and systematicity Social Science Medicine. 44(5):1997;647-656.
118. Venter J.C., Adams M.D., Myers E.W., Li P.W., Mural R.J., Sutton G.G.et al. The sequence of the human genome. Science. 291:2001;1304-1351.
119. Vernon S.W., Gritz E.R., Peterson S.K., Perz C.A., Marani S., Amos C.I., Baile W.F. Intention to learn results of genetic testing for hereditary colon cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 8(4):1999;353-360.
120. Vlek C. Risk assessment, risk perception and decision making about courses of action involving genetic risk. An overview of concepts and methods Birth Defects: Original Article Series. 23(2):1987;171-207.
121. Walker A.P. The practice of genetic counseling. Baker D.L., Schuette J.L., Uhlmann W.R. A guide to genetic counseling. 1998;1-26 Wiley-Liss, Inc, New York.
122. Watson M., Duvivier V., Wade Walsh M., Ashley S., Davidson J., Papaikonomou M., Murday V., Sacks N., Eeles R. Family history of breast cancer. What do women understand and recall about their genetic risk? Journal of Medical Genetics. 35:1998;731-738.
123. Wertz D.C., Sorenson J.R., Heeren T.C. Clients' interpretation of risks provided in genetic counseling. American Journal of Human Genetics. 39:1986;253-264.
124. White M.T. "Respect for Autonomy" in genetic counseling. An analysis and a proposal Journal of Genetic Counseling. 6(3):1997;297-313.
125. Wiggins S., Whyte P., Huggins M., Adam S., Theilmann J., Bloch M., Sheps S.B., Schechter M.T., Hayden M.R. The psychological consequences of predictive testing for Huntington's disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 327:1992;1401-1405.
126. Wroe A.L., Salkovskis P.M. Factors influencing anticipated decisions about genetic testing. Experimental studies British Journal of Health Psychology. 4:1999;19-40.
127. Yates J.F., Veinott E.S., Patalano A.L. Hard decisions, bad decisions. On decision quality and decision aiding Schneider S.L., Shanteau J. Emerging perspectives on judgment and decision research. 2001;Cambridge University Press, New York.