Latitudinal, vertical, and seasonal variations of C1-C4 alkyl nitrates in the troposphere over the Pacific Ocean during PEM-Tropics A and B: Oceanic and continental sources

Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres

Volumn 108, Issue 2, 2003, Pages

  Blake, Nicola J ^a   Blake, Donald R ^a   Swanson, Aaron L ^a   Atlas, Elliot ^b   Flocke, Frank ^b   Rowland, F Sherwood ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Airborne measurements; Butyl nitrate; Equatorial ocean emissions; Ethyl nitrate; Methyl nitrate; Organic nitrates

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; NITRATE; SEASONAL VARIATION; TROPOSPHERE;

EID: 0347432341     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001444     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. 8 n-alkanes, J. Phys. Chem, 86, 4563-4569, 1982.
2. Atlas, E. L., and B. A. Ridley, The Mauna Loa Observatory Photochemistry Experiment - Introduction, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14,531-14,541, 1996.
3. Atlas, E., S. M. Schauffler, J. T. Merrill, C. T. Hahn, B. Ridley, J. Walega, J. Greenberg, L. Heidt, and P. Zimmerman, Alkyl nitrate and selected halocarbon measurements at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10,331-10,348, 1992.
4. Atlas, E., W. Pollock, J. Greenberg, L. Heidt, and A. M. Thompson, Alkyl nitrates, nonmethane hydrocarbons, and halocarbon gases over the equatorial Pacific Ocean during SAGA 3, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16,933-16,949, 1993.
5. Atlas, E., F. Flocke, S. Schauffler, V. Stroud, D. Blake, and F. S. Rowland, Evidence for marine sources of atmospheric alkyl nitrates: Measurements over the tropical Pacific Ocean during PEM-Tropics, Eos Trans. AGU, 78(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., F115, 1997.
6. Atherton, C., Organic nitrates in remote marine environments: evidence for long-range transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 1289-1292, 1989.
7. Avery, M. A., D. J. Westberg, H. E. Fuelberg, R. E. Newell, B. E. Anderson, S. A. Vay, J. G. W. Sachse, and D. R. Blake, Chemical transport acrooss the ITCZ in the central Pacific during an El Niño-Southern Oscillation cold phase event in March-April 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32,539-32,554, 2001.
8. Bandy, A. R., D. C. Thornton, and A. R. Driedger III, Airborne measurements of sulfur dioxide, dimethyl sulphide, carbon disulphide, and carbonyl sulphide by isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 23,423-23,433, 1993.
9. Beine, H. J., D. A. Jaffe, D. R. Blake, E. Atlas, and J. Harris, Measurements of PAN, alkyl nitrates, ozone, and hydrocarbons during spring in interior Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12,613-12,619, 1996.
10. Blake, N. J., D. R. Blake, T.-Y. Chen, J. E. Collins Jr., G. W. Sachse, B. E. Anderson, and F. S. Rowland, Distribution and seasonality of selected hydrocarbons and halocarbons over the western Pacific basin during PEM-West A and PEM-West B, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28,315-28,331, 1997.
11. Blake, N. J., D. R. Blake, O. W. Wingenter, B. C. Sive, C. H. Kang, D. C. Thornton, A. R. Bandy, E. Atlas, F. Flocke, and F. S. Rowland, Aircraft measurements of the latitudinal, vertical, and seasonal variations of NMHCs, methyl nitrate, and methyl halides during ACE-1 J. Geophys. Res., 104, 21,803-21,817, 1999a.
12. Blake, N. J., et al., Influence of southern hemispheric biomass burning on mid-tropospheric distributions of nonmethane hydrocarbons and selected halocarbons over the remote South Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 16,213-16,232, 1999b.
13. Blake, N. J., et al., Large-scale latitudinal and vertical distributions of NMHCs and selected halocarbons in the troposphere over the Pacific Ocean during the March-April 1999 Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM-Tropics B), J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32,627-32,644, 2001.
14. Buhr, M., F. C. Fehsenfield, D. D. Parrish, R. E. Sievers, and J. M. Roberts, Contribution of organic nitrates to the total odd-nitrogen budget at a rural, eastern U.S. site, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 9809-9816, 1990.
15. 5 alkyl nitrates, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A, 102, 117-126, 1997.
16. Colman, J. J., A. L. Swanson, S. Meinardi, and D. R. Blake, Description of the analysis of a wide range of volatile organic compounds in whole air samples collected during PEM-Tropics A and B, Anal. Chem., 73, 3723-3731, 2001.
17. Cullen, J. J., Hypotheses to explain high-nutrient conditions in the open sea, Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, 1578-1599, 1991.
18. Coale, K. H., et al., A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, Nature, 383, 495-501, 1996.
19. 6 alkane photooxidations under simulated atmospheric conditions, J. Phys. Chem., 80(17), 1948-1950, 1976.
20. Flocke, F., A. Volz-Thomas, and D. Kley, Measurements of alkyl nitrates in rural and polluted air masses, Atmos. Environ. Part A, 25(A), 1951-1960, 1991.
21. Fuelberg, H. E., R. E. Newell, D. J. Westberg, J. C. Maloney, J. R. Hannan, B. D. Martin, M. A. Avery, and Y. Zhu, A meteorological overview of the second Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Tropics, J. Geophys. Res., 106(23), 32,427-32,443, 2001.
22. Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP), Reports and Studies 38, Atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocen, World Meteorol. Org., Geneva, 1989.
23. Hoell, J. M., Jr., et al., Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Tropical Pacific: PEM Tropics A, August-September 1996, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 5567-5583, 1999.
24. Hu, Y., R. E. Newell, and Y. Zhu, Mean moist circulation, for PEM Tropics missions, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32,445-32,468, 2001.
25. Jones, A. E., R. Weller, A. Minikin, E. W. Wolff, and others, Oxidized nitrogen chemistry and speciation in the Antarctic troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 21,355-21,366, 1999.
26. Landry, M. R., et al., Iron and grazing constraints on primary production in the central equatorial Pacific: An EqPac synthesis, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 405-418, 1997.
27. Miller, C. B., B. W. Frost, P. A. Wheeler, M. R. Landry, N. Welschmeyer, and T. M. Powell, Ecological dynamics in the Subarctic Pacific, a possibly iron-limited ecosystem, Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, 1600-1615, 1991.
28. O'Brien, J. M., et al., Measurements of alkyl and multifunctional organic nitrates at a rural site in Ontario, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 22,795-22,804, 1995.
29. Olson, J. R., et al., Seasonal differences in the photochemistry of the South Pacific: A comparison of observations and model results from PEM-Tropics A and B, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32,749-32,766, 2001.
30. Pickering, K. E., et al., Trace gas transport and scavenging in PEM-Tropics B South Pacific Convergence Zone convection, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32,591-32,608, 2001.
31. Prospero, J. M., Eolian transport to the world oceans, in The Sea, vol. 7, edited by C. Emiliani, pp. 801-874, John Wiley, New York, 1981.
32. Raper, J. L., M. M. Kleb, D. J. Jacob, D. D. Davis, R. E. Newell, H. E. Fuelberg, R. J. Bendura, J. M. Hoell, and R. J. McNeal, Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Tropical Pacific: PEM Tropics B, March-April, 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 32,401-32,426, 2001.
33. Ridley, B. A., et al., The behavior of some organic nitrates at Boulder and Niwot Ridge, Colorado, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 13,949-13,961, 1990.
34. y, condensation nuclei, selected hydrocarbons, halocarbons, and alkyl nitrates between 0.5 and 9 km, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 18,935-18,961, 1997.
35. Roberts, J. M., The organic chemistry of organic nitrates, Atmos. Environ. Part A, 24A, 243-287, 1990.
36. y) in the atmosphere, in Composition, Climate, and Chemistry of the Atmosphere, edited by H. B. Singh, chap. 6, pp. 176-215, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1995.
37. y species from the marine boundary layer over the North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 28,947-28,960, 1996.
38. Roberts, J. M., et al., Measurement of alkyl nitrates at Chebogue Point, Nova Scotia during the 1993 North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE) intensive, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13,569-13,580, 1998.
39. x over the tropical South Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 5829-5843, 1999.
40. Shepson, P. B., K. G. Anlauf, J. W. Bottenheim, H. A. Wiebe, N. Gao, K. Muthuramu, and G. I. Mackay, Alkyl nitrates and their contribution to reactive nitrogen at a rural site in Ontario, Atmos. Environ. Part A, 27, 749-757, 1993.
41. Simpson, I. J., J. J. Colman, A. L. Swanson, A. R. Bandy, D. C. Thornton, D. R. Blake, and F. S. Rowland, Aircraft measurements of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) using a whole air sampling technique, J. Atmos. Chem, 39, 191-213, 2001.
42. Sive, B. C., Atmospheric NMHCs: Analytical methods and estimated hydroxyl radical concentrations, Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Irvine, 1998.
43. 4 alkyl nitrates at Summit Greenland, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 2002.
44. Talbot, R. W., et al., Reactive nitrogen budget during the NASA SONEX mission, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3057-3060, 1999.
45. Talbot, R. W., et al., Tropospheric reactive odd nitrogen over the South Pacific in austral springtime, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 6681-6694, 2000.
46. Uematsu, M., Study of the continental material transported through the atmosphere to the ocean, J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 43, 395-401, 1987.
47. Walega, J. G., B. A. Ridley, S. Madronich, F. E. Grahek, J. D. Shetter, T. D. Sauvain, C. J. Hahn, J. T. Merrill, B. A. Bodhaine, and E. Robinson, Observations of peroxyacetyl nitrate, peroxypropionyl nitrate, methyl nitrate and ozone during the Mauna Loa Observatory Photochemistry Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10,311-10,330, 1992.
48. 2 over the tropical Pacific during PEM-Tropics B, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32,733-32,747, 2001.
49. Yokouchi, Y., et al., Distribution of methyl iodide, ethyl iodide, bromoform, and dibromomethane over the ocean (east and southeast Asian seas and the western Pacific), J. Geophys. Res., 102, 8805-8809, 1997.
50. Zafirou, O. C., and M. McFarland, Nitric oxide from nitrite photolysis from the central equatorial Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 3173-3183, 1981.