Evolution and cell biology of dopamine receptors in vertebrates

Biology of the Cell

Volumn 95, Issue 7, 2003, Pages 489-502

  Callier, Sophie ^a   Snapyan, Marina ^a   Le Crom, Stéphane ^a   Prou, Delphine ^a   Vincent, Jean Didier ^a   Vernier, Philippe ^a  

^a CNRS   (France)

Author keywords

Cell signalling; Desensitization; Oligomerization; Phylogeny; Receptor trafficking

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE 1 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; LIGAND; NEUROTRANSMITTER; RECEPTOR SUBTYPE;

ADAPTATION; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CLINICAL RESEARCH; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOLOGY; DESENSITIZATION; EVOLUTION; HUMAN; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; NERVE CELL MEMBRANE; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NERVOUS SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; PHYLOGENETIC TREE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; RECEPTOR AFFINITY; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TARGET CELL; VERTEBRATE;

VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0344012980     PISSN: 02484900     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0248-4900(03)00089-3     Document Type: Short Survey

References (92)

1. Aparicio, S., 2000. Vertebrate evolution: recent perspectives from fish. Trends Genet 16, 54-56.
2. Barton, A.C., Black, L.E., Sibley, D.R., 1991. Agonist-induced desensitization of D2 dopamine receptors in human Y-79 retinoblastoma cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 39, 650-658.
3. Bergson, C., Mrzljak, L., Smiley, J.F., Pappy, M., Levenson, R., Goldman-Rakic, P.S., 1995. Regional, cellular, and subcellular variations in the distribution of D1 and D5 dopamine receptors in primate brain. J Neurosci. 15, 7821-7836.
4. Bermak, J.C., Li, M., Bullock, C., Zhou, Q.Y., 2001. Regulation of transport of the dopamine D1 receptor by a new membrane-associated ER protein. Nat Cell Biol 3, 492-498.
5. Bermak, J.C., Li, M., Bullock, C., Weingarten, P., Zhou, Q.Y., 2002. Interaction of gamma-COP with a transport motif in the D1 receptor C-terminus. Eur J Cell Biol 81, 77-85.
6. Binda, A.V., Kabbani, N., Lin, R., Levenson, R., 2002. D2 and D3 dopamine receptor cell surface localization mediated by interaction with protein 4.1N. Mol Pharmacol 62, 507-513.
7. Cardinaud, B., Sugamori, K.S., Coudouel, S., Vincent, J.D., Niznik, H.B., Vernier, P., 1997. Early emergence of three dopamine D1 receptor subtypes in vertebrates. Molecular phylogenetic, pharmacological, and functional criteria defining D1A, D1B, and D1C receptors in European eel Anguilla anguilla. J Biol Chem 272, 2778-2787.
8. Cussac, D.A.N.-T., Pasteau, V., Millan, M.J., 1999. Human dopamine D(3) receptors mediate mitogen-activated protein kinase activation via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and an atypical protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. Mol Pharmacol 56, 1025-1030.
9. Demchyshyn, L.L., Sugamori, K.S., Lee, F.J., Hamadanizadeh, S.A., Niznik, H.B., 1995. The dopamine D1D receptor. Cloning and characterization of three pharmacologically distinct D1-like receptors from Gallus domesticus. J Biol Chem 270, 4005-4012.
10. Filtz, T.M., Artymyshyn, R.P., Guan, W., Molinoff, P.B., 1993. Paradoxical regulation of dopamine receptors in transfected 293 cells. Mol Pharmacol 44, 371-379.
11. 35S)-GTP gamma S binding via human D2short and D2long dopamine receptors expressed in recombinant cells. Br J Pharmacol. 118 (6), 1544-1550.
12. Gardner, B., Liu, Z.F., Jiang, D., Sibley, D.R., 2001. The role of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation in agonist-induced desensitization of D1 dopamine receptor function: evidence for a novel pathway for receptor dephosphorylation. Mol Pharmacol 59, 310-321.
13. Gerfen, C.R., 2000. Molecular effects of dopamine on striatal-projection pathways. Trends Neurosci. 23 (Suppl), S64-S70.
14. Gines, S., Hillion, J., Torvinen, M., Le Crom, S., Casado, V., Canela, E.I., Rondin, S., Lew, J.Y., Watson, S., Zoli, M., et al., 2000. Dopamine D1 and adenosine A1 receptors form functionally interacting heteromeric complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97, 8606-8611.
15. Guiramand, J., Montmayeur, J.P., Ceraline, J., Bhatia, M., Borrelli, E., 1995. Alternative splicing of the dopamine D2 receptor directs specificity of coupling to G-proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 7354-7358.
16. Guivarc'h, D., Vernier, P., Vincent, J.D., 1995. Sex steroid hormones change the differential distribution of the isoforms of the D2 dopamine receptor messenger RNA in the rat brain. Neuroscience 69, 159-166.
17. Hébert, T.E., Moffet, S., Morello, J.-P., Loisel, T.P., Bichet, D.G., Barret, C., Bouvier, M., 1996. A peptide derived from a β2-adrenergic receptor transmembrane domain inhibits both receptor dimerization and activation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 16384-16392.
18. Hébert, T.E., Bouvier, M., 1998. Structural and functional aspects of G protein-coupled receptor oligomerization. Biochem. Cell Biol. 76, 1-11.
19. Herve, D., Levi-Strauss, M., Marey-Semper, I., Verney, C., Tassin, J.P., Glowinski, J., Girault, J.A., 1993. G(olf) and Gs in rat basal ganglia: possible involvement of G(olf) in the coupling of dopamine D1 receptor with adenylyl cyclase. J Neurosci 13, 2237-2248.
20. Hillion, J., Canals, M., Torvinen, M., Casado, V., Scott, R., Terasmaa, A., Hansson, A., Watson, S., Olah, M.E., Mallol, J., et al., 2002. Coaggregation, cointernalization, and codesensitization of adenosine A2A receptors and dopamine D2 receptors. J Biol Chem 277, 18091-18097.
21. Huang, Q., Zhou, D., Chase, K., Gusella, J.F., Aronin, N., DiFiglia, M., 1992. Immunohistochemical localization of the D1 dopamine receptor in rat brain reveals its axonal transport, pre- and postsynaptic localization, and prevalence in the basal ganglia, limbic system, and thalamic reticular nucleus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89, 11988-11992.
22. Ito, K., Haga, T., Lameh, J., Sadee, W., 1999. Sequestration of dopamine D2 receptors depends on coexpression of G-protein-coupled receptor kinases 2 or 5. Eur J Biochem 260, 112-119.
23. Itokawa, M., Toru, M., Ito, K., Tsuga, H., Kameyama, K., Haga, T., Arinami, T., Hamaguchi, H., 1996. Sequestration of the short and long isoforms of dopamine D2 receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mol Pharmacol 49, 560-566.
24. Iwasiow, R.M., Nantel, M.F., Tiberi, M., 1999. Delineation of the structural basis for the activation properties of the dopamine D1 receptor subtypes. J Biol Chem 274, 31882-31890.
25. Iwata, K., Ito, K., Fukuzaki, A., Inaki, K., Haga, T., 1999. Dynamin and rab5 regulate GRK2-dependent internalization of dopamine D2 receptors. Eur J Biochem 263, 596-602.
26. Jackson, A., Iwasiow, R.M., Tiberi, M., 2000. Distinct function of the cytoplasmic tail in human D1-like receptor ligand binding and coupling. FEBS Lett 470, 183-188.
27. Jarvie, K.R., Tiberi, M., Silvia, C., Gingrich, J.A., Caron, M.G., 1993. Molecular cloning, stable expression and desentization of the human dopamine D1B/D5 receptor. J. Recept.Res. 13, 573-590.
28. Jiang, D., Sibley, D.R., 1999. Regulation of D(1) dopamine receptors with mutations of protein kinase phosphorylation sites: attenuation of the rate of agonist-induced desensitization. Mol Pharmacol 56, 675-683.
29. Kabbani, N., Negyessy, L., Lin, R., Goldman-Rakic, P., Levenson, R., 2002. Interaction with neuronal calcium sensor NCS-1 mediates desensitization of the D2 dopamine receptor. J Neurosci 22, 8476-8486.
30. Kapsimali, M., Vidal, B., Gonzalez, A., Dufour, S., Vernier, P., 2000. Distribution of the mRNA encoding the four dopamine D(1) receptor subtypes in the brain of the european eel (Anguilla anguilla): comparative approach to the function of D(1) receptors in vertebrates. J Comp Neurol 419, 320-343.
31. Kapsimali, M., Le Crom, S., Vernier, P., 2003. Origin and evolution of dopamine receptors and transporters in vertebrates. In: Sidhu, M.L.A., Vernier, P. (Eds.), Dopamine receptors and transporter. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 1-43.
32. Karpa, K.D., Lidow, M.S., Pickering, M.T., Levenson, R., Bergson, C., 1999. N-linked glycosylation is required for plasma membrane localization of D5, but not D1, dopamine receptors in transfected mammalian cells. Mol Pharmacol 56, 1071-1078.
33. Kebabian, J.W., Calne, D.B., 1979. Multiple receptors for dopamine. Nature 277, 93-96.
34. Khan, Z.U., Gutierrez, A., Martin, R., Penafiel, A., Rivera, A., De La Calle, A., 1998. Differential regional and cellular distribution of dopamine D2-like receptors: an immunocytochemical study of subtype-specific antibodies in rat and human brain. J Comp Neurol 402, 353-371.
35. Kim, K.M., Valenzano, K.J., Robinson, S.R., Yao, W.D., Barak, L.S., Caron, M.G., 2001. Differential regulation of the dopamine D2 and D3 receptors by G protein-coupled receptor kinases and beta-arrestins. J Biol Chem 276, 37409-37414.
36. Kim, O.J., Ariano, M.A., Lazzarini, R.A., Levine, M.S., Sibley, D.R., 2002. Neurofilament-M interacts with the D1 dopamine receptor to regulate cell surface expression and desensitization. J Neurosci 22, 5920-5930.
37. Kimura, K., Sela, S., Bouvier, C., Grandy, D.K., Sidhu, A., 1995. Differential coupling of D1 and D5 dopamine receptors to guanine nucleotide binding proteins in transfected GH4C1 rat somatomammotrophic cells. J Neurochem 64, 2118-2124.
38. Kirschner, M., Gerhart, J., 1998. Evolvability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95, 8420-8427.
39. Lajiness, M.E., Chio, C.L., Huff, R.M., 1993. D2 dopamine receptor stimulation of mitogenesis in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells: relationship to dopamine stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylations. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 267, 1573-1581.
40. Lamey, M., Thompson, M., Varghese, G., Chi, H., Sawzdargo, M., George, S.R., O'Dowd, B.F., 2002. Distinct residues in the carboxyl tail mediate agonist-induced desensitization and internalization of the human dopamine D1 receptor. J Biol Chem 277, 9415-9421.
41. 1B Dopamine Receptor Desensitization. J. Neurochem. 82, 1549-1552.
42. Lee, F.J., Xue, S., Pei, L., Vukusic, B., Chery, N., Wang, Y., Wang, Y.T., Niznik, H.B., Yu, X.M., Liu, F., 2002. Dual regulation of NMDA receptor functions by direct protein-protein interactions with the dopamine D1 receptor. Cell 111, 219-230.
43. Lee, S.P., Xie, Z., Varghese, G., Nguyen, T., O'Dowd, B.F., George, S.R., 2000. Oligomerization of dopamine and serotonin receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 23, S32-S40.
44. Levey, A.I., Hersch, S.M., Rye, D.B., Sunahara, R.K., Niznik, H.B., KItt, C.A., Price, D.L., Maggio, R., Brann, M.R., Ciliax, B.J., 1993. Localization of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in brain with subtype-specific antibodies. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 8861-8865.
45. Lezcano, N., Mrzljak, L., Eubanks, S., Levenson, R., Goldman-Rakic, P., Bergson, C., 2000. Dual signaling regulated by calcyon, a D1 dopamine receptor interacting protein. Science 287, 1660-1664.
46. Li, M., Bermak, J.C., Wang, Z.W., Zhou, Q.Y., 2000. Modulation of dopamine D(2) receptor signaling by actin-binding protein (ABP-280). Mol Pharmacol 57, 446-452.
47. Lin, R., Karpa, K., Kabbani, N., Goldman-Rakic, P., Levenson, R., 2001. Dopamine D2 and D3 receptors are linked to the actin cytoskeleton via interaction with filamin A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98, 5258-5263.
48. Liu, F., Wan, Q., Pristupa, Z.B., Yu, X.M., Wang, Y.T., Niznik, H.B., 2000. Direct protein-protein coupling enables cross-talk between dopamine D5 and gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors. Nature 403, 274-280.
49. Liu, L.X., Monsma Jr., F.J., Sibley, D.R., Chiodo, L.A., 1996. D2L, D2S, and D3 dopamine receptors stably transfected into NG108-15 cells couple to a voltage-dependent potassium current via distinct G protein mechanisms. Synapse 24, 156-164.
50. Liu, Y.F., Jakobs, K.H., Rasenick, M.M., Albert, P.R., 1994. G protein specificity in receptor-effector coupling. Analysis of the roles of G0 and Gi2 in GH4C1 pituitary cells. J. Biol Chem 269, 13880-13886.
51. Lledo, P.M., Homburger, V., Bockaert, J., Vincent, J.D., 1992. Differential G protein-mediated coupling of D2 dopamine receptors to K+ and Ca2+ currents in rat anterior pituitary cells. Neuron 8, 455-463.
52. Meador-Woodruff, J.H., Damask, S.P., Wang, J., Haroutunian, V., Davis, K.L., Watson, S.J., 1996. Dopamine receptor mRNA expression in human striatum and neocortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 15, 17-29.
53. Missale, C., Nash, S.R., Robinson, S.W., Jaber, M., Caron, M.G., 1998. Dopamine receptors: from structure to function. Physiol Rev 78, 189-225.
54. Monsma, F.J., Mahan, L.C., McVittie, L.D., Gerfen, C.R., Sibley, D.R., 1990. Molecular cloning and expression of a D1 dopamine receptor linked to adenylyl cyclase activation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87, 6723-6727.
55. Montmayeur, J.P., Guiramand, J., Borrelli, E., 1993. Preferential coupling between dopamine D2 receptors and G-proteins. Mol Endocrinol. 7, 161-170.
56. Ng, G.Y., Mouillac, B., George, S.R., Caron, M., Dennis, M., Bouvier, M., O'Dowd, B.F., 1994. Desensitization, phosphorylation and palmitoylation of the human dopamine D1 receptor. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 267, 7-19.
57. Ng, G.Y., O'Dowd, B.F., Caron, M., Dennis, M., Brann, M.R., George, S.R., 1994. Phosphorylation and palmitoylation of the human D2L dopamine receptor in Sf9 cells. J Neurochem 63, 1589-1595.
58. Ng, G.Y., Trogadis, J., Stevens, J., Bouvier, M., O'Dowd, B., George, S.R., 1995. Agonist-induced desensitization of dopamine D1 receptor-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity is temporally and biochemically separated from D1 receptor internalization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92, 10157-10161.
59. Ng, G.Y.K., O'Dowd, B.F., Lee, S.P., Chung, H.T., Brann, M.R., Seeman, P., George, S.R., 1996. Dopamine D2 receptor dimers and receptor-blocking peptides. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com. 227, 200-204.
60. Ng, G.Y.K., Varghese, G., Chung, H.T., Trogadis, J., Seeman, P., O'Dowd, B.F., George, S.R., 1997. Resistance of the dopamine D2(L) receptor to desensitization accompanies the up-regulation of receptors on to the surface of Sf9 cells. Endocrinology 138, 4199-4206.
61. Nimchinsky, E.A., Hof, P.R., Janssen, W.G.M., Morrison, J.H., Schmauss, C., 1997. Expression of dopamine D-3 receptor dimers and tetramers in brain and in transfected cells. J Biol Chem 272, 29229-29237.
62. Nothen, M.M., Cichon, S., Hemmer, S., Hebebrand, J., Remschmidt, H., Lehmkuhl, G., Poustka, F., Schmidt, M., Catalano, M., Fimmers, R., et al., 1994. Human dopamine D4 receptor gene: frequent occurrence of a null allele and observation of homozygosity. Hum Mol Genet. 3, 2207-2212.
63. Prou, D., Gu, W.J., Le Crom, S., Vincent, J.D., Salamero, J., Vernier, P., 2001. Intracellular retention of the two isoforms of the D(2) dopamine receptor promotes endoplasmic reticulum disruption. J Cell Sci 114, 3517-3527.
64. Rocheville, M., Lange, D.C., Kumar, U., Patel, S.C., Patel, R.C., Patel, Y.C., 2000. Receptors for dopamine and somatostatin: formation of hetero-oligomers with enhanced functional activity. Science 288, 154-157.
65. Scarselli, M., Novi, F., Schallmach, E., Lin, R., Baragli, A., Colzi, A., Griffon, N., Corsini, G.U., Sokoloff, P., Levenson, R., et al., 2001. D2/D3 dopamine receptor heterodimers exhibit unique functional properties. J Biol Chem 276, 30308-30314.
66. Schnell, S.A., You, S.Y., El Halawani, M.E., 1999. D1 and D2 dopamine receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in brain and pituitary during the reproductive cycle of the turkey hen. Biol Reprod 60, 1378-1383.
67. Seabrook, G.R., Knowles, M., Brown, N., Myers, J., Sinclair, H., Patel, S., Freedman, S.B., McAllister, G., 1994. Pharmacology of high-threshold calcium currents in GH4C1 pituitary cells and their regulation by activation of human D2 and D4 dopamine receptors. Br J Pharmacol 112, 728-734.
68. Seeman, P., Van Tol, H.H., 1994. Dopamine receptor pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 15, 264-270.
69. Senogles, S.E., 1994. The D2 dopamine receptor isoforms signal through distinct Gi alpha proteins to inhibit adenylyl cyclase. A study with site-directed mutant Gi alpha proteins. J Biol Chem 269, 23120-23127.
70. Sibley, D.R., 1999. New insights into dopaminergic receptor function using antisense and genetically altered animals. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 39, 313-341.
71. Sidhu, A., 1998. Coupling of D1 and D5 dopamine receptors to multiple G proteins: Implications for understanding the diversity in receptor-G protein coupling. Mol Neurobiol 16, 125-134.
72. Sidhu, A., Niznik, H.B., 2000. Coupling of dopamine receptor subtypes to multiple and diverse G proteins. Int J Dev Neurosci 18, 669-677.
73. Smiley, J.F., Levey, A.I., Ciliax, B.J., Goldman-Rakic, P.S., 1994. D1 dopamine receptor immunoreactivity in human and monkey cerebral cortex: predominant and extrasynaptic localization in dendritic spines. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 5720-5724.
74. Smith, F.D., Oxford, G.S., Milgram, S.L., 1999. Association of the D2 dopamine receptor third cytoplasmic loop with spinophilin, a protein phosphatase-1-interacting protein. J Biol Chem 274, 19894-19900.
75. Sokoloff, P., Schwartz, J.C., 1995. Novel dopamine receptors half a decade later [see comments]. Trends Pharmacol Sci 16, 270-275.
76. Sokoloff, P., Griffon, N., Guillin, O., Pilon, C., Diaz, J., Schwartz, J.C., P., 2003. The dopamine D3 receptor in the pathophysiology and treatments of neuropsychiatric disorders. In: Sidhu, M.L.A., Vernier, P. (Eds.), Dopamine receptors and transporter. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 211-253.
77. 2 receptor on cultured cells. J. Neurochem. 65, 569-577.
78. Strange, P.G., 1993. New insights into dopamine receptors in the central nervous system. Neurochem Int 22, 223-236.
79. 1C dopamine receptors from Xenopus laevis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91, 10536-10540.
80. Sugamori, K.S., Scheideler, M.A., Vernier, P., Niznik, H.B., 1998. Dopamine D1B receptor chimeras reveal modulation of partial agonist activity by carboxyl-terminal tail sequences. J Neurochem 71, 2593-2599.
81. Tiberi, M., Jarvie, K.R., Silvia, C., Falardeau, P., Gingrich, J.A., Godinot, N., Bertrand, L., Yang-Feng, T.L., Fremeau Jr, R.T., Caron, M.G., 1991. Cloning, molecular characterization, and chromosomal assignment of a gene encoding a second D1 dopamine receptor subtype: differential expression pattern in rat brain compared with the D1A receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88, 7491-7495.
82. Tiberi, M., Caron, M.G., 1994. High agonist-independent activity is a distinguishing feature of the dopamine D1B receptor subtype. J Biol Chem 269, 27925-27931.
83. Tiberi, M., Nash, S.R., Bertrand, L., Lefkovitz, R.J., Caron, M.G., 1996. Differential regulation of dopamine D1A receptor responsiveness by various G protein-couped receptor kinases. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 3771-3778.
84. Trogadis, J.E., Ng, G.Y., O'Dowd, B.F., George, S.R., Stevens, J.K., 1995. Dopamine D1 receptor distribution in Sf9 cells imaged by confocal microscopy: a quantitative evaluation. J Histochem Cytochem 43, 497-506.
85. Vallar, L., Muca, C., Magni, M., Albert, P., Bunzow, J., Meldolesi, J., Civelli, O., 1990. Differential coupling of dopaminergic D2 receptors expressed in different cell types. Stimulation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis in LtK-fibroblasts, hyperpolarization, and cytosolic-free Ca2+ concentration decrease in GH4C1 cells. J Biol Chem 265, 10320-10326.
86. Vernier, P., Cardinaud, B., Valdenaire, O., Philippe, H., Vincent, J.D., 1995. An evolutionary view of drug-receptor interaction: the bioamine receptor family. Trends Pharmacol Sci 16, 375-381.
87. Vickery, R.G., von Zastrow, M., 1999. Distinct dynamin-dependent and -independent mechanisms target structurally homologous dopamine receptors to different endocytic membranes. J Cell Biol 144, 31-43.
88. Wurch, T., Matsumoto, A., Pauwels, P.J., 2001. Agonist-independent and -dependent oligomerization of dopamine D(2) receptors by fusion to fluorescent proteins. FEBS Lett 507, 109-113.
89. Yung, K.K., Bolam, J.P., Smith, A.D., Hersch, S.M., Ciliax, B.J., Levey, A.I., 1995. Immunocytochemical localization of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia of the rat: light and electron microscopy. Neuroscience 65, 709-730.
90. Zawarynski, P., Tallerico, T., Seeman, P., Lee, S.P., O'Dowd, B.F., George, S.R., 1998. Dopamine D2 receptor dimers in human and rat brain. FEBS Lett 441, 383-386.
91. Zhang, L.J., Lachowicz, J.E., Sibley, D.R., 1994. The D2S and D2L dopamine receptor isoforms are differentially regulated in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Molecular Pharmacology 45, 878-889.
92. 1 receptor: Evidence for involvement of both cyclic AMP-dependent and receptor-specific kinases. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2, 264-272.