Advances in gene targeting methods

Current Opinion in Immunology

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 183-188

  Kühn, Ralf ^a   Schwenk, Frieder ^a  

^a Institute for Genetics   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DNA RECOMBINATION; EMBRYO; EMBRYO CELL; GENE TARGETING; MOUSE; MOUSE MUTANT; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; STEM CELL; TRANSGENIC MOUSE;

EID: 0343035756     PISSN: 09527915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0952-7915(97)80133-1     Document Type: Review

References (42)

1. Brandon EP, Idzerda RL, McKnight GS. Targeting the mouse genome: a compendium of knockouts. Curr Biol. 5:1995;625-634.
2. Thomas KR, Deng C, Capecchi MR. Site-directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells. Cell. 51:1987;5128-5132.
3. Kilby NJ, Snaith MR, Murray JA. Site-specific recombinases: tools for genome engineering. Trends Genet. 9:1993;413-421.
4. Buchholz F, Ringrose L, Angrand PO, Rossi F, Stewart AF. Different thermostabilities of FLP and Cre recombinases: Implications for applied site specific recombination. of special interest Nucleic Acids Res. 24:1996;4256-4262 Differential thermostability of the yeast-derived FLP and the bacteriophage-derived Cre recombinases (optimum temperatures at 30°C and 37°C, respectively) and the occurrence of a mutation in a widespread FLP coding vector which increases thermolability might explain the inefficiency of the FLP/FRT recombination system in mammalian cells.
5. Albert H, Dale EC, Lee E, Ow DW. Site-specific integration of DNA into wild-type and mutant lox sites placed in the plant genome. of special interest Plant J. 7:1995;649-659 Mutant lox sites, recombined into a wild-type and a double mutant site which are less efficiently recognised by Cre than the substrate sites, increase the efficiency of site-specific integration of a lox-containing plasmid into the plant genome. The mutant lox sites should prove useful to bias Cre-mediated integration, inversion and translocation in ES cells and mice.
6. Xu Y, Davidson L, Alt FW, Baltimore D. Deletion of the Igk light chain intronic enhancer/matrix attachement region impairs but does not abolish VkJk rearrangement. Immunity. 4:1996;377-385.
7. Pham CTN, MacIvor DM, Hug BA, Heusel JW, Ley TJ. Long-range disruption of gene expression by a selectable marker cassette. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;13090-13095.
8. Torres RM, Flaswinkel H, Reth M, Rajewsky K. Aberrant B cell development and immune response in mice with a compromised B cell antigen receptor. Science. 272:1996;1804-1808.
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14. Li ZW, Stark G, Götz J, Rülicke T, Müller U, Weissmann C. Generation of mice with a 200-kb amyloid presursor protein gene deletion by Cre recombinase-mediated site-specific recombination in embryonic stem cells. of special interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;6158-6162 To delete large genes or gene clusters, two loxP sites can be placed in the same orientation on one chromosome using two gene targeting vectors in succession.
15. Ramirez-Solis R, Liu P, Bradley A. Chromosome engineering in mice. of outstanding interest Nature. 378:1995;720-724 Establishes that the Cre-loxP system can be employed to produce chromosomal deletions of several cM and introduces a novel approach to screen for recessive mutations in the mouse genome.
16. Smith AJH, De Sousa MA, Kwabi-Addo B, Heppell-Parton A, Impey H, Rabbitts P. A site-directed chromosomal translocation induced in embryonic stem cells by Cre-lox recombination. Nat Genet. 9:1995;376-385.
17. Van Deursen J, Fornerod M, Van Rees B, Grosveld G. Cre-mediated site-specific translocation between nonhomologous mouse chromosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1996;7376-7380.
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19. Wang Y, Krushel LA, Edelman GM. Targeted DNA recombination in vivo using an adenovirus carrying the cre recombinase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;3932-3936.
20. Buchholz F, Angrand PO, Stewart FA. A simple assay to determine the functionality of Cre or FLP recombination targets in genomic manipulation constructs. Nucleic Acids Res. 24:1996;3118-3119.
21. Schwenk F, Baron U, Rajewsky K. A cre-transgenic mouse strain for the ubiquitous deletion of loxP-flanked gene segments including deletion in germ cells. of special interest Nucleic Acids Res. 23:1996;5080-5081 See annotation [22].
22. Lakso M, Alt F, Westphal H. Efficient in vivo manipulation of mouse genomic sequences at the zygotic stage. of special interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;5860-5865 These two references [21,22] describe cre-transgenic strains which mediate deletion of loxP-flanked genes in all tissues, including germ cells. These strains are useful to derive deletion mutants from mice carrying a loxP-flanked target in their genome.
23. Gu H, Marth JD, Orban PC, Mossmann H, Rajewsky K. Deletion of a DNA polymerase beta gene segment in T cells using cell type specific gene targeting. Science. 265:1994;103-106.
24. DiSanto JP, Müller W, Guy-Grand D, Fischer A, Rajewsky K. Lymphoid development in mice with a targeted deletion of the interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;377-381.
25. Hennet T, Hagen FK, Tabak LA, Marth JD. T-cell-specific deletion of a polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase gene by site-directed recombination. of special interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;12070-12074 An improved T cell-specific deleter strain expressing Cre under the control of the proximal lck promoter. In these mice, complete deletion of a loxP-flanked gene segment in thymocytes is achieved.
26. Torres R, Kühn R. Laboratory protocols for conditional gene targeting. 1997;Oxford University Press, Oxford. in press.
27. Kühn R, Schwenk F, Aguet M, Rajewsky K. Inducible gene targeting in mice. of special interest Science. 269:1995;1427-1429 The first demonstration of the feasibility of Cre/loxP-mediated inducible gene targeting in mice. The deletion of both copies of a loxP-flanked gene segment can be induced with high efficiency within a few days in organs composed mainly of resting cells.
28. Rickert RC, Roes J, Rajewsky K. B lymphocyte-specific, Cre-mediated mutagenesis in mice. of special interest Nucleic Acids Res. 1997; The properties of the CD19-Cre strain which has been generated by targeted insertion of the Cre gene into the CD19 locus. In these mice, the endogenous CD19 promoter confers Cre-expression and efficient deletion of a loxP-flanked target gene specifically in B cells.
29. Bronson SK, Plaehn EG, Kluckman KD, Hagaman JR, Maeda N, Smithies O. Single-copy transgenic mice with chosen-site integration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;9067-9072.
30. Jasin M, Moynahan ME, Richardson C. Targeted transgenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;8804-8808.
31. Araki K, Araki M, Miyazaki JI, Vassalli P. Site-specific recombination of a transgene in fertilized eggs by transient expression of Cre recombinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;160-164.
32. Hoess RH, Wierzbicki A, Abremsky K. The role of the loxP spacer region in P1 site-specific recombination. Nucleic Acids Res. 14:1986;2287-2300.
33. Betz UAK, Voßhenrich CAJ, Rajewsky K, Müller W. Bypass of lethality with mosaic mice generated by Cre-loxP-mediated recombination. of special interest Curr Biol. 6:1996;1307-1316 Describes a transgenic strain which mediates partial recombination of loxP-flanked genes in all tissues generating mosaic mutants in which competition of wild-type and mutant cells can be studied.
34. Gossen M, Freundlieb S, Bender G, Müller G, Hillen W, Bujard H. Transcriptional activation by tetracyclines in mammalian cells. of special interest Science. 268:1995;1766-1769 The above reference describes the properties of a reversed tetracycline-regulated transactivator. This system seems to be attractive to control Cre expression in a cell type-specific and inducible manner in mice since tetracycline is administered to activate expression instead of repressing it.
35. No D, Yao TP, Evans RM. Ecdysone-inducible gene expression in mammalian cells and transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;3346-3351.
36. Furth PA, St Onge L, Böger H, Gruss P, Gossen M, Kistner A, Bujard H, Henninghausen L. Temporal control of gene expression in transgenic mice by a tetracycline-responsive promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91:1996;9302-9306.
37. Kistner A, Gossen M, Zimmermann F, Jerecic J, Ullmer C, Lübbert H, Bujard H. Doxycycline-mediated quantitative and tissue-specific control of gene expression in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;10933-10938.
38. Schultze N, Burki Y, Lang Y, Certa U, Bluethmann H. Efficient control of gene expression by single step integration of the tetracycline system in transgenic mice. Nat Biotechnol. 14:1996;499-503.
39. Logie C, Stewart F. Ligand-regulated site-specific recombination. of special interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;5940-5944 This work demonstrates that the ligand binding domain of steroid receptors confer hormone dependent regulation of a site-specific recombinase (FLP) when fused to each other.
40. Zhang Y, Riesterer C, Ayrall AM, Sablitzky F, Littlewood TD, Reth M. Inducible site-directed recombination in mouse embryonic stem cells. of special interest Nucleic Acids Res. 24:1996;543-548 The first demonstration that the activity of Cre can be tightly regulated by synthetic antiestrogens, but not by estradiol, when fused to one or two mutant ligand binding domains of the mouse estrogen receptor.
41. Feil R, Brocard J, Mascrez B, LeMeur M, Metzger D, Chambon P. Ligand-activated site-specific recombination in mice. of special interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;10887-10890 A cre-transgenic strain demonstrating that the G521R mutant ligand binding domain of the human estrogen receptor is able to control the activity of Cre recombinase in response to antiestrogen and does not react to natural steroids in the mouse.
42. Kellendonk C, Tronche F, Monaghan AP, Angrand PO, Steward F, Schütz G. Regulation of Cre recombinase activity by the synthetic steroid RU 486. of special interest Nucleic Acids Res. 24:1996;1404-1411 A thorough testing of several fusions between Cre and the ligand binding domain of a mutant human progesteron receptor. Demonstrates that the synthetic steroid RU486 can efficiently induce Cre-mediated recombination in mammalian cell lines.