메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 143-150

Is Taurine Beneficial in Reducing Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus?

Author keywords

Diabetes mellitus; Insulin resistance; Oxidative stress; Taurine

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM ION; GLUCAGON; INSULIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR; SOMATOSTATIN; TAURINE;

EID: 0842301314     PISSN: 03643190     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:NERE.0000010443.05899.2f     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (91)

References (114)
  • 1
    • 0026595620 scopus 로고
    • Physiological actions of taurine
    • Huxtable, R. J. 1992. Physiological actions of taurine. Physiol. Rev. 72:101-163.
    • (1992) Physiol. Rev. , vol.72 , pp. 101-163
    • Huxtable, R.J.1
  • 2
    • 0016835693 scopus 로고
    • An ultrastructure study of nutritionally induced and reversed retinal degeneration in cats
    • Hayes, K., Rabin, A., and Berson, E. 1975. An ultrastructure study of nutritionally induced and reversed retinal degeneration in cats. Am. J. Path. 78:505-509.
    • (1975) Am. J. Path. , vol.78 , pp. 505-509
    • Hayes, K.1    Rabin, A.2    Berson, E.3
  • 4
    • 0021930630 scopus 로고
    • Nutritional requirement for taurine in patients receiving long-term parenteral nutrition
    • Geggel, H. S., Ament, M., Heckenlively, J. R., Martin, D. A., and Kopple, J. D. 1985. Nutritional requirement for taurine in patients receiving long-term parenteral nutrition. N. Engl. J. Med. 312:142-146.
    • (1985) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.312 , pp. 142-146
    • Geggel, H.S.1    Ament, M.2    Heckenlively, J.R.3    Martin, D.A.4    Kopple, J.D.5
  • 7
    • 0036733063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment with taurine, diltiazem and vitamin E retards the progressive visual field reduction in retinitis pigmentosa: A 3 years follow-up study
    • Pasantes-Morales, H., Quiroz, H., and Quesada, O. 2002. Treatment with taurine, diltiazem and vitamin E retards the progressive visual field reduction in retinitis pigmentosa: A 3 years follow-up study. Metab. Brain Dis. 17:183-197.
    • (2002) Metab. Brain Dis. , vol.17 , pp. 183-197
    • Pasantes-Morales, H.1    Quiroz, H.2    Quesada, O.3
  • 8
    • 0023224703 scopus 로고
    • Myocardial failure in cats associated with low plasma taurine: A reversible cardiomyopathy
    • Pion, P. D., Kittleson, M. D., Rogers, Q. R., and Morris, J. G. 1987. Myocardial failure in cats associated with low plasma taurine: A reversible cardiomyopathy. Science 237:764-768.
    • (1987) Science , vol.237 , pp. 764-768
    • Pion, P.D.1    Kittleson, M.D.2    Rogers, Q.R.3    Morris, J.G.4
  • 10
    • 0027536962 scopus 로고
    • Loss of cardiac myofibrils: Mechanism of contractile deficits induced by taurine deficiency
    • Lake, N. 1993. Loss of cardiac myofibrils: Mechanism of contractile deficits induced by taurine deficiency. Am. J. Physiol. 264: H1323-H1326.
    • (1993) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.264
    • Lake, N.1
  • 11
    • 0033662610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decrease of plasma taurine in Gaucher disease and its substained correction during enzyme replacement therapy
    • vom Dahl, S., Monnighoff, I., and Haussinger, D. 2000. Decrease of plasma taurine in Gaucher disease and its substained correction during enzyme replacement therapy. Amino Acids 19: 585-592.
    • (2000) Amino Acids , vol.19 , pp. 585-592
    • Vom Dahl, S.1    Monnighoff, I.2    Haussinger, D.3
  • 15
    • 0019831697 scopus 로고
    • Decrease in the uptake and concentration of taurine in blood platelets of retinitis pigmentosa patients
    • Airaksinen, E. M., Airaksinen, M. M., Sihvola, P., and Marnela, K.-M. 1981. Decrease in the uptake and concentration of taurine in blood platelets of retinitis pigmentosa patients. Metab. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. 5:45-48.
    • (1981) Metab. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. , vol.5 , pp. 45-48
    • Airaksinen, E.M.1    Airaksinen, M.M.2    Sihvola, P.3    Marnela, K.-M.4
  • 16
    • 0035170652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of taurine in diabetes mellitus and development of diabetic complications
    • Hansen, S. H. 2001. The role of taurine in diabetes mellitus and development of diabetic complications. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 17:330-346.
    • (2001) Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. , vol.17 , pp. 330-346
    • Hansen, S.H.1
  • 18
    • 0029807230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stimulatory effects of taurine on the insulin secretion of fetal rat islets cultured in vitro
    • Cherif, H., Reusens, B., Dahri, S., Remacle, C., and Hoet, J. J. 1996. Stimulatory effects of taurine on the insulin secretion of fetal rat islets cultured in vitro. J. Endocrinol. 151:501-506.
    • (1996) J. Endocrinol. , vol.151 , pp. 501-506
    • Cherif, H.1    Reusens, B.2    Dahri, S.3    Remacle, C.4    Hoet, J.J.5
  • 19
    • 0031773879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of taurine on the insulin secretion of rat fetal islets from dams fed a low-protein diet
    • Cherif, H., Reusens, B., Ahn, M. T., Hoet, J. J., and Remacle, C. 1998. Effects of taurine on the insulin secretion of rat fetal islets from dams fed a low-protein diet. J. Endocrinol. 159:341-348.
    • (1998) J. Endocrinol. , vol.159 , pp. 341-348
    • Cherif, H.1    Reusens, B.2    Ahn, M.T.3    Hoet, J.J.4    Remacle, C.5
  • 20
    • 0025263827 scopus 로고
    • Supplemental taurine in diabetic rats: Effect on plasma glucose and triglycerides
    • Goodman, H. O. and Shihabi, Z. K. 1990. Supplemental taurine in diabetic rats: Effect on plasma glucose and triglycerides. Biochem. Med. Metab. Biol. 43:1-9.
    • (1990) Biochem. Med. Metab. Biol. , vol.43 , pp. 1-9
    • Goodman, H.O.1    Shihabi, Z.K.2
  • 21
    • 0027285425 scopus 로고
    • Osmotically-induced nerve taurine depletion and the compatible osmolyte hypothesis in experimental diabetic neuropathy in the rat
    • Stevens, M. J., Lattimer, S. A., Kamijo, M., Van Huysen, C., Sima, A. A. F., and Green, D. A. 1993. Osmotically-induced nerve taurine depletion and the compatible osmolyte hypothesis in experimental diabetic neuropathy in the rat. Diabetologia 36:608-614.
    • (1993) Diabetologia , vol.36 , pp. 608-614
    • Stevens, M.J.1    Lattimer, S.A.2    Kamijo, M.3    Van Huysen, C.4    Sima, A.A.F.5    Green, D.A.6
  • 22
    • 0027308120 scopus 로고
    • Taurine prevents glucose-induced lipid peroxidation and increased collagen production in cultured rat mesangial cells
    • Trachtman, H., Futterweitt, S., and Bienkowski, R. S. 1993. Taurine prevents glucose-induced lipid peroxidation and increased collagen production in cultured rat mesangial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 191:759-565.
    • (1993) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.191 , pp. 759-565
    • Trachtman, H.1    Futterweitt, S.2    Bienkowski, R.S.3
  • 24
    • 0029894388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Restoration of endothelium-dependent relaxation in both hypercholesterolemia and diabetes mellitus by chronic taurine
    • Kamata, K., Sugiura, M., Kojima, S., and Kasuya, Y. 1996. Restoration of endothelium-dependent relaxation in both hypercholesterolemia and diabetes mellitus by chronic taurine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 303:47-53.
    • (1996) Eur. J. Pharmacol. , vol.303 , pp. 47-53
    • Kamata, K.1    Sugiura, M.2    Kojima, S.3    Kasuya, Y.4
  • 25
    • 0029965648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antihypercholesterolemic action of taurine on streptozotocin-diabetic rats or on rats fed a high cholesterol diet
    • Nanami, K., Oda, H., and Yokogoshi, H. 1996. Antihypercholesterolemic action of taurine on streptozotocin-diabetic rats or on rats fed a high cholesterol diet. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 403: 561-568.
    • (1996) Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. , vol.403 , pp. 561-568
    • Nanami, K.1    Oda, H.2    Yokogoshi, H.3
  • 26
    • 0031837614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of taurine supplementation on lipid formation and the activities of glutathione related enzymes in the liver and islet of type I and type II diabetic model mice
    • Lim, E., Park, S., and Kim, H. 1998. Effect of taurine supplementation on lipid formation and the activities of glutathione related enzymes in the liver and islet of type I and type II diabetic model mice. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 442:99-104.
    • (1998) Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. , vol.442 , pp. 99-104
    • Lim, E.1    Park, S.2    Kim, H.3
  • 27
    • 0031863494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of taurine supplementation on lipid peroxidation, blood glucose and blood lipid metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
    • You, J. S. and Chang, K. J. 1998. Effect of taurine supplementation on lipid peroxidation, blood glucose and blood lipid metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 442:163-168.
    • (1998) Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. , vol.442 , pp. 163-168
    • You, J.S.1    Chang, K.J.2
  • 28
    • 0033219480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving effect of dietary taurine on marked hypercholesterolemia induced by a high-cholesterol diet in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
    • Mochizuki, H., Takido, J., Oda, H., and Yokogoshi, H. 1999. Improving effect of dietary taurine on marked hypercholesterolemia induced by a high-cholesterol diet in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 63:1984-1987.
    • (1999) Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. , vol.63 , pp. 1984-1987
    • Mochizuki, H.1    Takido, J.2    Oda, H.3    Yokogoshi, H.4
  • 29
    • 0032923362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melatonin and taurine reduce early glomerulopathy in diabetic rats
    • Ha, H., Yu, M. R., and Kim, K. H. 1999. Melatonin and taurine reduce early glomerulopathy in diabetic rats. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 26:944-950.
    • (1999) Free Radic. Biol. Med. , vol.26 , pp. 944-950
    • Ha, H.1    Yu, M.R.2    Kim, K.H.3
  • 30
    • 0033010213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of dietary taurine supplementation on GSH and NAD(p)-redox status, lipid peroxidation, and energy metabolism in diabetes precataractous lens
    • Obrosova, I. G. and Stevens, M. J. 1999. Effect of dietary taurine supplementation on GSH and NAD(p)-redox status, lipid peroxidation, and energy metabolism in diabetes precataractous lens. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 40:680-688.
    • (1999) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. , vol.40 , pp. 680-688
    • Obrosova, I.G.1    Stevens, M.J.2
  • 31
    • 0032885184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling cortical cataractogenesis 21: In diabetic rat lenses taurine supplementation vitro reduction of damage in model diabetic is due to its antioxidant activity?
    • Mitton, K. P., Linklater, H. A., Dzialoszynski, T. S., Sanford, E., Starkey, K., and Trevithick, J. R. 1999. Modelling cortical cataractogenesis 21: In diabetic rat lenses taurine supplementation vitro reduction of damage in model diabetic is due to its antioxidant activity? Exp. Eye Res. 69:279-289.
    • (1999) Exp. Eye Res. , vol.69 , pp. 279-289
    • Mitton, K.P.1    Linklater, H.A.2    Dzialoszynski, T.S.3    Sanford, E.4    Starkey, K.5    Trevithick, J.R.6
  • 32
    • 0032858876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling cortical cataractogenesis 22: Is in vitro reduction of damage in model diabetic is taurine due to its antioxidant activity?
    • Kilic, F., Bhardwaj, R., Caulfeild, J., and Trevithick, J. R. 1999. Modelling cortical cataractogenesis 22: Is in vitro reduction of damage in model diabetic is taurine due to its antioxidant activity? Exp. Eye Res. 69:291-300.
    • (1999) Exp. Eye Res. , vol.69 , pp. 291-300
    • Kilic, F.1    Bhardwaj, R.2    Caulfeild, J.3    Trevithick, J.R.4
  • 33
    • 0001350263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taurine prevents high-glucose-induced human vascular endothelial cell apoptosis
    • Wu, Q. D., Wang, J. H., Fennesy, F., Redmond, H. P., and Bouchier-Hayes, D. 1999. Taurine prevents high-glucose-induced human vascular endothelial cell apoptosis. Am. J. Physiol. 277: C1229-C1238.
    • (1999) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.277
    • Wu, Q.D.1    Wang, J.H.2    Fennesy, F.3    Redmond, H.P.4    Bouchier-Hayes, D.5
  • 34
    • 0034072711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of taurine in the pathogenesis of the cardiomyopathy of insulin-dependent diabetes
    • Militante, J. D., Lombardini, J. B., and Schaffer, S. W. 2000. The role of taurine in the pathogenesis of the cardiomyopathy of insulin-dependent diabetes. Cardiovasc. Res. 393:393-400.
    • (2000) Cardiovasc. Res. , vol.393 , pp. 393-400
    • Militante, J.D.1    Lombardini, J.B.2    Schaffer, S.W.3
  • 35
    • 0035069253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depletion of taurine in experimental diabetic neuropathy: Implications for nerve metabolic and functional deficits
    • Pop-Busui, R., Sullivan, K. A., Van Huysen, C., Cao, Towns, X., and Stevens, M. J. 2001. Depletion of taurine in experimental diabetic neuropathy: Implications for nerve metabolic and functional deficits. Exp. Neurol. 168:259-272.
    • (2001) Exp. Neurol. , vol.168 , pp. 259-272
    • Pop-Busui, R.1    Sullivan, K.A.2    Van Huysen, C.3    Cao4    Towns, X.5    Stevens, M.J.6
  • 37
    • 0035215435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taurine counteracts oxidative stress and nerve growth factor deficit in early experimental diabetic neuropathy
    • Obrosova, I., Fathallah, L., and Stevens, M. J. 2001. Taurine counteracts oxidative stress and nerve growth factor deficit in early experimental diabetic neuropathy. Exp. Neurol. 172:211-219.
    • (2001) Exp. Neurol. , vol.172 , pp. 211-219
    • Obrosova, I.1    Fathallah, L.2    Stevens, M.J.3
  • 40
    • 0037364862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential therapeutic effect of antioxidants in experimental diabetic retina: A comparison between chronic taurine and vitamin E plus selenium supplementations
    • Di Leo, M. A. S., Ghirlanda, G., Gentiloni Silveri, N., Giardina, B., Franconi, F., and Santini, S. A. 2003. Potential therapeutic effect of antioxidants in experimental diabetic retina: A comparison between chronic taurine and vitamin E plus selenium supplementations. Free Radic. Res. 37:323-330.
    • (2003) Free Radic. Res. , vol.37 , pp. 323-330
    • Di Leo, M.A.S.1    Ghirlanda, G.2    Gentiloni Silveri, N.3    Giardina, B.4    Franconi, F.5    Santini, S.A.6
  • 41
    • 0033962377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taurine improves insulin sensitivity in the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rat, a model of spontaneous type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • Nakaya, Y., Minami, A., Haradica, N., Sakamoto, S., Niwa, Y., and Ohnaka, M. 2000. Taurine improves insulin sensitivity in the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rat, a model of spontaneous type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71:54-58.
    • (2000) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , vol.71 , pp. 54-58
    • Nakaya, Y.1    Minami, A.2    Haradica, N.3    Sakamoto, S.4    Niwa, Y.5    Ohnaka, M.6
  • 44
    • 0032868293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-cell growth in the neonatal Goto-Kakisaki rat and regeneration after treatment with streptozotocin at birth
    • Movassat, J. and Portha, B. 1999. Beta-cell growth in the neonatal Goto-Kakisaki rat and regeneration after treatment with streptozotocin at birth. Diabetologia 42:1098-1096.
    • (1999) Diabetologia , vol.42 , pp. 1098-1096
    • Movassat, J.1    Portha, B.2
  • 45
    • 0028244561 scopus 로고
    • Antioxidants reverse the antiproliferative effect of high glucose and advanced glycosylation endend products in cultured rat mesangial cells
    • Trachtman, H., Futterweitt, S., Prenner, J., and Hanon, S. 1994. Antioxidants reverse the antiproliferative effect of high glucose and advanced glycosylation endend products in cultured rat mesangial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 199:346-352.
    • (1994) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.199 , pp. 346-352
    • Trachtman, H.1    Futterweitt, S.2    Prenner, J.3    Hanon, S.4
  • 46
    • 0035406633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetes mellitus and diabetes associated vascular disease
    • Kirpichnikov, D. and Sowers, J. R. 2001. Diabetes mellitus and diabetes associated vascular disease. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 12:225-429.
    • (2001) Trends Endocrinol. Metab. , vol.12 , pp. 225-429
    • Kirpichnikov, D.1    Sowers, J.R.2
  • 47
    • 0032913309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications: A new perspective on an old paradigm
    • Baynes, J. W. and Thorpe, S. R. 1999. Role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications: A new perspective on an old paradigm. Diabetes 48:1-9.
    • (1999) Diabetes , vol.48 , pp. 1-9
    • Baynes, J.W.1    Thorpe, S.R.2
  • 48
  • 49
    • 0021266048 scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of taurine and zinc on peroxidation induced damage in photoreceptor outer segments
    • Pasantes-Morales, H. and Cruz, C. 1984. Protective effect of taurine and zinc on peroxidation induced damage in photoreceptor outer segments. J. Neurosci. Res. 11:303-311.
    • (1984) J. Neurosci. Res. , vol.11 , pp. 303-311
    • Pasantes-Morales, H.1    Cruz, C.2
  • 50
    • 0021981403 scopus 로고
    • Taurine and hypotaurine inhibit light induced lipid peroxidation and protect rod outer segment structures
    • Pasantes-Morales, H. and Cruz, C. 1985. Taurine and hypotaurine inhibit light induced lipid peroxidation and protect rod outer segment structures. Brain Res. 330:154-157.
    • (1985) Brain Res. , vol.330 , pp. 154-157
    • Pasantes-Morales, H.1    Cruz, C.2
  • 53
    • 0028844815 scopus 로고
    • Taurine protects rat bronchioles from acute ozone-induced lung inflammation and hyperplasia
    • Schuller-Levis, G. B., Gordon, R. E., Park, E., Pendino, K. J., and Laskin, D. L. 1995. Taurine protects rat bronchioles from acute ozone-induced lung inflammation and hyperplasia. Exp. Lung Res. 21:877-888.
    • (1995) Exp. Lung Res. , vol.21 , pp. 877-888
    • Schuller-Levis, G.B.1    Gordon, R.E.2    Park, E.3    Pendino, K.J.4    Laskin, D.L.5
  • 54
    • 0026545891 scopus 로고
    • Reduction of reperfusion injury with preoperative rapid intravenous infusion of taurine during myocardial revascularization
    • Milei, J. R., Ferreira, R., Llesuy, S., Focarda, J., Covarrubias, J., and Boveris, A. R. 1992. Reduction of reperfusion injury with preoperative rapid intravenous infusion of taurine during myocardial revascularization. Am. Heart J. 123:339-345.
    • (1992) Am. Heart J. , vol.123 , pp. 339-345
    • Milei, J.R.1    Ferreira, R.2    Llesuy, S.3    Focarda, J.4    Covarrubias, J.5    Boveris, A.R.6
  • 56
    • 0019988650 scopus 로고
    • Chlorination of taurine by human neutrophils: Evidence for hypochlorous acid generation
    • Weiss, S. J., Klein, R., Slivka, A., and Wei, M. 1982. Chlorination of taurine by human neutrophils: Evidence for hypochlorous acid generation. J. Clin. Invest. 70:598-607.
    • (1982) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.70 , pp. 598-607
    • Weiss, S.J.1    Klein, R.2    Slivka, A.3    Wei, M.4
  • 57
  • 58
    • 0028345915 scopus 로고
    • Taurine modulation of hypochlorous acid-induced lung epithelial cell injury in vitro
    • Cantin, A. 1994. Taurine modulation of hypochlorous acid-induced lung epithelial cell injury in vitro. J. Clin. Invest. 93:606-614.
    • (1994) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.93 , pp. 606-614
    • Cantin, A.1
  • 59
    • 0034585491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytoprotective effect of taurine against hypochlorous acid toxicity to PCl2 cells
    • Kearns, S. and Dawson, R. 2000. Cytoprotective effect of taurine against hypochlorous acid toxicity to PCl2 cells. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 483:563-570.
    • (2000) Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. , vol.483 , pp. 563-570
    • Kearns, S.1    Dawson, R.2
  • 60
    • 0029156841 scopus 로고
    • Taurine protects the heart from neutrophil-induced reperfusion injury
    • Raschke, P., Massoudy, P., and Becker, B. F. 1995. Taurine protects the heart from neutrophil-induced reperfusion injury. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 19:461-471.
    • (1995) Free Radic. Biol. Med. , vol.19 , pp. 461-471
    • Raschke, P.1    Massoudy, P.2    Becker, B.F.3
  • 61
    • 0036115848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Participation of high glucose concentrations in neutrophil adhesion and surface expression of adhesion molecules on cultured human endothelial cells: Effect of antidiabetic medicines
    • Omi, H., Okayama, N., Shimizu, M., Okouchi, M., Ito, S., Fukutomi, T., and Itoh, M. 2002. Participation of high glucose concentrations in neutrophil adhesion and surface expression of adhesion molecules on cultured human endothelial cells: Effect of antidiabetic medicines. Diab. Compl. 16:201-218.
    • (2002) Diab. Compl. , vol.16 , pp. 201-218
    • Omi, H.1    Okayama, N.2    Shimizu, M.3    Okouchi, M.4    Ito, S.5    Fukutomi, T.6    Itoh, M.7
  • 65
    • 0030445084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibiting effect of taurine on nonenzymatic glycosylation on aortic collagen in diabetic rats
    • Li, H., Li, J. C., Jiang, S. S., Du, H., and Gu, X. P. 1996. Inhibiting effect of taurine on nonenzymatic glycosylation on aortic collagen in diabetic rats. Chin. Pharmacol. Bull. 12:445-447.
    • (1996) Chin. Pharmacol. Bull. , vol.12 , pp. 445-447
    • Li, H.1    Li, J.C.2    Jiang, S.S.3    Du, H.4    Gu, X.P.5
  • 66
  • 67
    • 0035400751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary manipulations in aged male Fishers 344 rat tissue: Taurine concentration, taurine biosynthesis, and oxidative markers
    • Eppler, B. and Dawson, R. 2001. Dietary manipulations in aged male Fishers 344 rat tissue: Taurine concentration, taurine biosynthesis, and oxidative markers. Biochem. Pharmacol. 62:29-39.
    • (2001) Biochem. Pharmacol. , vol.62 , pp. 29-39
    • Eppler, B.1    Dawson, R.2
  • 68
    • 0035806896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taurine prevents the decrease in expression and secretion of extracellular superoxide dismutase induced by homocysteine: Amelioration of homocysteine-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress by taurine
    • Nonaka, H., Tsujino, T., Watari, Y., Emoto, N., and Yokoyama, M. 2001. Taurine prevents the decrease in expression and secretion of extracellular superoxide dismutase induced by homocysteine: Amelioration of homocysteine-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress by taurine. Circulation 104:1165-1170.
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.104 , pp. 1165-1170
    • Nonaka, H.1    Tsujino, T.2    Watari, Y.3    Emoto, N.4    Yokoyama, M.5
  • 69
    • 0033067882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant activity of retinol, glutathione, and taurine in bovine photoreceptor cell membranes
    • Keys, S. A. and Zimmerman, W. F. 1999. Antioxidant activity of retinol, glutathione, and taurine in bovine photoreceptor cell membranes. Exp. Eye Res. 68:693-702.
    • (1999) Exp. Eye Res. , vol.68 , pp. 693-702
    • Keys, S.A.1    Zimmerman, W.F.2
  • 70
    • 84886641810 scopus 로고
    • The protective effects of taurine on hypoxia (performed in the absence of glucose) and on reoxygenation (in the presence of glucose) in guinea-pig heart
    • Franconi F., Stendardi I., Failli P., Matucci R., Baccaro C., Montorsi L., Bandinelli R., and Giotti, A. 1985. The protective effects of taurine on hypoxia (performed in the absence of glucose) and on reoxygenation (in the presence of glucose) in guinea-pig heart. Biochem. Pharmacol. 34:2611-2620.
    • (1985) Biochem. Pharmacol. , vol.34 , pp. 2611-2620
    • Franconi, F.1    Stendardi, I.2    Failli, P.3    Matucci, R.4    Baccaro, C.5    Montorsi, L.6    Bandinelli, R.7    Giotti, A.8
  • 72
    • 0033931395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction between the actions of taurine and angiotensin II
    • Schaffer, S. W., Lombardini, J. B., and Azuma, J. 2000. Interaction between the actions of taurine and angiotensin II. Amino Acids 18:305-318.
    • (2000) Amino Acids , vol.18 , pp. 305-318
    • Schaffer, S.W.1    Lombardini, J.B.2    Azuma, J.3
  • 73
    • 0033667784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular responses of the taurine-depleted rat to vasoactive agents
    • Mozaffari, M. S. and Abebe, W. 2000. Cardiovascular responses of the taurine-depleted rat to vasoactive agents. Amino Acids 19: 625-634.
    • (2000) Amino Acids , vol.19 , pp. 625-634
    • Mozaffari, M.S.1    Abebe, W.2
  • 75
    • 0036324130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High glucose stimulate angiotensinogen gene expression via reactive oxygen species generation in rat kidney proximal tubular cells
    • Hsieh, T. I., Zhang, S. L., Filep, J. G., Tang, S. S., Infelfinger, J. R., and Chan, S. D. 2002. High glucose stimulate angiotensinogen gene expression via reactive oxygen species generation in rat kidney proximal tubular cells. Endocrinology 143:2975-2985.
    • (2002) Endocrinology , vol.143 , pp. 2975-2985
    • Hsieh, T.I.1    Zhang, S.L.2    Filep, J.G.3    Tang, S.S.4    Infelfinger, J.R.5    Chan, S.D.6
  • 76
    • 0032032354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conversion of taurine into N-chloramine (taurine chloramine) and sulphoacetaldehyde in response to oxidative stress
    • Cunningham, C., Tipton, K. F., and Dixon, H. B. F. 1998. Conversion of taurine into N-chloramine (taurine chloramine) and sulphoacetaldehyde in response to oxidative stress. J. Biochem. 330:939-945.
    • (1998) J. Biochem. , vol.330 , pp. 939-945
    • Cunningham, C.1    Tipton, K.F.2    Dixon, H.B.F.3
  • 77
    • 0029560675 scopus 로고
    • Taurine chloramines, a product of activated neutrophils, inhibits the generation of nitric oxide and other macrophage inflammatory mediators
    • Marcinkiewicz, J., Grabowska, A., Bereta, J., and Stelmaszynska, T. 1995. Taurine chloramines, a product of activated neutrophils, inhibits the generation of nitric oxide and other macrophage inflammatory mediators. J. Leukoc. Biol. 58:667-674.
    • (1995) J. Leukoc. Biol. , vol.58 , pp. 667-674
    • Marcinkiewicz, J.1    Grabowska, A.2    Bereta, J.3    Stelmaszynska, T.4
  • 78
    • 0032584930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taurine chloramine inhibits production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 in activated C6 glioma cells by suppressing inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression
    • Liu, Y., Tonna-DeMaise, M., Park, E., Schuller-Levis, G., and Quinn, M. R. 1998. Taurine chloramine inhibits production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 in activated C6 glioma cells by suppressing inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Mol. Brain Res. 59:189-195.
    • (1998) Mol. Brain Res. , vol.59 , pp. 189-195
    • Liu, Y.1    Tonna-DeMaise, M.2    Park, E.3    Schuller-Levis, G.4    Quinn, M.R.5
  • 79
    • 0036177247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taurine chloramine inhibits lymphocyte proliferation and decreases cytokine production in activated human leukocytes
    • Park, E., Jia, J., Quinn, M. R., and Schuller-Levis, G. 2002. Taurine chloramine inhibits lymphocyte proliferation and decreases cytokine production in activated human leukocytes. Clin. Immunol. 102:179-184.
    • (2002) Clin. Immunol. , vol.102 , pp. 179-184
    • Park, E.1    Jia, J.2    Quinn, M.R.3    Schuller-Levis, G.4
  • 80
    • 0030711604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monochloramine inhibits phorbol ester-inducible neutrophil respiratory burst activation and T cell interleukin-2 receptor expression by inhibiting inducible protein kinase C activity
    • Ogino, T., Kobuchi, H., Sen, C. K., Roy, S., Packer, L., and Maguire, J. J. 1997. Monochloramine inhibits phorbol ester-inducible neutrophil respiratory burst activation and T cell interleukin-2 receptor expression by inhibiting inducible protein kinase C activity. J. Biol. Chem. 272:26247-26252.
    • (1997) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.272 , pp. 26247-26252
    • Ogino, T.1    Kobuchi, H.2    Sen, C.K.3    Roy, S.4    Packer, L.5    Maguire, J.J.6
  • 81
    • 0027218528 scopus 로고
    • Taurine chloramine inhibits the synthesis of nitric oxide and release of tumor necrosis factor in activated RAW-264.7
    • Park, E., Quinn, M. R., Wright, C. E., and Schuller-Levis, G. 1993. Taurine chloramine inhibits the synthesis of nitric oxide and release of tumor necrosis factor in activated RAW-264.7. J. Leukoc. Biol. 54:119-124.
    • (1993) J. Leukoc. Biol. , vol.54 , pp. 119-124
    • Park, E.1    Quinn, M.R.2    Wright, C.E.3    Schuller-Levis, G.4
  • 82
    • 0033507175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taurine chloramine inhibition of cell proliferation and cytokine production by rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes
    • Kontny, E., Grabowska, A., Kowalczewski, J., Kurowska, M., Janicka, I., Marcinkiewicz, J., and Maslinski, W. 1999. Taurine chloramine inhibition of cell proliferation and cytokine production by rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 42:2552-2560.
    • (1999) Arthritis Rheum. , vol.42 , pp. 2552-2560
    • Kontny, E.1    Grabowska, A.2    Kowalczewski, J.3    Kurowska, M.4    Janicka, I.5    Marcinkiewicz, J.6    Maslinski, W.7
  • 83
    • 0022977888 scopus 로고
    • 2 induced alteration: A histological, ultrastructural, and freeze fracture studies
    • 2 induced alteration: A histological, ultrastructural, and freeze fracture studies. Am. J. Path. 125:10404-10413.
    • (1986) Am. J. Path. , vol.125 , pp. 10404-10413
    • Gordon, R.E.1    Shaked, A.A.2    Solano, D.F.3
  • 85
    • 0027359174 scopus 로고
    • Potential roles of hypochlorous acid and N-chloramines in collagen breakdown by phagocytic cells in synovitis
    • Davies, J. M., Horwitz, D. A., and Davies, K. J. A. 1993. Potential roles of hypochlorous acid and N-chloramines in collagen breakdown by phagocytic cells in synovitis. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 15:637-643.
    • (1993) Free Radic. Biol. Med. , vol.15 , pp. 637-643
    • Davies, J.M.1    Horwitz, D.A.2    Davies, K.J.A.3
  • 86
    • 0029900194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypolipidemic effect of taurine in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats
    • Murakami, S., Yamagishi, I., Asami, Y., Ohta, Y., Toda, Y., Nara, Y., and Yamori, Y. 1996. Hypolipidemic effect of taurine in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Pharmacology 52:303-313.
    • (1996) Pharmacology , vol.52 , pp. 303-313
    • Murakami, S.1    Yamagishi, I.2    Asami, Y.3    Ohta, Y.4    Toda, Y.5    Nara, Y.6    Yamori, Y.7
  • 87
    • 0032573640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvement in cholesterol metabolism in mice given chronic treatment of taurine and fed a high-fat diet
    • Murakami, S., Kondo-Ohta, Y., and Tomisawa, K. 1999. Improvement in cholesterol metabolism in mice given chronic treatment of taurine and fed a high-fat diet. Life Sci. 64:83-91.
    • (1999) Life Sci. , vol.64 , pp. 83-91
    • Murakami, S.1    Kondo-Ohta, Y.2    Tomisawa, K.3
  • 88
    • 0036688728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving effect of dietary taurine supplementation on the oxidative stress and lipid levels in the plasma, liver and aorta of rabbits fed on a high-cholesterol diet
    • Balkan, J., Kanbagli, O., Hatipoglu, A., Kucuk, M., Cevikbas, U., Aykac-Toker, G., and Uysal, M. 2002. Improving effect of dietary taurine supplementation on the oxidative stress and lipid levels in the plasma, liver and aorta of rabbits fed on a high-cholesterol diet. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 66:1755-1758.
    • (2002) Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. , vol.66 , pp. 1755-1758
    • Balkan, J.1    Kanbagli, O.2    Hatipoglu, A.3    Kucuk, M.4    Cevikbas, U.5    Aykac-Toker, G.6    Uysal, M.7
  • 89
    • 0036451628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary taurine enhances cholesterol degradation and reduces serum and liver cholesterol concentrations in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet
    • Yokogoshi, H. and Oda, H. 2002. Dietary taurine enhances cholesterol degradation and reduces serum and liver cholesterol concentrations in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Amino Acids 23: 433-439.
    • (2002) Amino Acids , vol.23 , pp. 433-439
    • Yokogoshi, H.1    Oda, H.2
  • 90
    • 0025343546 scopus 로고
    • The effects of taurine on atherosclerosis development in cholesterol fed rabbits
    • Petty, M. A., Kintz, J., and DiFrancesco, G. F. 1990. The effects of taurine on atherosclerosis development in cholesterol fed rabbits. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 180:119-127.
    • (1990) Eur. J. Pharmacol. , vol.180 , pp. 119-127
    • Petty, M.A.1    Kintz, J.2    DiFrancesco, G.F.3
  • 91
    • 0037023273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of taurine on cholesterol metabolism in hamsters: Up-regulation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor by taurine
    • Murakami, S., Kondo, Y., Toda, Y., Kitajima, H., Kameo, K., Sakono, M., and Fukuda, N. 2002. Effect of taurine on cholesterol metabolism in hamsters: Up-regulation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor by taurine. Life Sci. 70:2355-2366.
    • (2002) Life Sci. , vol.70 , pp. 2355-2366
    • Murakami, S.1    Kondo, Y.2    Toda, Y.3    Kitajima, H.4    Kameo, K.5    Sakono, M.6    Fukuda, N.7
  • 93
    • 0036015986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taurine suppresses development of atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits
    • Murakami, S., Kondo, Y., Sakurai, T., Kitajima, H., and Nagate, T. 2002. Taurine suppresses development of atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits. Atherosclerosis 163:79-87.
    • (2002) Atherosclerosis , vol.163 , pp. 79-87
    • Murakami, S.1    Kondo, Y.2    Sakurai, T.3    Kitajima, H.4    Nagate, T.5
  • 94
    • 0037197722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the oxidative modification hypothesis relevant to human atherosclerosis
    • Steinberg, D. and Witztum, J. L. 2002. Is the oxidative modification hypothesis relevant to human atherosclerosis. Circulation 105:2107-2111.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.105 , pp. 2107-2111
    • Steinberg, D.1    Witztum, J.L.2
  • 95
    • 0034867359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of twenty-four hour urinary taurine excretion and association with ischemic disease mortality in 24 population 16 countries: Results from WHO-cardiac study
    • Yamori, Y., Liù, L., Ikeda, K., Miura, A., Mizuhushi, S., Miki, T., and Nara Y. 2001. Distribution of twenty-four hour urinary taurine excretion and association with ischemic disease mortality in 24 population 16 countries: Results from WHO-cardiac study. Hypertens. Res. 24:453-461.
    • (2001) Hypertens. Res. , vol.24 , pp. 453-461
    • Yamori, Y.1    Liù, L.2    Ikeda, K.3    Miura, A.4    Mizuhushi, S.5    Miki, T.6    Nara, Y.7
  • 96
    • 0024392408 scopus 로고
    • Taurine modulates platelet aggregation in cats and in humans
    • Hayes, K., Pronezn, K. A., Adessa, A. E., and Stephan, Z. F. 1989. Taurine modulates platelet aggregation in cats and in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 49:1211-1215.
    • (1989) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , vol.49 , pp. 1211-1215
    • Hayes, K.1    Pronezn, K.A.2    Adessa, A.E.3    Stephan, Z.F.4
  • 98
    • 0028062027 scopus 로고
    • Cardioprotective actions of taurine against intracellular and extracellular calcium-induced effect
    • Satoh, H. 1994. Cardioprotective actions of taurine against intracellular and extracellular calcium-induced effect. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 359:181-196.
    • (1994) Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. , vol.359 , pp. 181-196
    • Satoh, H.1
  • 99
    • 0033667768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stabilization of calcium uptake in rat rod outer segments by taurine and ATP
    • Militante, J. D. and Lombardini, J. B. 2000. Stabilization of calcium uptake in rat rod outer segments by taurine and ATP. Amino Acids 19:561-570.
    • (2000) Amino Acids , vol.19 , pp. 561-570
    • Militante, J.D.1    Lombardini, J.B.2
  • 100
    • 0842270631 scopus 로고
    • Protective action of taurine on ischemia-reperfusion liver injury in rats and its metabolism
    • Chen, Y. X. 1995. Protective action of taurine on ischemia-reperfusion liver injury in rats and its metabolism. Chin. Med. J. 73:977-986.
    • (1995) Chin. Med. J. , vol.73 , pp. 977-986
    • Chen, Y.X.1
  • 101
    • 0029437385 scopus 로고
    • Effect of taurine on depletion of erythrocyte membrane NaKATPase activity due to ozone exposure or cholesterol enrichment
    • Qi, B., Yamagami, T., Naruse Y., Sokejima, S., and Kagamimori, S. 1995. Effect of taurine on depletion of erythrocyte membrane NaKATPase activity due to ozone exposure or cholesterol enrichment. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 41:627-634.
    • (1995) J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. , vol.41 , pp. 627-634
    • Qi, B.1    Yamagami, T.2    Naruse, Y.3    Sokejima, S.4    Kagamimori, S.5
  • 102
    • 0029919399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of diabetes mellitus on levels and uptake of putative amino acid neurotrasmtitters in rat retina and retinal pigment epithelium
    • Vilchis, C. and Salceda, R. 1996. Effect of diabetes mellitus on levels and uptake of putative amino acid neurotrasmtitters in rat retina and retinal pigment epithelium. Neurochem. Res. 21: 1167-1171.
    • (1996) Neurochem. Res. , vol.21 , pp. 1167-1171
    • Vilchis, C.1    Salceda, R.2
  • 103
    • 0032713971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Downregulation of the human taurine transporter by glucose in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells
    • Stevens, M. J., Hosaka, Y., Masterson, J. A., Jones, S. M., Thomas, T. P., and Larkin, D. D. 1999. Downregulation of the human taurine transporter by glucose in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 277:E760-E771.
    • (1999) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.277
    • Stevens, M.J.1    Hosaka, Y.2    Masterson, J.A.3    Jones, S.M.4    Thomas, T.P.5    Larkin, D.D.6
  • 104
    • 0025231642 scopus 로고
    • Non osmotic diabetic cataracts
    • Malone, J. L., Lowitt, S., and Cook, W. R. 1990. Non osmotic diabetic cataracts. Pediat. Res. 27:293-296.
    • (1990) Pediat. Res. , vol.27 , pp. 293-296
    • Malone, J.L.1    Lowitt, S.2    Cook, W.R.3
  • 106
    • 0026772772 scopus 로고
    • Type-2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus: The thrifty phenotypes hypothesis
    • Hales, C. N. and Baker, D. J. P. 1992. Type-2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus: The thrifty phenotypes hypothesis. Diabetologia 35:595-601.
    • (1992) Diabetologia , vol.35 , pp. 595-601
    • Hales, C.N.1    Baker, D.J.P.2
  • 107
    • 0027497781 scopus 로고
    • Taurine in development
    • Sturman, J. A. 1993. Taurine in development. Physiol. Rev. 73: 119-147.
    • (1993) Physiol. Rev. , vol.73 , pp. 119-147
    • Sturman, J.A.1
  • 108
    • 0031850059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with reduced activity of placental transporters
    • Norberg, S., Powel, T. L., and Jansson, T. 1998. Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with reduced activity of placental transporters. Pediat. Res. 44:233-238.
    • (1998) Pediat. Res. , vol.44 , pp. 233-238
    • Norberg, S.1    Powel, T.L.2    Jansson, T.3
  • 109
    • 0026316923 scopus 로고
    • Islet function in offspring of mothers on low protein diet during gestation
    • Dahri, S., Snock, A., Reusens, B., Remacle, C., and Hoet, J. J. 1991. Islet function in offspring of mothers on low protein diet during gestation. Diabetes 40(suppl 2) 115-120.
    • (1991) Diabetes , vol.40 , Issue.SUPPL. 2 , pp. 115-120
    • Dahri, S.1    Snock, A.2    Reusens, B.3    Remacle, C.4    Hoet, J.J.5
  • 110
    • 0034802297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal undernutrition during the periconceptual period increases plasma taurine levels and insulin response to glucose but not arginine in the late gestation fetal sheep
    • Oliver, M. H., Hawkins, P., Breier, B. H., Van Zijl, P. L., Sargison, S. A., and Harding, J. E. 2001. Maternal undernutrition during the periconceptual period increases plasma taurine levels and insulin response to glucose but not arginine in the late gestation fetal sheep. Endocrinology 142:4576-4579.
    • (2001) Endocrinology , vol.142 , pp. 4576-4579
    • Oliver, M.H.1    Hawkins, P.2    Breier, B.H.3    Van Zijl, P.L.4    Sargison, S.A.5    Harding, J.E.6
  • 111
    • 0035156716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrauterine low protein diet increases fetal beta-cell sensitivity to NO and IL-1 beta: The protective role of taurine
    • Merezak, S., Hardikar, A. A., Yajnik, C. S., Remacle, C., and Reusens, B. 2001. Intrauterine low protein diet increases fetal beta-cell sensitivity to NO and IL-1 beta: The protective role of taurine. J. Endocrinol. 171:299-308.
    • (2001) J. Endocrinol. , vol.171 , pp. 299-308
    • Merezak, S.1    Hardikar, A.A.2    Yajnik, C.S.3    Remacle, C.4    Reusens, B.5
  • 112
    • 0036596396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taurine supplementation to a low protein diet during foetal and early postnatal life restores a normal proliferation and apoptosis of rat pancreatic islets
    • Boujender, S., Reusens, B., Merezak, S., Ahn, M. T., Arany, E., Hill, D., and Remacle, C. 2002. Taurine supplementation to a low protein diet during foetal and early postnatal life restores a normal proliferation and apoptosis of rat pancreatic islets. Diabetologia 45:856-866.
    • (2002) Diabetologia , vol.45 , pp. 856-866
    • Boujender, S.1    Reusens, B.2    Merezak, S.3    Ahn, M.T.4    Arany, E.5    Hill, D.6    Remacle, C.7
  • 113
    • 0035131288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low taurine, gamma-aminobutyric acid and carnosine levels in plasma of diabetic rats: Consequences for the offspring
    • Aerts, L. and Van Assche, F. A. 2001. Low taurine, gamma-aminobutyric acid and carnosine levels in plasma of diabetic rats: Consequences for the offspring. J. Perinat. Med. 29: 81-84.
    • (2001) J. Perinat. Med. , vol.29 , pp. 81-84
    • Aerts, L.1    Van Assche, F.A.2
  • 114
    • 0037469229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taurine and vitamin C modify monocyte and endothelial dysfunction in young smokers
    • Fennessy, F. M., Moneley, D. S., Wang, J. H., Kelly, C. J., and Bouchier-Hayes, D. J. 2003. Taurine and vitamin C modify monocyte and endothelial dysfunction in young smokers. Circulation 107:410-415.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.107 , pp. 410-415
    • Fennessy, F.M.1    Moneley, D.S.2    Wang, J.H.3    Kelly, C.J.4    Bouchier-Hayes, D.J.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.