Activation of the Raf/MAP kinase cascade by the Ras-related protein TC21 is required for the TC21-mediated transformation of NIH 3T3 cells

EMBO Journal

Volumn 18, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 1270-1279

  Rosário, Marta ^a   Paterson, Hugh F ^a   Marshall, Christopher J ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF CANCER RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

B Raf; Raf 1; Ras; TC21; Transformation

Indexed keywords

CARCINOGEN; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; PROTEIN SERINE THREONINE KINASE; RAF PROTEIN; RAS PROTEIN;

ANIMAL CELL; ARTICLE; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL STRAIN 3T3; CELL TRANSFORMATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENZYME ACTIVATION; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; POINT MUTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN TERTIARY STRUCTURE; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0345252018     PISSN: 02614189     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/emboj/18.5.1270     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Ahn, N.G., Seger, R., Bratlien, R.L., Diltz, C.D., Tonks, N.K. and Krebs, E.G. (1991) Multiple components in an epidermal growth factor-stimulated protein kinase cascade. In vitro activation of a myelin basic protein/microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase. J. Biol. Chem., 266, 4220-4227.
2. Albright, C.F., Giddings, B.W., Liu, J., Vito, M. and Weinberg, R.A. (1993) Characterization of a guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator for a ras-related GTPase. EMBO J., 12, 339-347.
3. Alessi, D.R., Saito, Y., Campbell, D.G., Cohen, P., Sithanandam, G., Rapp, U., Ashworth, A., Marshall, C.J. and Cowley, S. (1994) Identification of the sites in MAP kinase kinase-1 phosphorylated by p74Raf-1. EMBO J., 13, 1610-1619.
4. Barbacid, M. (1987) Ras genes. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 56, 779-827.
5. Barker, K.T. and Crompton, M.R. (1998) Ras-related TC21 is activated by mutation in a breast cancer carcinoma cell line, but infrequently in breast carcinomas in vivo. Brit. J. Cancer, 78, 296-300.
6. Bos, J.L. (1997) Ras-like GTPases. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1333, M19-M31.
7. Chan, A.M.L., Miki, T., Kimberly, A.M. and Aaronson, S.A. (1994) A human oncogene of the RAS superfamily unmasked by expression cDNA cloning. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 77558-77562.
8. Clark, G.J., Kinch, M.S., Gilmer, T.M., Burridge, K. and Der, C.J. (1996) Overexpression of the Ras-related TC21/R-Ras2 protein may contribute to the development of human breast cancers. Oncogene, 12, 169-176.
9. Cowley, S., Paterson, H., Kemp, P. and Marshall, C.J. (1994) Activation of MAP kinase kinase is necessary and sufficient for PC12 differentiation and for transformation of NIH3T3 cells. Cell, 77, 841-852.
10. Drivas, G.T., Shih, A., Coutavas, E., Rush, M.G. and D'Eutsachio, P. (1990) Characterization of four novel ras-like genes expressed in a human teratocarcinoma cell line. Mol. Cell. Biol., 10, 1793-1798.
11. Dudley, D., Pang, L., Decj'ker, S., Bridges, A. and Saltiel, A. (1995) A synthetic inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 7686-7689.
12. Evan, G.I., Lewis, G.K., Ramsay, G. and Bishop, J.M. (1985) Isolation of monoclonal antibodies specific for human c-myc proto-oncogene product. Mol. Cell. Biol., 5, 3610-3616.
13. Fabian, J.,R., Vojtek, A.B., Cooper, J.A. and Morrison, D.K. (1994) A single amino acid change in Raf-1 inhibits Ras binding and alters Raf-1 function. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 5982-5986.
14. Favata, M.F. et al. (1998) Identification of a novel inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. J. Biol. Chem., 273, 18623-18632.
15. Gietz, D.R. and Woods, R.A. (1994). In Johnston, J.R. (ed.), Molecular Genetics of Yeast: A Practical Approach. IRL Press at Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 121-134.
16. Graham, S.M., Cox, A.D., Drivas, G., Rush, M.G., D'Eustachio, P. and Der, C.J. (1994) Aberrant function of the Ras-relaled protein TC21/R-Ras2 triggers malignant transformation. Mol. Cell. Biol., 14, 4108-4115.
17. Graham, S.M., Vojtek, A.B., Huff, S.Y., Cox, A.D., Clark, G.J., Cooper, J.A. et al. (1996) TC21 causes transformation by Raf-independent signaling pathways. Mol. Cell. Biol., 16, 6132-6140.
18. Howe, L.R., Leevers, S.J., Gomez, N., Nakielny, S., Cohen, P. and Marshall, C.J. (1992) Activation of the MAP kinase pathway by the protein kinase Raf. Cell, 71, 335-342.
19. Huang, Y., Saez, R., Chao, L., Santos, E., Aaronson, S.A. and Chan, A.M.-L. (1995) A novel insertional mutation in the TC21 gene activates its transforming activity in a human leiomyosarcoma cell line. Oncogene, 11, 1255-1260.
20. Jaitner, B.K., Becker, J., Linnemann, T., Herrmann, C. Wittinghofer, A. and Block, C. (1997) Discrimination of amino acids mediating Ras binding from noninteracting residues affecting Raf activation by double mutant analysis. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 29927-29933.
21. Jelinek, T., Dent, P. Sturgill, T.W. and Weber, M.J. (1996) Ras-induced activation of Raf-1 is dependent on tyrosine phosphorylation. Mol. Cell. Biol., 16, 1027-1034.
22. Khosravi Far, R., White, M.A., Westwick, J.K., Solski, P.A., Chrzanowska Wodnicka, M., Van Aelst, L., Wigler, M.H. and Der, C.J. (1996) Oncogenic Ras activation of Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase-independent pathways is sufficient to cause tumorigenic transformation. Mol. Cell. Biol., 16, 3923-3933.
23. Kozian, D.H. and Augustin, H.G. (1997) Transcriptional regulation of the Ras-related protein TC21/R-Ras2 in endothelial cells. FEBS Lett., 414, 239-242.
24. Leevers, S.J. and Marshall, C.J. (1992) Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. ERK2, by p21ras oncoprotein. EMBO J., 11, 569-574.
25. Lopez Barahona, M., Bustelo, X. and Barbacid, M. (1996) The TC21 oncoprotein interacts with the Ra1 guanosine nucleotide dissociation factor. Oncogene, 12, 463-470.
26. Marais, R., Light, Y., Paterson, H.F. and Marshall, C.J. (1995) Ras recruits Raf-1 to the plasma membrane for activation by tyrosine phosphorylation. EMBO J., 14, 3136-3145.
27. Marais, R., Light, Y., Paterson, H.F., Mason, C.S. and Marshall, C.J. (1997) Differential regulation of Raf-1, A-Raf and B-Raf of oncogenic Ras and tyrosine kinases. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 4378-4383.
28. Nakielny, S., Cohen, P., Wu, J. and Sturgill, T.W. (1992) MAP kinase activator from insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle is a protein threonine/ tyrosine kinase. EMBO J., 11, 2123-2129.
29. Nassar, N., Horn, G., Herrmann, C., Scherer, A., McCormick, F. and Wittinghofer, A. (1995) The 2.2 Å crystal structure of the Ras-binding domain of the serine/threonine kinase c-Raf1 in complex with Rap1A and a GTP analogue. Nature, 375, 554-560.
30. Payne, D.M., Rossomando, A.J., Martino, P., Erickson, A.K., Her, J.H., Shabanowitz, J., Hunt, D.F., Weber, M.J. and Sturgill, T.W. (1991) Identification of the regulatory phosphorylation sites in pp42/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase). EMBO J., 10, 885-892.
31. Rausch, O. and Marshall, C.J. (1997) Tyrosine 763 of the murine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor mediates Ras-dependent activation of the JNK/SAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol., 17, 1170-1179.
32. Rodriguez Viciana, P., Warne, P.H., Khwaja, A., Marte, B.M., Pappin, D., Das, P., Waterfield, D.M., Ridley, A. and Downward, J. (1997) Role of phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase in cell transformation and control of the actin cytoskeleton by Ras. Cell, 89, 457-467.
33. Sewing, A., Wiseman, B., Lloyd, A.C. and Land, H. (1997) High-intensity Raf signal causes cell cycle arrest mediated by p21Cipl. Mol. Cell. Biol., 17, 5588-5597.
34. Traverse, S., Cohen, P., Paterson, H., Marshall, C. Rapp, U. and Grand, R.J.A. (1993) Specific association of activated MAP kinase kinase kinase (Raf) with the plasma membrane of ras-transformed retinal cells. Oncogene, 8, 3175-3181.
35. Van Aelst, L., Barr, M., Marcus, S., Polverino, A. and Wigler, M. (1993) Complex formation between RAS and RAF and other protein kinases. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 6213-6217.
36. Van Aelst, L., White, M. and Wigler, M.H. (1994) Ras partners. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 59, 181-186.
37. White, M.A., Nicolette, C., Minden, A., Polverino, A., Van Aelst, L., Karin, M. and Wigler, M. (1995) Multiple ras functions can contribute to mammalian cell transformation. Cell, 80, 533-541.
38. v src are required, but neither alone is sufficient, to activate the Raf-1 kinase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 2922-2826.
39. Wolthuis, R.M.F., Zwartkruis, F., Moen, T. and Bos, J.L. (1998) Ras-dependent activation of the small GTPase Ral. Curr. Biol., 8, 471-474.
40. Woods, D., Parry, D., Cherwinski, H., Bosch, E., Lees, E. and McMahon, M. (1997) Raf-induced proliferation or cell cycle arrest is determined by the level of Raf activity with arrest mediated by p21Cipl. Mol. Cell. Biol., 17, 5598-5611.