The Complex Nature of Unique and Shared Effects in Hierarchical Linear Regression: Implications for Developmental Psychology

Psychological Methods

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 218-230

  Lindenberger, Ulman ^a   Pötter, Ulrich ^b  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT   (Germany)

^b GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0347758707     PISSN: 1082989X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/1082-989X.3.2.218     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Baltes, P. B., & Kliegl, R. (1992). Further testing of limits of cognitive plasticity: Negative age differences in a mnemonic skill are robust. Developmental Psychology, 28, 121-125.
2. Baltes, P. B., & Lindenberger, U. (1997). Emergence of a powerful connection between sensory and cognitive functions across the life span: A new window to the study of cognitive aging? Psychology and Aging, 12, 12-21.
3. Baltes, P. B., Lindenberger, U., & Staudinger, U. (1997). Life-span theory in developmental psychology. In W. Damon (Ed.) & R. M. Lerner (Vol. Ed.), Theoretical models of human development: Handbook of child psychology (5th ed., pp. 1029-1143). New York: Wiley.
4. Baltes, P. B., Reese, H. W., & Nesselroade, J. R. (1988). Life-span developmental psychology: An introduction to research methods (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
5. Breckler, S. J. (1990). Applications of covariance structure modeling in psychology: Cause for concern? Psychological Bulletin, 107, 260-273.
6. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/ correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
7. Conger, A. J. (1974). A revised definition for suppressor variables: A guide to their identification and interpretation. Educational Psychological Measurement, 34, 35-46.
8. Cox, D. R., & Wermuth, N. (1996). Multivariate dependencies: Models, analysis, and interpretation. London: Chapman and Hall.
9. Dawid, A. P. (1979a). Conditional independence in statistical theory. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B, 41, 1-31.
10. Dawid, A. P. (1979b). Some misleading arguments involving conditional independence. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B, 41, 249-252.
11. Dempster, A. P. (1972). Covariance selection. Biometrics, 28, 157-175.
12. Flavell, J. H. (1992). Cognitive development: Past, present, and future. Developmental Psychology, 28, 998-1005.
13. Hertzog, C. (1996). Research design in studies of aging and cognition. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (4th ed., pp. 24-37). New York: Academic Press.
14. Hultsch, D. F., Hertzog, C., Dixon, R. A., & Small, B. J. (in press). Memory change in the aged. New York: Cambridge University Press.
15. Kendall, M. G., & Stuart, A. (1973). The advanced theory of statistics. London: Griffin.
16. Kliegl, R., Mayr, U., & Krampe, R. T. (1994). Time-accuracy functions for determining process and person differences: An application to cognitive aging. Cognitive Psychology, 26, 134-164.
17. Li, S.-C., Lindenberger, U. (in press). Cross-level unification: A computational exploration of the link between deterioration of neurotransmitter systems and dedifferentiation of cognitive abilities in old age. In L.-G. Nilsson & H. Markowitsch (Eds.), Cognitive neuroscience and memory. Toronto: Hogrefe.
18. Lindenberger, U., & Baltes, P. B. (1994). Sensory functioning and intelligence in old age: A strong connection. Psychology and Aging, 9, 339-355.
19. Lindenberger, U., & Baltes, P. B. (1995). Testing-the-limits and experimental simulation: Two methods to explicate the role of learning in development. Human Development, 38, 349-360.
20. Lindenberger, U., & Baltes, P. B. (1997). Intellectual functioning in old and very old age: Cross-sectional results from the Berlin Aging Study. Psychology and Aging, 12, 410-432.
21. Lindenberger, U., Gilberg, R., Little, T. L., Nuthmann, R., Pötter, U., & Baltes, P. B. (in press). Sample selectivity and generalizability of the results from the Berlin Aging Study. In P. B. Baltes & K. U. Mayer (Eds.), The Berlin Aging Study: Aging from 70 to 100. New York: Cambridge University Press.
22. MacCallum, R. C., Wegener, D. T., Uchino, B. N., & Fabrigar, L. R. (1993). The problem of equivalent models in applications of covariance structure analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 185-199.
23. McArdle, J. J. (1994). Structural factor analysis experiments with incomplete data. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 29, 409-454.
24. McArdle, J. J., & Nesselroade, J. R. (1994). Using multivariate data to structure developmental change. In S. H. Cohen & H. W. Reese (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Methodological contributions (pp. 223-267). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
25. McArdle, J. J., & Woodcock, R. W. (1997). Expanding test-retest designs to include developmental time-lag components. Psychological Methods, 2, 403-435.
26. Meredith, W. (1993). Measurement invariance, factor analysis, and factorial invariance. Psychometrika, 58, 525-543.
27. Molenaar, P. C. M. (1994). Dynamic latent variable models in developmental psychology. In A. von Eye & C. C. Clogg (Eds.), Latent variables analysis: Applications for developmental research (pp. 155-180). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
28. Molenaar, P. C. M., & van der Molen, M. W. (1994). On the discrimination between global and local trend hypotheses of life-span changes in processing speed. Acta Psychologica, 86, 273-293.
29. Nesselroade, J. R. (1991). Interindividual differences in intraindividual change. In L. M. Collins & J. L. Horn (Eds.), Best methods for the analysis of change. Recent advances, unanswered questions, future directions (pp. 92-105). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
30. Pedhazur, E. J. (1982). Multiple regression in behavioral research. New York: Holt.
31. Perfect, T. J. (1994). What can Brinley plots tell us about cognitive aging? Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 49, P60-P64.
32. Pötter, U., & Lindenberger, U. (1996). The formal analysis of variance decomposition in hierarchical linear regression using the "AlgebraicRules" procedure of "Mathematica". (Technical Report) Berlin: Max Planck Institute for Human Development and Education.
33. Rao. C. R. (1965). Linear statistical influence and its applications. New York: Wiley.
34. Reinert, G., Baltes, P. B., & Schmidt, L. R. (1966). Kritik einer Kritik der Differenzierungshypothese der Intelligenz [Critique of a critique of the differentiation hypothesis of intelligence]. Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie 13, 602-610.
35. Rogers, W. A., Fisk, A. D., & Hertzog, C. (1994). Do ability-performance relationships differentiate age and practice effects in visual search? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 710-738.
36. Salthouse, T. A. (1994). How many causes are there of aging-related decrements in cognitive functioning? Developmental Review, 14, 413-437.
37. Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103, 403-428.
38. SPSS-X. (1988). User's guide. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.
39. Wolfram, S. (1994). Mathematica: Ein System für Mathematik auf dem Computer [Mathematica: A system for doing mathematics by computer]. Bonn, Germany: Addison-Wesley.