The current status of major tick borne diseases in Zambia

Veterinary Research

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 27-45

  Makala, Levi Hakwale ^a,b   Mangani, Peter ^c   Fujisaki, Kozo ^a   Nagasawa, Hideyuki ^a  

^a OBIHIRO UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE   (Japan)

^b Ctrl Veterinary Research Institute   (Zambia)

^c Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock   (Zambia)

Author keywords

Anaplasma; Babesia; Cowdria; Theileria

Indexed keywords

ACARICIDE; AMITRAZ; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BAC DIP; BROSOMETHYL; CAMPHECLOR; CETHION 100EC; CHLOROFENVIPHOS; CHLORPYRINFOSMETHYL; COUMAFOS; CYHALOTHRIN; DECATIX; DELTAMETHRIN; FORMAMIDINE; GRENADE; LIVE VACCINE; MILBITRAZ; ORGANOCHLORINE DERIVATIVE; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUND; OXYTETRACYCLINE; PROTEIN P76; PYRETHRIN; PYRETHROID; QUINTIOFOS; RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN; RECOMBINANT VACCINE; STELLADONE; SUPA DIP; SUPATOX; SUPER DIP; SUPONA 100EC; TICKGARD; TRIATIX; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION; ANAPLASMOSIS; ANIMAL PARASITOSIS; BABESIOSIS; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CENTRAL AFRICA; CONTROL STRATEGY; DIOXATION; ECONOMIC ASPECT; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MEDICAL SCHOOL; NONHUMAN; PARASITE CONTROL; PARASITE VIRULENCE; PROTOZOAL INFECTION; REVIEW; SPOROZOITE; TICK BORNE DISEASE; VETERINARY MEDICINE; ZAMBIA;

ACARI; ANAPLASMA; ANIMALIA; BABESIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); EHRLICHIA; THEILERIA;

EID: 0345074083     PISSN: 09284249     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2002056     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Anon A.G., A practical field manual, Vol. 2, Tick-borne Disease Control, in: Ticks and Tick-borne Disease control, Rome, 1984, p. 457.
2. Animal production and Health subprogram (APH), Central Veterinary Research Institute (CVRI) Annual reports, MAFF, Lusaka, Zambia, 1986-2000.
3. Agricultural sector Investment Programme (ASIP) for the Animal Production and Health sub-programme (APH), A new approach to agriculture in Zambia, MAFF, Lusaka, Zambia, 1994.
4. Baker J.A.F., Miles J.O, Robertson W.D., Stanford G.D., Taylor R.J., The current status of resistance to organophosphorus ixodicides by the blue tick, Boophilus decoloratus (Koch) in the republic of South Africa and Transkei, J. S. Africa Vet. Assoc. 49 (1978) 327-333.
5. Baker J.A.Y., Miles J.O., Robertson W.D., Resistance to certain organophosphorus ixodicides in the bont tick Amblyomma habraeum in the Republic of South Africa and Swaziland, J. S. Africa Vet. Assoc. 49 (1978) 337-341.
6. Barbet A.F., Whitmire W.M., Kamper S.M., Simbi B.H., Ganta R.R., Moreland, A.L., Mwangi, D.M., McGuire, T.C., Mahan, S.M., A subset of Cowdria ruminantium genes important for immune recognition and protection, Gene 275 (2001) 287-298.
7. Berkvens D.L., Geysen D.M., Brandt J.R., Comments on the paper "Sustainable tick and tick-borne disease control in livestock improvement in developing countries", Vet. Parasitol. 77 (1998) 211-215.
8. Berkvens D.L., Geysen D.M., Chaka G., Madder M., Brandt J.R., A survey of the ixodid ticks parasitizing cattle in the Eastern Province of Zambia, Med. Vet. Entomol. 12 (1998) 234-240.
9. Berkvens D.L., Pegram R.G., Brandt J.R., A study of the diapausing behaviour of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and R. zambeziensis under quasi-natural conditions in Zambia, Med. Vet. Entomol. 9 (1995) 307-315.
10. Berkvens D.L., Re-assessment of tick control after immunization against East Coast fever in the Eastern Province of Zambia, Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop. 71 (1991) 87-94.
11. Billiouw M., Mataa L., Marcotty T., Chaka G., Brandt J., Berkvens D.L., The current epidemiological status of bovine Theileriosis in Eastern Zambia, Trop. Med. Int. Health. 4 (1999) A28-A33.
12. Bock R.E., de Vos A.J., Immunity following use of Australian tick fever vaccine: a review of the evidence, Aust. Vet. J. 79 (2001) 832-839.
13. Brizuela C.M., Ortellado C.A., Sanabria E., Torres O., Ortigosa D., The safety and efficacy of Australian tick-borne disease vaccine strains in cattle in Paraguay, Vet. Parasitol. 76 (1998) 27-41.
14. Callow L.L., Dalgliesh R.J., Development of effective and safe vaccination against Babesiosis and Anaplasmosis in Australia. Proceedings of a symposium held at the 15th annual conference of the Australian Veterinary Association, Townsville, 1980, pp. 4-8.
15. Callow L.L., Protozoan and Rickettsial diseases, in: Animal Health in Australia, Vol. 5, Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Services, 1984, pp. 1-264.
16. Chaka G., Billiouw M., Geysen D.M., Berkvens D.L., Spatial and temporal variation in Rhipicephalus appendiculatus size in eastern Zambia, Trop. Med. Int. Health. 4 (1999) A43-A48.
17. Chizyuka G.H.B., Mangani P.M.C., Theileriosis in Zambia, in: Irvin A.D. (Eds.), Immunization against Theileriosis in Zambia, ILRAD, Nairobi, 1985, pp. 41-44.
18. Chizyuka H.G., Mulilo J.B., Methods currently used for the control of multi-host ticks: their validity and proposals for future control strategies, Parassitologia 32 (1990) 127-132.
19. de Castro J.J., James A.D., Minjauw B., Di Giulio G.U., Permin A., Pegram R.G., Chizyuka H.G., Sinyangwe P., Long-term studies on the economic impact of ticks on Sanga cattle in Zambia, Exp. Appl. Acarol. 21 (1997) 3-19.
20. de Vos S., Zeinstra L., Taoufik O., Willadsen P., Jongejan F., Evidence for the utility of the Bm86 antigen from Boophilus microplus in vaccination against other tick species, Exp. Appl. Acarol. 25 (2001) 245-261.
21. De Wall D.T., Anaplasmosis control and diagnosis in South Africa, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 916 (2000) 474-483.
22. Dolan T.T., Immunizations to control East Coast Fever, Parasitol. Today 3 (1987) 4-6.
23. Dolan T.T., Progress in the chemotherapy of Theileriosis, in: Irvin A.D. et al. (Eds.), Advances in the control of Theileriosis. Martinus, Nijhoff, The Hague, 1981, pp. 186-208.
24. Dolan T.T., Young A.S., An approach to the economic assessment of ECF in Kenya, in: Irvin A.D., Cunningham M.P., Young A.S. (Eds.), Advances in the control of Theileriosis, Proceedings of an international conference, 9-13th February, 1981, ILRAD, Nairobi, Martinus, Nijhoff, The Hague, 1981, pp. 412-415.
25. Friedhoff K.T., Tick-borne diseases of sheep and goats caused by Babesia, Theileria, or Anaplasma spp. Parasitology 39 (1997) 99-109.
26. Friedhoff K.T., Transmission of Babesia, in: Ristic M., Kreir J.P. (Eds.), Babesiosis of domestic animals and man, New York, Academic Press, 1988, pp. 23-52.
27. Fujisaki K., Development of acquired resistance-precipitating antibody in rabbits experimentally infested with females of Haemaphysalis longicomis (Ixodidea: Ixodidae), Natl. Inst. Anim. Health Q. (Tokyo) 18 (1978) 27-38.
28. Geysen D., Contribution on the characterization of Theileria isolates and stocks in Zambia, International Consortium on Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases (ICTTD) Newsletter 4 (1997) 11-12.
29. Glazer I., Alekseev E., Samish M., Factors affecting the virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes to engorged female Boophilus annulatus ticks, J. Parasitol. 87 (2001) 808-812.
30. Grootenhuis J.G., The role of the wildlife in the epidemiology of cattle theileriosis, in: Dolan T.T. (Ed.), Theileriosis in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa, Proceedings of a workshop on East Coast fever Immunization, held in Lilongwe, Malawi, 20-22 September, Nairobi, ILRAD, 1988, pp. 129-136.
31. Jongejan F., Musisi F.L., Moorhouse P.D., Snacken M., Uilenberg G., Theileria taurotragi in Zambia, Vet. Q. 8 (1986) 261-263.
32. Jongejan F., Perry B.D., Moorhouse P.D., Musisi F.L., Pegram R.G., Snacken M., Epidemiology of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in Zambia, Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 20 (1988) 234-242.
33. Jonsson N.N, Matschoss A.L., Pepper P., Green P.E., Albrecht M.S., Hungerford J., Ansell J., Evaluation of tickGARD(PLUS), a novel vaccine against Boophilus microplus, in lactating Holstein-Friesian cows, Vet. Parasitol. 88 (2000) 275-285.
34. Kaaya G.P., Hassan S., Entomogeous fungi as promisisng bioesticides for tick control, Exp. Appl. Acarol. 24 (2000) 913-926.
35. Keating M.I., Dioxathion (Delnav) residues in milk in Kenya, Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 19 (1987) 147-152.
36. Koch R., Reiseberiche uber Rinderpest, Bubonenpest in Indien and Africa, Tsetse oder Surrakrankheit, Texasfieber, tropische Malaria, Schwarzwasserfieber, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1898.
37. Lawrence J.A., de Vos A.J., Methods currently used for the control of Anaplasmosis and Babesiosis: their validity and proposals for future control strategies, Parassitologia 32 (1990) 63-71.
38. Lemche J., Pegram R.G., Control of cattle ticks using flumethrin in central Zambia, Vet. Rec. 121 (1987) 110-111.
39. Levine N.D., Veterinary Parasitology, Iowa State University Press, Ames, USA, 1985.
40. Luguru S.M., Banda D.S., Pegram R.G., Susceptibility of ticks to acaricides in Zambia, Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 16 (1984) 21-26.
41. Luguru S.M., Observations on the management of acaricides used to control ticks in the traditional cattle of Zambia, Bulletin of Animal Hlth. Prod. Afr. 33 (1985) 313-320.
42. Mahan S.M., Smith G.E., Kumbula D., Burridge M.J., Barbet A.F., Reduction in mortality from heartwater in cattle, sheep and goats exposed to field challenge using an inactivated vaccine, Vet. Parasitol. 97 (2001) 295-308.
43. Mangani M.C.P., Heart water in Zambia. The tick-ler. A quarterly publication of the UF/USAID/SADC Heart water Research project, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1997.
44. Marcotty T., Billiouw M., Chaka G., Berkvens D., Losson B., Brandt J., Immunisation against East Coast Fever by the infection and treatment method: evaluation of the use of ice baths for field delivery and appraisal of an acid formulation of long-acting tetracycline, Vet. Parasitol. 99 (2001) 175-187.
45. Maritim A.C., Young A.S., Lesan A.C., Ndungu S.G., Mutugi J.J., Stagg D.A., Theilerial parasites isolated from carrier cattle after immunization with Theileria parva by the infection and treatment method, Parasitology 99 (1989) 139-147.
46. Martinez T.A., Meltzer M.I. Perry B.D., Burridge M.J., Mahan S.M., The effect of subclinical experimental Cowdria ruminantium infection on the health and reproductive performance of breeding ewes, Prev. Vet. Med. 41 (1999) 89-103.
47. Martinez T.A., Meltzer M.I., Perry B.D., Burridge M.J., Mahan S.M., The effect of subclinical experimental Cowdria ruminantium infection in ewes on the growth and milk consumption of pre-weaning lambs, Prev. Vet. Med. 41 (1999) 105-118.
48. McCosker P.J., The global importance of babesiosis, in: Ristic M., Kreier J.P. (Eds.), Babesiosis, Academic press, New York, 1981, pp. 1-24.
49. McKeever D.J., Morrison W.I., Novel vaccines against Theileria parva: prospects for sustainability, Int. J. Parasitol. 28 (1998) 693-706.
50. McLeod R., Kristjanson P., Economic impact of ticks and tick-borne diseases to livestock in Africa, Asia and Australia, in: report to the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya, July, 1999.
51. Minjauw B., Otte J., James A.D., de Castro J.J., Sinyangwe P., Effect of different East Coast Fever control strategies on fertility, milk production and weight gain of Sanga cattle in the Central Province of Zambia, Exp. Appl. Acarol. 21 (1997) 715-730.
52. Minjauw B., Otte M.J., James A.D., de Castro J.J., Sinyangwe P., Effect of different East Coast fever control strategies on disease incidence in traditionally managed Sanga cattle in Central Province of Zambia, Prev. Vet. Med. 35 (1998) 101-113.
53. Minjauw B., Otte M.J., James A.D., de Castro J.J., Permin A., Di Giulo G., An outbreak of East Coast fever in a herd of Sanga cattle in Lutale, Central Province of Zambia, Prev. Vet. Med. 35 (1998) 143-147.
54. Minjauw B., Otte M.J., James A.D., Epidemiology and control of east coast fever in Zambia. A field trial with traditionally managed Sanga cattle, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 849 (1998) 219-225.
55. Minjauw B., Rushton J., James A.D., Upton M., Financial analysis of East Coast fever control strategies in traditionally managed Sanga cattle in Central Province of Zambia, Prev. Vet. Med. 38 (1999) 35-45.
56. Morel P.C., Uilenberg G., The nomenclature of some Theileria species (Sporozoa, Babesioidea) of domestic ruminants (Authors translation), Rev. Elev. Méd. Vét Pays. Trop. 34 (1981) 139-143.
57. Morzaria S., Nene V., Bishop R., Musoke A., Vaccines against Theileria parva, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 916 (2000) 464-473.
58. Morzaria S.P., Irvin A.D., Wathanga J., D'Souza D., Katende J., Young A.S., Scott J., Gettinby G., The effect of East Coast fever immunisation and different acaricidal treatments on die productivity of beef cattle, Vet. Rec. 123 (1988) 313-320.
59. Morzaria S.P., Katende J., Musoke A., Nene V., Skilton R., Bishop R., Development of sero-diagnostic and molecular tools for the control of important tick-borne pathogens of cattle in Africa, Parassitologia 41 (1999) 73-80.
60. Mukhebi A.W., Perry B.D., Kruska R., Estimating economic losses caused by Theileriosis and the economics of its control, Prev. Vet. Med. 12 (1992) 73-85.
61. Mukhebi A.W., Wathanga J., Perry B.D., Irvin A.D., Morzaria S.P., Financial analysis of East Coast fever control strategies on beef production under farm conditions, Vet. Rec. 125 (1989) 456-459.
62. Mulumba M., Speybroeck N., Berkvens D.L., Geysen D.M., Brandt J.R., Transmission of Theileria. parva in the traditional farming sector in the Southern Province of Zambia during 1997-1998, Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 33 (2001) 117-125.
63. Mulumba M., Speybroeck N., Billiouw M., Berkvens D.L., Geysen D.M., Brandt J.R., Transmission of Theileriosis in the traditional farming sector in the southern province of Zambia during 1995-1996, Trop. Anim. Health, Prod. 32 (2000) 303-314.
64. Musisi F.L., Jongejan F., Pegram R.G., Isolation and transmission of Theileria mutans (Chisamba.) in Zambia, Res. Vet. Sci. 36 (1984) 129-131.
65. Musisi F.L., Production of Theileria parva stabilates for immunization against Theileriosis, in: Morzaria S., Williamson S. (Eds.), Live vaccine for Theileria parva: Deployment in Eastern, Central, and Southern Africa, Proceedings of an FAO, OAU-IBAR and ILRI workshop held at ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya, 10-12th March, 1997, ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya, 1999, pp. 45-55.
66. Musoke A., Morzaria S., Nkonge C., Jones E., Nene V., A recombinant sporozoite surface antigen of Theileria parva induces protection in cattle, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 (1992) 514-518.
67. Musoke A.J., McKeever D., Nene V., Subunit vaccines for the control of tick-borne diseases: implications for the future, Parassitologia 39 (1997) 131-137.
68. Mwanaumo B., Dynamics of tick populations in the Southern province of zambia, in: Ghirotti M., Griffiths R.B., Mungaba F.N. (Eds.), World Health Organization, (WHO) Vet. Public. Hlth. Reports, Rome, Italy, 1987, pp. 9-14.
69. Nambota A., Samui K., Sugimoto C., Kakuta T., Onuma M., Theileriosis in Zambia: etiology, epidemiology and control measures, Jpn. J. Vet. Res. 42 (1994) 1-18.
70. Nambota A.M., Lovelace C.E., Chitambo H., Kakuda T., Sugimoto C., Onuma M., Characterization of some Theilrerta parva stocks from Zambia using monoclonal antibodies, J. Vet. Med. Sci. 59 (1997) 1-4.
71. Neitz W.O., Corridor disease: a fatal focus of Theileriosis encountered in Zululand, Bull. Epizoot. Dis. Afr. 3 (1955) 121-123.
72. Nene V., Gobright E., Bishop R., Morzaria S., Musoke A., Linear peptide specificity of bovine antibody responses to p67 of Theileria parva and sequence diversity of sporozoite-neutralizing epitopes: implications for a vaccine, Infect. Immun. 67 (1999) 1261-1266.
73. Norval R.A., Lawrence J.A., Young A.S., Perry B.D., Dolan T.T., Scott J., Theileria parva: influence of vector, parasite and host relationships on the epidemiology of Theileriosis in southern Africa, Parasitology 102 (1991) 347-356.
74. Norval R.A., Perry B.D., Young A.S., The epidemiology of Theileriosis in Africa, Academic Press, London, 1992.
75. O'Callaghan C.J., Medley G.F, Peter T.F., Mahan S.M., Perry B.D., Predicting the effect of vaccination on the transmission dynamics of heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection), Prev. Vet. Med. 42 (1999) 17-38.
76. Onofre S.B., Miniuk C.M., de Barros N.M., Azevedo J.L., Pathogenicity of four strains of entomopathogenic fungi against the bovine tick Boophilus microplus, Am. J. Vet. Res. 62 (2001) 1478-1480.
77. Pegram R.G., Lemche J., Observations on the efficacy of ivermectin in the control of cattle ticks in Zambia, Vet. Rec. 117 (1985) 551-554.
78. Pegram R.G., Wilson D.D., Hansen J.W., Past and present national tick control programs. Why they succeed or fail, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 916 (2000) 546-554.
79. Pegram R.G., Getting a handle on tick control: a modern approach may be needed, Vet. J. 161 (2001) 227-228.
80. Pegram R.G., Banda D.S., Ecology and phenology of cattle ticks in Zambia: development and survival of free-living stages, Exp. Appl. Acarol. 8 (1990) 291-301.
81. Pegram R.G., Chizyuka, H.G., The impact of natural infestations of ticks in Zambia on the productivity of cattle and implications for tick control strategies in central Africa, Parassitologia 32 (1990) 165-175.
82. Pegram R.G., James A.D., Oosterwijk G.P., Killorn K.J., Lemche J., Ghirotti M., Tekle Z., Chizyuka H.G, Mwase E.T., Chizyuka F., Studies on the economics of ticks in Zambia, Exp. Appl. Acarol. 12 (1991) 9-26.
83. Pegram R.G., Hansen J.W., Wilson D.D., Eradication and surveillance of the tropical bont tick in the Caribbean. An international approach, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 916 (2000) 179-185.
84. Pegram R.G., Lemche J., Chizyuka H.G., Sutherst R.W., Floyd R.B., Kerr J.D., McCosker P.J., Effect of tick control on liveweight gain of cattle in central Zambia, Med. Vet. Entomol. 3 (1989) 313-320.
85. Pegram R.G., Lemche J., Chizyuka H.G., Sutherst R.W., Floyd R.B., Kerr J.D., McCosker P.J., Ecological aspects of cattle tick control in central Zambia, Med. Vet. Entomol. 3 (1989) 307-312.
86. Pegram R.G., Perry B.D., Musisi F.L., Mwanaumo B., Ecology and phenology of ticks in Zambia: seasonal dynamics on cattle, Exp. Appl. Acarol. 2 (1986) 25-45.
87. Pegram R.G., Oosterwijk G.P., The effect of Amblyomma variegatum on liveweight gain of cattle in Zambia, Med. Vet. Entomol. 4 (1990) 327-330.
88. Peter T.F., Anderson E.C., Burridge M.J., Mahan S.M., Demonstration of a carrier state for Cowdria ruminantium in wild ruminants from Africa, J. Wildl. Dis. 34 (1998) 567-575.
89. Pipano E., Vaccination of cattle against Theileria annulata using culture-derived schizonts, in: Dolan T.T. (Eds.), Recent developments in the research and control of Theileria annulata. Proceedings of a workshop held at ILRAD, Nairobi, Kenya, 17-19th, September, 1990, ILRAD, Nairobi, Kenya, 1992, pp. 47-58.
90. Pipano E., Live vaccines against haemoparasitic diseases in livestock, Vet. Parasitol. 57 (1995) 213-231.
91. Radley D.E., Infection and treatment method of immunization against Theileriosis, in: Irvin A.D. et al. (Eds.), Advances in the control of Theileriosis, Martinus, Nijhof, 1981, pp. 227-239.
92. Rand K.N., Moore T., Sriskantha A., Spring K., Tellam R., Willadsen P., Cobon G.S., Cloning and expression of a protective antigen from the cattle tick Boophilus microplus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86 (1989) 9657-9661.
93. Riding G.A., Jarmey J., McKenna R.V., Pearson R., Cobon G.S., Willadsen P.A., Protective "concealed" antigen from Boophilus microplus. Purification, localization, and possible function, J. Immunol. 153 (1994) 5158-5166.
94. Rinkanya F.G.R., Ongare J.O., Mwangi E.N., Ondongo F., Plunge dip trials of two chlorfenviphos formulations for tick control, the Kenya Veterinarian 7 (1981) 18-21.
95. Rinkanya F.G.R., Tatchel R.J., Evaluation of the efficiency of different pour-on formulations against cattle ticks in Kenya, Trop. Pest Manage. 34 (1988) 324-327.
96. Samui K., The epidemiology of Theileriosis in the Southern province of zambia, in: Ghirotti M., Griffiths R.B., Mungaba F.N. (Eds.), World Health Organization, (WHO) Vet. Public. Hlth. Reports., Rome, Italy, 1987, pp. 12-25.
97. Schwabe C.W., Rieman H.P., Franti C.E., Epidemiology in veterinary practice, Philadelphia, Lea, Febiger (Eds.), 1977, pp. 12-21.
98. Smith R.E., Mwase E.T., Heller-Haupt A., Trinder P.K., Pegram R.G., Wilsmore A.J., Varma M.G., Delayed-type hypersensitivity test for assessing tick-immune status of cattle in Zambia, Vet. Rec. 124 (1989) 583-584.
99. Smith R., Pegram R.G., Burt S., Killorn K.J., Oosterwijk G., Paterson A., Wilsmore A.J., Effect of dry season supplementation of Sanga cattle in Zambia, Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 23 (1991) 103-105.
100. Snelson T.T., Animal ectoparasites and disease vectors causing major reductions in the world food supplies, FAO Plant Protec. Bull. 13 (1975) 103-114.
101. Sonenshine D.E., Allan S.A., Peter T.F., McDaniel R., Burridge M.J., Does geographic range affect the attractant-aggregation-attachment pheromone of the tropical bont tick, amblyomma variegatum? Exp. Appl. Acarol. 24 (2000) 283-299.
102. Sonenshine D.E., Internal anatomy: general features, biology of ticks, Vol. 1, Oxford University press, London, 1991, pp. 99-115.
103. Sutherst R.W., Is the Australian pest management approach to tick control relevant to Africa, in: Whitehead G.B., Gibson J.D. (Eds.), Tick biology and control, Tick Research Unit, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Zimbabwe, 1981, pp. 78-85.
104. Uilenberg G., Dobbelaere D.A., de Gee A.L., Koch H.T., Progress in research on tick-borne diseases: Theileriosis and Heartwater, Vet. Q. 15 (1993) 48-54.
105. Uilenberg G., Franssen F.F., Perie N.M., Spanjer A.A., Three groups of Babesia canis distinguished and a proposal for nomenclature, Vet. Q. 11 (1989) 33-40.
106. Uilenberg G., Perie N.M., Lawrence J.A., de Vos A.J., Paling R.W., Spanjer A.A., Causal agents of bovine Theileriosis in southern Africa, Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 14 (1982) 127-140.
107. Uilenberg G., Theilerial species of domestic livestock, in: Advances in the control of Theileriosis, A.D. Irvin, M.P. Cunningham, A.S. Young (Eds.), Martinus Nijhoff, London, 1981, pp. 4-37.
108. Wharton R.H., Acaricide resistance and alternative methods of control, in: world animal review, FAO 20 (1976) 8-15,
109. Wharton R.H., Cattle ticks in Australia. Recent research and prospect for control and eradication. Proceedings of a symposium held at the 15th annual conference of the Australian Veterinary Association, Townsville, 1980, pp. 30-35.
110. Willadsen P., Kemp D.H., Vaccination with concealed antigen for tick control, Parasitol. Today 4 (1988) 196-198.
111. Willadsen P., McKenna R.V., Riding G.A., Isolation from the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, of antigenic material capable of eliciting a protective immunological response in the bovine host, Int. J. Parasitol. 18 (1988) 183-189.
112. Young A.S., Groocock C.M., Kariuki D.P., Integrated control of ticks and tick-borne diseases of cattle in Africa, Parasitology 96 (1988) 403-432.
113. Zhioua E., Browning M., Johnson P.W., Ginsberg H.S., LeBrun R.A., Pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycetes) to Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae), J. Parasitol. 83 (1997) 815-818.