Mycotoxin Research in South Africa

Advances in Applied Microbiology

Volumn 53, Issue , 2003, Pages 213-241

  Dutton, M F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFLATOXIN; AUSTOCYSTIN DERIVATIVE; CARCINOGEN; CYCLOPIAZONIC ACID; DIPLOSPORIN; FUMONISIN; FUMONISIN B1; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; MYCOTOXIN; OCHRATOXIN; SECALONIC ACID D; SPHINGOLIPID; STERIGMATOCYSTIN; TRICHOTHECENE DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZEARALENONE;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; AGRICULTURE; ALCOHOL ABUSE; ASPERGILLUS; ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS; ASPERGILLUS OCHRACEUS; CARCINOGENESIS; CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; CRYPTOCOCCUS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ECLAMPSIA; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; FUSARIUM; HUMAN; LIVER CANCER; MALNUTRITION; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MYCOTOXICOSIS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; PATHOGENESIS; PREECLAMPSIA; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW; RURAL AREA; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SMOKING; SOUTH AFRICA; TOXIN ANALYSIS; VITAMIN DEFICIENCY;

ASPERGILLUS; ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS; ASPERGILLUS OCHRACEUS; FUSARIUM;

EID: 0347481417     PISSN: 00652164     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2164(03)53006-4     Document Type: Article

References (146)

1. Aucock, H. W., Marasas, W. F. O., Meyer, C. J., and Chalmers, P. (1980). Field outbreak of hyperoestrogenism (vulvo-vaginitis) in pigs consuming maize infected by Fusarium graminearum and contaminated with zearalenone. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 51, 163-166.
2. Badria, F. A., Li, S., and Shier, W. T. (1996). Fumonisins as potential causes of kidney disease. Journal of Toxicology-Toxin Reviews 15, 273-292.
3. Bastianello, S. S., Nesbit, J. W., Williams, M. C., and Lange, A. L. (1987). Pathological findings in a natural outbreak of aflatoxicosis in dogs. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 54, 635-640.
4. Bennett, J. W., and Bentley, R. (1999). Pride and prejudice: The story of ergot. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 42, 333-355.
5. Bennett, J. W., and Klich, M. A. (2003). Mycotoxins. Clinical Reviews. In Press.
6. Bentley, R., and Bennett, J. W. (1999). Constructing polyketides: From Collie to combinatorial biosynthesis. Annual Reviews Microbiology 53, 411-446.
7. Bezuidenhout, S. C., Gelderblom, W. C. A., Gorst-Allman, R. M. M., Marasas, W. F. O., Spiteller, G., and Vleggaar, R. (1988). Structure elucidation of the fumonisins, mycotoxins from Fusarium moniliforme. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, 743-745.
8. 1 by cell-free preparations of Aspergillus parasiticus. Biochimie 70, 743-747.
9. Blount, W. P. (1961). Turkey "X" disease. Turkeys 9, 52-67.
10. Burrell, R. J. W. (1957). Esophageal cancer in the Bantu. South African Medical Journal 39, 401-409.
11. Campbell, G. D. (1990). Sporadic clinical human mycotoxicosis. Nutrition and Health 7, 21-23.
12. 1 in feces: A short-term biomarker for assessment of exposure. Biomarkers 5, 1-8.
13. 1 in a rural community in Kwazulu Natal, South Africa. Environmental Health Perspectives 109, 253-256.
14. Chalmers, A. A., Gorst-Allman, C. P., Kriek, N. P. J., Marasas, W. F. O., Steyn, P. S., and Vleggaar, R. (1978). Diplosporin, a new mycotoxin from Diplodia macrospora. South African Journal of Chemistry 31, 111-114.
15. Chuturgoon, A. A., and Dutton, M. F. (1991). The appearance of an enzyme activity catalyzing the conversion of norsolorinic acid to averantin in Aspergillus parasiticus. Mycopathologia 1131, 41-44.
16. Chuturgoon, A. A., Punchoo, R., Bux, S., and Dutton, M. F. (1998). The effect of a commercial herbicide on aflatoxin lipid biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus, South Africa. In "Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Developments in Chemistry, Toxicology, and Food Safety" (M. Miraglia, H. van Egmond, C. Brera, and J. Gilbert, eds.), pp. 121-128. Alaken Inc., Fort Collins.
17. Coulter, J. B. S., Suliman, G. I., Lampugh, S. M., Mukhtar, B. I., and Hendrickse, R. G. (1986). Aflatoxins in liver biopsy from Sudanese children. American Journal of Tropical Medical Hygiene 35, 360-365.
18. Curto, E. V., Kwong, C., Mermersdorfer, H., Glatt, H., Santis, C., Virador, V., Hearing, V. J., and Dooley, T. P. (1999). Inhibitors of mammalian melanocyte tyrosinase: In vitro comparison of alkyl esters of gentisic acid with other putative inhibitors. Biochemical Pharmacology 57, 663-672.
19. Danaviah, S., Gqaleni, N., Chuturgoon, A. A., Dutton, M. F., Lalloo, U. G., and Jeenah, P. M. (2000). Inborne airborne molds and their relevance to pediatric respiratory health - A study of an informal settlement in Durban, South Africa. In "Health Buildings 2000: Exposure, Human Response and Building Investigations" Vol. 1 (O. Seppannen, and J. Sateri, eds.), pp. 293-298. SIY Indoor Information Oy, Helsinki, Finland.
20. 1. Journal of the Chemical Society Chemical Communications. 389-390.
21. De Jesus, A. E. S., Steyn, P. S., Vleggaar, R., Kirby, G. W., Varley, M. J., and Ferreira, N. P. (1981a). Biosynthesis of cyclopiazonic acid. Steric course of proton removal during the cyclization of cyclopiazonic acid in Penicillium griseofulvum. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions I, 3292-3294.
22. De Jesus, A. E., Steyn, P. S., Van Heerden, F. R., Vleggaar, R., Wessels, P. L., and Hull, W. E. (1981b). Structure and biosynthesis of the penitrems A-F. Six novel tremorgenic mycotoxins from Penicillium crustosum. Journal of the Chemical Society Chemical Communications, 289-291.
23. De Jesus, A. E., Steyn, P. S., Van Heerden, F. R., Vleggaar, R., and Wessels, P. L. (1983). Tremorgenic mycotoxins from Penicillium crustosum: Isolation of penitrems A-F and the structure elucidation and absolute configuration of penitrem A. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions I, 1847-1856.
24. De Jesus, A. E., Steyn, P. S., Van Heerden, F. R., and Vleggaar, R. (1984). Structure elucidation of the janthitrems, novel tremorgenic mycotoxins from Penicillium janthinellum. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions I, 697-701.
25. Dutton, M. F. (1988). Enzymes and aflatoxin biosynthesis. Microbiological Reviews 52, 274-295.
26. Dutton, M. F., and Anderson, M. S. (1982). Role of versicolorin A and its derivatives in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 43, 548-551.
27. Dutton, M. F., and Westlake, K. (1985a). Mycotoxins found in supermarket foods. Journal of Dietetics and Home Economics 13, 96-99.
28. Dutton, M. F., and Westlake, K. (1985b). Occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals and animal feedstuffs in Natal, South Africa. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 68, 839-842.
29. Dutton, M. F., and Kinsey, A. (1995). Occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals and animal feedstuffs in Natal, South Africa 1994. Mycopathologia 131, 31-36.
30. Dutton, M. F., and Kinsey, A. (1996). The occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals and animal feedstuffs in Kwazulu Natal, South Africa 1984-1993. South African Journal of Animal Science 26, 53-57.
31. Dutton, M. F., Robertson, E. J., Mathews, C., and Beck, B. D. A. (1993). Occurrence of mycotoxins in maize in a rural area in South Africa and methods of prevention of contamination and elimination. Fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination of commercial maize. In "Proceedings ICC International Symposium, Pretoria" (J. R. N. Taylor, P. G. Randall, and J. H. Viljoen, eds.), pp. 823-834. CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa.
32. 1 conjugates in humans in Natal, South Africa. In "Mycotoxins, Phycotoxins, Developments in Chemistry, Toxicology, and Food Safety" (M. Miraglia, H. van Egmond, C. Brera, and J. Gilbert, eds.), pp. 303-309. Alaken Inc., Fort Collins.
33. Ehret, W. J., Adelaar, T. F., and Kriek, N. P. J. (1968). An outbreak of Claviceps paspaulum poisoning in beef cattle. Journal of the South African Veterinary Medical Association 39, 100-105.
34. Firn, R. D., and Jones, C. G. (2000). The evolution of secondary metabolism - A unifying model. Molecular Microbiology 37, 989-994.
35. Gelderblom, W. C. A., Jaskiewicz, K., Marasas, W. F. O., Thiel, P. G., Horak, R. M., Vleggaar, R., and Kriek, N. P. J. (1988). Fumonisins-Novel mycotoxins with cancer-promoting activity produced by Fusarium moniliforme. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54, 1806-1811.
36. Gelderblom, W. C. A., Marasas, W. F. O., Steyn, P. S., Thiel, P. G., Van der Merwe, K. J., Van Rooyen, P. H., Vleggaar, R., and Wessels, P. L. (1984). Structure elucidation of fusarin C, a mutagen produced by Fusarium moniliforme. Journal of the Chemical Society Chemical Communications, 122-124.
37. 1 by a blocked mutant of Aspergillus parasiticus. Mycopathologia 144, 115-122.
38. Goldblatt, L. (ed.) (1969). "Aflatoxin, Scientific Background, Control, and Implications." Academic Press, New York.
39. 1. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions I, 2181-2188.
40. Gqaleni, N., Chuturgoon, A. A., and Dutton, M. F. (1997). Maize storage and health-related problems for the indigenous rural community: Challenges and advances for South Africa. Science, Technology and Development 15, 192-198.
41. Gqaleni, N., Danaviah, S., Chuturgoon, A. A., and Dutton, M. F. (1999). An assessment of the occurrence of mold bioaerosols in the in-outdoor environment in an informal settlement in Durban. In "Bioaerosols, Fungi, and Mycotoxins: Health Effects, Assessments, Prevention, and Control" (E. Johanning, ed.). Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center, Albany, New York.
42. Habeck, M. (2000). Dissecting the risk factors for pre-eclampsia. Molecular Medicine Today 6, 4.
43. Hag Elamin, N. H., Abdel-Rahim, A. M., and Khalid, A. E. (1988). Aflatoxin contamination of groundnuts in Sudan. Mycopathologia 104, 25-31.
44. Haschek, W. M., Gumprecht, L. A., Smith, G., Tumbleson, M. E., and Constable, P. D. (2001). Fumonisin toxicosis in swine. Environmental Health Perspectives 109, 252-257.
45. 1 biosynthesis. Bioorganic Chemistry 29, 293-307.
46. Horak, R. M., Steyn, P. S., Van Rooye, P. H., Vleggar, R., and Rabie, C. J. (1981). Structures of the austalides A-E, five novel toxic metabolites from Aspergillus ustus. Journal of the Chemical Society Chemical Communications. 1265-1267.
47. Hsieh, D. P. H. (1989). Potential human health hazards of mycotoxins. In "Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins" (S. Natori, K. Hashimoto, and Y. Ueno, eds.), pp. 69-79. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
48. 1 by a cell-free preparation. Biochemistry Biophysics Research Communications 116, 1114-1118.
49. Joffe, A. Z. (1978). Fusarium poae and F. sporotrichoides as principal causal agents of alimentary toxic aleukia. In "Fungi, Mycotoxins, Mycotoxicoses," Vol. 3, (T. D. Wyllie, and L. G. Morehouse, eds.), pp. 21-86. Marcel Dekker, New York.
50. Keen, P., and Martin, P. (1971). Is aflatoxin carcinogenic to man? The evidence in Swaziland. Tropical and Geographic Medicine 23, 44-53.
51. Keller, N. P., Dischinger, H. C., Bhatnagar, D., Cleveland, T. E., and Ullah, A. H. J. (1993). Purification of a 40-kilodalton methyltransferase active in aflatoxin biosynthetic activity. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59, 479-484.
52. Keller, N. P., Watanabe, C. M. H., Kelkar, H. S., Adams, T. H., and Townsend, C. A. (2000). Requirement of monooxygenase mediated steps for sterigmatocystin biosynthesis by Aspergillus nidulans. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, 359-362.
53. Kellerman, T. S., Coetzer, J. A. W., and Naude, T. W. (1988). Plant poisonings and mycotoxicoses of livestock in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press, Cape Town, South Africa.
54. Lasky, T., and Magder, L. (1997). Hepatocellular carcinoma p53 G>T transversions at codon 249: The fingerprint of aflatoxin exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives 105, 392-397.
55. Lotter, L. H., and Krohm, H. J. (1988). Occurrence of aflatoxins in human foodstuffs in South Africa. Bulletin of Environmental and Contamination Toxicology 40, 240-243.
56. Luck, H., Steyn, M., and Wehner, F. C. (1976a). A survey of milk powder for aflatoxin content. South African Journal of Dairy Technology 8, 85-86.
57. Luck, H., Wehner, F. C., Plomp, A., and Steyn, M. (1976b). Mycotoxins in South African cheese. South African Journal of Dairy Technology 8, 107-110.
58. Marasas, W. F. O. (1982). Mycotoxicological investigations on corn produced in esophageal cancer areas in Transkei. In "Cancer of the Esophagus," Vol. 1, (C. J. Pfeiffer, ed.), pp. 29-38. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL.
59. Marasas, W. F. O. (1995). Fumonisins: Their implication for human and animal health. Natural Toxins 3, 193-198.
60. Marasas, W. F. O. (1996). Fumonisins: History, worldwide occurrence, and impact. In "Fumonisin in Food," (L. Jackson, ed.), pp. 1-17. Plenum Press, New York.
61. Marasas, W. F. O., and Van Rensburg, S. J. (1979). Mycotoxins and their medical and veterinary effects. Plant Disease 4, 357-379.
62. Marasas, W. F. O., and Van Rensburg, S. J. (1986). Mycotoxicological investigations on maize and groundnuts from the endemic area of Mseleni joint disease in KwaZulu. South African Medical Journal 69, 369-374.
63. Marasas, W. F. O., Adelaar, T. F., Kellerman, T. S., Minne, J. A., Van Rensburg, I. B. J., and Burroughs, G. W. (1972). First report of facial eczema in sheep in South Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 39, 107-112.
64. Marasas, W. F. O., Van Rensburg, S. J., and Mirocha, C. J. (1976). Leukoencephalomalacia: A mycotoxicosis of equidae caused by Fusarium moniliforme. Ondersterpoort Journal of Veterinary Research 43, 113-122.
65. Marasas, W. F. O., Kriek, N. P. J., Van Rensberg, S. J., Steyn, M., and Van Schalkwyk, G. C. (1977). Occurrence of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol mycotoxins produced by Fusarium graminearum in maize in South Africa. South African Journal of Science 73, 346-349.
66. Marasas, W. F. O., Van Rensburg, S. J., and Mirocha, C. J. (1979). Incidence of Fusarium species and the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in corn produced in esophageal cancer areas in Transkei. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 27, 1108-1112.
67. Marasas, W. F. O., Nelson, P. E., and Toussoun, T. A. (1984). "Toxigenic Fusarium Species, Identity, and Mycology." Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, Pennsylvania.
68. 1 isolated from Fusarium moniliforme. Ondersterpoort Journal of Veterinary Research 55, 197-203.
69. Marasas, W. F. O., Thiel, P. G., Gelderblom, W. C. A., Shephard, G. S., Sydenham, E. W., and Rheeder, J. P. (1993). Fumonisins produced by Fusarium moniliforme in maize: Foodborne carcinogens of pan-African importance. African Newsletter of Occupational Health and Safety Supplement 2, 11-18.
70. Mclean, M., and Dutton, M. F. (1995). Cellular interactions and metabolism of aflatoxin. Pharmaceuticals and Therapeutics 65, 163-192.
71. 1 on germinating maize Zea mays. embryos. Mycopathologia 119, 181-190.
72. 1 on the in vitro germination and growth of excised, mature Zea mays embryos. Journal of Natural Toxins 21, 13-26.
73. 1 on in vitro cultures of Nicotiana tabacum var Samsun. I. Callus growth and differentiation. Mycopathologia 125, 93-105.
74. 1 on in vitro cultures of Nicotiana tabacum var Samsun. II. Root and shoot development in tobacco plantlets. Mycopathologia 125, 107-117.
75. 1-Its effects on an in vitro system. Journal of Food Additives and Contaminants 123, 435-444.
76. Merrill, A. H., Sullards, M. C., Wang, E., Voss, K. A. V., and Riley, R. T. (2001). Sphingolipid metabolism: Roles in signal transduction and disruption by fumonisins. Environmental Health Perspectives 109, 283-289.
77. Mitchell, D. T. (1919). Poisoning of cattle by Diplodia-infected maize. South African Journal of Science 16, 446-452.
78. Moodley, J., Moodley, D., Reddy, L., Dutton, M. F., and Chuturgoon, A. A. (2001). Fumonisin B1, an etiological role in pre-eclamsia. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 21, 599-600.
79. Motomura, M., Chihaya, N., Shinozawa, T., Hamasaki, T., and Yabe, K. (1999). Cloning and characterization of the O-methyltransferase I gene from Aspergillus parasiticus associated with the conversions of demethylsterigmatocystin to sterigmatocystin and dihydrodemethylsterigmatocystin to dihydrosterigmatocystin in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, 4987-4994.
80. Onyemelukwe, G. C., Ogbadu, G. N., and Salifu, A. (1982). Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 in primary liver cell carcinoma. Toxicology Letters 10, 309-312.
81. Otsuki, T., Wilson, J. S., and Sewadeh, M. (2001a). Saving two in a billion: Quantifying the trade effect of European food safety standards on African exports. Food Policy 26, 495-514.
82. Otsuki, T., Wilson, J. S., and Sewadeh, M. (2001b). What price precaution? European harmonization of aflatoxin regulations and African groundnut export. European Review of Agricultural Economics 28, 263-283.
83. Peers, F. G., and Linsell, C. A. (1973). Dietary aflatoxins and human liver cancer. A population-based study in Kenya. British Journal of Cancer 27, 473-484.
84. Peers, F. G., Gilman, G. A., and Linsell, C. A. (1976). Dietary aflatoxins and human liver cancer. A study in Swaziland. International Journal of Cancer 17, 167-176.
85. Peers, F. G., Bosch, X., Kaldor, J., Linsell, C. A., and Pluijmen, M. (1987). Aflatoxin exposure, hepatitis B infection, liver cancer in Swaziland. International Journal of Cancer 39, 545-553.
86. Pienaar, J. G., Kellerman, T. S., and Marasas, W. F. O. (1981). Field outbreaks of leucoencephalomalacia in horses consuming maize infected by Fusarium verticilliodes in South Africa. Journal of South African Veterinary Association 52, 21-24.
87. Pillay, D., Chuturgoon, A. A., Nevines, E., Manickum, T., Deppe, W., and Dutton, M. F. (2002). The quantitative analysis of zearalenone and derivatives in plasma of patients with breast and cervical cancer. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 40, 946-951.
88. Purchase, I. F. H., and Theron, J. J. (1967). Research on mycotoxins in South Africa. International Pathology 8, 3-7.
89. Rabie, C. J., van Rensburg, S. J., van der Watt, J. J., and Lubben, A. (1975). Onyalai-The possible involvement of a mycotoxin produced by Phoma sorghina in the etiology. South African Medical Journal 49, 1647-1650.
90. Rabie, C. J., Sydenham, E. W., Thiel, P. G., Lubben, A., and Marasas, W. F. O. (1986). T-2 toxin production by Fusarium acuminatum isolated from oats and barley. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 52, 594-596.
91. Rabie, C. J., Du Preez, J. J., and Hayes, J. P. (1987). Toxicity of Diploidia maydis to broilers, ducklings, and laying chicken hens. Poultry Science 66, 1123-1128.
92. Ramjee, G., Berjak, P., Adhikari, M., and Dutton, M. F. (1992). Aflatoxins and kwashiorkor in Durban, South Africa. Annals of Tropical Pediatrics 12, 241-247.
93. Rheeder, J. P., Marasas, W. F. O., Thiel, P. G., Sydenham, E. W., Shephard, G. S., and van Schalkwyk, D. J. (1992). Fusarium moniliforme and fumonisins in corn in relation to human esophageal cancer in Transkei. Phytopathologia 82, 353-357.
94. Richard, J. L., and Thurston, J. R., eds. (1986). "Diagnosis of Mycotoxicoses." Martinus and Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
95. Rode, H., Moore, S. W., Kaschula, R. O. C., Brown, R. A., and Cywes, S. (1992). Degenerate leiomyopathy in children, a clinico-pathological study. Pediatric Surgery 7, 23-29.
96. Rose, E. F. (1965). Interim report on the survey of cancer of the esophagus in the Transkei. South African Medical Journal 39, 1098-1101.
97. Saito, M., Enomoto, M., and Tatsuno, T. (1971). Yellow rice toxins: Luteoskyrin and related compounds, chlorine-containing compounds, and citrinin. In "Microbial Toxins, Vol. VI: Fungal Toxins" (A. Ciegler, S. Kadis, and S. J. Ajl, eds.), pp. 299-380. Academic Press, New York.
98. Schneider, D. J., Marasas, W. F. O., Kuys, J. C. D., Kriek, N. P. J., and Schalkwyk, G. C. (1979). A field outbreak of suspected stachybotryotoxicosis in sheep. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 50, 73-81.
99. Segal, I., Reinach, S. G., and De Beer, M. (1988). Factors associated with oesophageal cancer in Soweto, South Africa. British Journal of Cancer 58, 681-686.
100. Sekota, M. M., Gqaleni, N., Chuturgoon, A. A., and Dutton, M. F. (2000a). The occurrence of indoor mold growth in residential homes of Durban Metro, South Africa. In "Exposure, Human Response, and Building Investigations," (O. Seppannen, and J Sateri, eds.), Vol. 3, 347-352. SIY Indoor Information Oy, Helsinki, Finland.
101. Sekotha, M. M., Gqaleni, N., Swemmer, J., Chuturgoon, A. A., and Dutton, M. F. (2000b) Efficacy of a new biocide on mold growth. In "Exposure, Human Response, and Building Investigations," Vol. 3, (O. Seppannen, and J. Sateri, eds.), pp. 439-444. SIY Indoor Information Oy, Helsinki, Finland.
102. Sewram, V., Nair, J. J., Nieuwoudt, T. W., Gelderblom, W. C. A., Marasas, W. F. O., and Shephard, G. S. (2001). Assessing chronic exposure to fumonisin mycotoxins: The use of hair as a suitable noninvasive matrix. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 25, 450-455.
103. 1 in the non-human primate. Toxicon 32, 735-741.
104. 1 and identification of its partially hydrolyzed metabolites in the faeces of non-human primates. Food Chemistry and Toxicology 32, 23-29.
105. Sitas, F., Blaauw, D., Terblanche, M., Madhoo, J., and Carrara, H. (1997). Incidence of histologically diagnosed cancer in South Africa, 1992: Johannesburg: "National Cancer Registry," South African Institute for Medical Research.
106. 1 in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 63, 538-545.
107. Stewart, M. J. (2002). South Africa: A toxicologist's goldmine. Aatherapeutic Drug Monitoring 24, 172-177.
108. Steyn, P. S. (1970). The isolation structure and absolute configuration of secalonic acid D, the toxic metabolite of Penicillium oxalicum. Tetrahedron 26, 51-57.
109. Steyn, P. S. (1977a). Mycotoxins, excluding aflatoxin, zearalenone, and the trichothecenes. In "Mycotoxins in Human and Animal Health" (J. V. Rodricks, C. W. Hesseltine, and M. A. Mehlman, eds.), pp. 419-431. Pathotox Publishers, Park Forest South, Illinois.
110. Steyn, P. S. (1977b). Some new mycotoxins. Pure and Applied Chemistry 49, 1771-1778.
111. Steyn, P. S. (1979). The biosynthesis of polyketide-derived mycotoxins. Pure and Applied Chemistry 52, 189-204.
112. Steyn, P. S. (1984). Ochratoxins and related dihydroisocoumarins. In "Mycotoxins-Production, Isolation, Separation, and Purification. Developments in Food Science," Vol. 8, Chapter 9. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
113. Steyn, P. S. (1995). Mycotoxins, general view, chemistry, and structure. Toxicology Letters 82/83, 843-851.
114. Steyn, P. S., and Vleggaar, R. (1974). Austocystins. Six novel dihydrofuro (3′,2′,4′,5) furo (3,2,-B) xanthones from Aspergillus ustus. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions I, 2250-2256.
115. Steyn, P. S., and Vleggaar, R. (1985). Oxygen-18 labeling studies on the biosynthesis of citereoviridin. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, 1531-1532.
116. 13C) acetate. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, 193-195.
117. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance assignments of an azaanthraquinone and three naphthoquinones. Tetrahedron 35, 1551-1555.
118. Steyn, P. S., Vleggaar, R., Wessels, P. L., and Scott, D. B. (1979). Biosynthesis of versiconal acetate, versiconol acetate and versiconol, metabolites from culture of Aspergillus parasiticus treated with dichlorvos. The role of versiconal acetate in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Journal of the Chemical Society: Perkin Transactions I, 460-463.
119. Steyn, P. S., Vleggaar, R., and Wessels, P. L. (1980). The biosynthesis of aflatoxin and its congeners. pp. 103-155. Academic Press, New York.
120. Steyn, P. S., Vleggar, R., Wessels, P. L., and Woudenberg, M. (1982). Biosynthesis of citreoviridin. A carbon-13 study. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions I, 2175-2178.
121. Sugar, A. M. (1991). Overview: Cryptococcus in the patient with AIDS. Mycopathologia 114, 153-157.
122. Sydenham, E. W., Thiel, P. G., and Marasas, W. F. O. (1988). Occurrence and chemical determination of zearalenone and alternariol monomethyl ether in sorghum-based mixed feeds associated with an outbreak of suspected hyperestrogenism in swine. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 36, 621-625.
123. Sydenham, E. W., Thiel, P. G., Marasas, W. F. O., and Nieuwenhuis, J. J. (1989). Occurrence of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in Fusarium graminearum-infected undergrade wheat in South Africa. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 37, 921-926.
124. Sydenham, E. W., Thiel, P. G., Marasas, W. F. O., Shephard, G. S., Van Schalkwyk, D. J., and Koch, K. R. (1990). Natural occurrence of some Fusarium mycotoxins in corn from low and high esophageal cancer prevalence areas of the Transkei, southern Africa. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 38, 1900-1903.
125. Sydenham, E. W., Shephard, G. S., Thiel, P. G., Marasas, W. F. O., and Stockenstrom, S. (1991). Fumonisin contamination of commercial corn-based human foodstuffs. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 39, 2014-2018.
126. Sydenham, E. W., Vismer, H. F., Marasas, W. F. O., Brown, N. L., Schlechter, M., and Rheeder, J. P. (1997). The influence of deck storage and initial processing on patulin levels in apple juice. Food Additives and Contaminants 14, 429-434.
127. Sylla, A., Diallo, M. S., Castegnaro, J. J., and Wild, C. P. (1999). Interactions between hepatitis B virus infection and exposure to aflatoxin in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma: A molecular epidemiological approach. Mutation Research 428, 187-196.
128. Thiel, P. G., Meyer, C. J., and Marasas, W. F. O. (1982). Natural occurrence of moniliformin together with dexoynivalenol and zearalenone in Transkeian corn. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 30, 308-312.
129. Thiel, P. G., Gelderblom, W. C. A., Marasas, W. F. O., Nelson, P. E., and Wilson, T. M. (1986). Natural occurrence of moniliformin and fusarin C in corn screenings known to be hepatocarcinogenic in rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 34, 773-775.
130. 1 in feeds associated with confirmed cases of equine leukoencephalomalcia. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 39, 109-111.
131. Trinder, D. W. (1988). A survey of aflatoxins in industrially brewed South African sorghum beer and beer strainings. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 95, 307-309.
132. Trinder, D. W. (1989). Distribution of aflatoxins in industrially milled sorghum malt. South African Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 1, 20-21.
133. Van DerMerwe, K. J., Steyn, P. S., Fourie, L., Scott de, B., and Theron, J. J. (1965). Ochratoxin A, a toxic metabolite produced by Aspergillus ochraceus. Nature 205, 1112-1113.
134. Van Rensburg, S. J., Van Watt, J. J., Purchase, I. F. H., Coutinho, I. P., and Markham, R. (1974). Primary liver cancer rate and aflatoxin intake in a high cancer area. South African Medical Journal 48, 2508A-2508C.
135. Van Rensburg, S. J., Kirsipuu, A., Pereira Coutinho, L., and Van Watt, J. J. (1975). Circumstances associated with the contamination of food by aflatoxin in a high primary liver cancer area. South African Medical Journal 49, 877-883.
136. Van Rensburg, S. J., Cook-Mozaffari, P., van Schalwyk, D. J., van Watt, J. J., Vincent, T. J., and Purchase, I. F. H. (1985). Hepatocellular carcinoma and dietary aflatoxin in Mozambique and Transkei. British Journal of Cancer 51, 713-726.
137. Van Warmelo, K. T., Marasas, W. F. O., Adelaar, T. F., Kellerman, T. S., Van Rensburg, I. B. J., and Minn, J. A. (1970). Experimental evidence that lupinosis of sheep is a mycotoxicosis caused by the fungus Phomopsis Ieptostromiformis. Journal of the South African Veterinary Medical Association 41, 235-247.
138. Viljoen, J. H., Marasas, W. F. O., and Thiel, P. G. (1993). Fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination of commercial maize. In "Proceedings ICC International Symposium, Pretoria" (J. R. N. Taylor, P. G. Randall, and J. H. Viljoen, eds.), pp. 837-851. CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa.
139. Voss, K. A., Riley, R. T., Norred, W. P., Bacon, C. W., Meredith, F. I., Howard, P. C., Plattner, R. D., Collins, T. F. X., Hansen, D. K., and Porter, J. K. (2001). An overview of rodent toxicities, liver and kidney effects of fumonisins and Fusarium moniliforme. Environmental Health Perspectives 109, 259-266.
140. Walton, J. D. (2000). Horizontal gene transfer and the evolution of secondary metabolite gene clusters in fungi: A hypothesis. Fungal Genetics and Biology 30, 167-171.
141. Westlake, K., Mackie, R. I., and Dutton, M. F. (1987a). T-2 toxin metabolism by rumen bacteria and its effect on their growth. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 533, 587-592.
142. Westlake, K., Mackie, R. I., and Dutton, M. F. (1987b). Effect of several mycotoxins on the specific growth rate of Butyricvibrio fibrinosolvens and toxin degradation in vitro. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 533, 613-614.
143. Westlake, K., Mackie, R. I., and Dutton, M. F. (1989). In vitro metabolism of mycotoxins by bacterial, protozoal, and ovine ruminal fluid preparations. Animal Feed Science and Technology 25, 169-173.
144. Yabe, K., Nakamura, M., and Hamasaki, T. (1999). Enzymatic formation of G-group aflatoxins and biosynthetic relationship between G- and B-group aflatoxins. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, 3867-3872.
145. Yu, J., Chang, P. K., Cary, P. W., Bhatnagar, D., and Cleveland, T. E. (1997). avnA, a gene encoding for cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase, is involved in the conversion of averantin to averufin in aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63, 1349-1356.
146. 1 in pregnant sows. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis 20, 293-299.