Glucokinase (GCK) Mutations in Hyper- and Hypoglycemia: Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young, Permanent Neonatal Diabetes, and Hyperinsulinemia of Infancy

Human Mutation

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 353-362

  Gloyn, Anna L ^a  

^a PENINSULA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

GCK; Glucokinase; HI; Hyperinsulinemia of infancy; Maturity onset diabetes of the young; MODY; Permanent neonatal diabetes; PNDM

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE MAGNESIUM; AMINO ACID; CYTOSINE DERIVATIVE; DINUCLEOTIDE; GLUCOKINASE; GLUCOSE; GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE; GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE; HEXOKINASE; INSULIN; NUCLEOTIDE;

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; DIABETES MELLITUS; GENE; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERINSULINEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RELEASE; MATURITY ONSET DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PANCREAS RESECTION; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SINGLE STRAND CONFORMATION POLYMORPHISM;

DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; GLUCOKINASE; GLUCOSE METABOLISM DISORDERS; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERINSULINISM; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MUTATION; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC;

EID: 0242384237     PISSN: 10597794     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/humu.10277     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Bali D, Svetlanov A, Lee HW, Fusco-DeMane D, Leiser M, Li B, Barzilai N, Surana M, Hou H, Fleischer N, DePinho R, Rossetti L, Efrat S. 1995. Animal model for maturity-onset diabetes of the young generated by disruption of the mouse glucokinase gene. J Biol Chem 270:21464-21467.
2. Barrio R, Bellanne-Chantelot C, Moreno JC, Morel V, Calle H, Alonso M, Mustieles C. 2002. Nine novel mutations in maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) candidate genes in 22 Spanish families. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2532-2539.
3. Bell G, Cuesta-Munoz A, Matschinsky E 2002. Glucokinase. In: Wiley Encyclopedia of Molecular Medicine. New York: John Wiley and Sons. p 1437-1441.
4. Bellane-Chantelot C, Iafusco D, Blanche H, Puca MR, Clauin S, Morel V, Le Gall I, Thomas G, Prisco F. 1998. Screening for mutations in the glucokinase (MODY2/GCK) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-a (MODY3/HNF-1a) genes in south Italian families [Abstract]. Diabetologia 41(Suppl 1):A109, 423.
5. Bertini C, Maioli M, Fresu P, Tonolo G, Pirastu M. 1996. A new missense mutation in the glucokinase gene in an Italian MODY family. Diabetologia 39:1413-1414.
6. Boutin P, Vasseur F, Samson C, Wahl C, Froguel P. 2001. Routine mutation screening of HNF-1alpha and GCK genes in MODY diagnosis: how effective are the techniques of DHPLC and direct sequencing used in combination? Diabetologia 44: 775-778.
7. Burke CV, Buettger CW, Davis EA, McClane SJ, Matschinsky FM, Raper SE. 1999. Cell-biological assessment of human glucokinase mutants causing maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 (MODY-2) or glucokinase-linked hyperinsulinaemia (GK-HI). Biochem J 342:345-352.
8. Cao H, Shorey S, Robinson J, Metzger DL, Stewart L, Cummings E, Hegele RA. 2002. GCK and HNF1A mutations in Canadian families with maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY). Hum Mutat 20:478-479.
9. Chiu KC, Tanizawa Y, Permutt MA. 1993. Glucokinase gene variants in the common form of NIDDM. Diabetes 42:579-582.
10. Christesen HB, Jacobsen BB, Odili S, Buettger C, Cuesta-Munoz A, Hansen T, Brusgaard K, Massa O, Magnuson MA, Shiota C, Matschinsky FM, Barbetti F. 2002. The second activating glucokinase mutation (A456V): implications for glucose homeostasis and diabetes therapy. Diabetes 51:1240-1246.
11. Cooper D, Krawczak M, Antonarakis S. 1995. The nature and mechanism of human gene mutations. In: Scrivner CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D, editors. The metabolic and molecular basis of inherited disease. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp 259-291.
12. Costa A, Bescos M, Velho G, Chevre JC, Vidal J, Sesmilo G, Bellane-Chantelot C, Froguel P, Casamitjana R, Fivera-Fillat F, Gomis R, Conget I. 2000. Genetic and clinical characterisation of maturity-onset diabetes of the young in Spanish families. Eur J Endocrinol 142:380-386.
13. Cuesta A, Huopio H, Gomez J, Garcia A, Sanz P, Soriguer, Laakso M. 2003. Severe hyperinsulinism unresponsive to pharmacological and surgical treatment due to a "de novo" glucokinase mutation. Diabetes 52(Suppl 1):A249.
14. Davis EA, Cuesta-Munoz A, Raoul M, Buettger C, Sweet I, Moates M, Magnuson MA, Matschinsky FM. 1999. Mutants of glucokinase cause hypoglycaemia-and hyperglycaemia syndromes and their analysis illuminates fundamental quantitative concepts of glucose homeostasis. Diabetologia 42:1175-1186.
15. Desai UJ, Slosberg ED, Boettcher BR, Caplan SL, Fanelli B, Stephan Z, Gunther VJ, Kaleko M, Connelly S. 2001. Phenotypic correction of diabetic mice by adenovirus-mediated glucokinase expression. Diabetes 50:2287-2295.
16. Dussoix P, Vaxillaire M, Iynedjian PB, Tiercy JM, Ruiz J, Spinas GA, Berger W, Zahnd G, Froguel P, Philippe J. 1997. Diagnostic heterogeneity of diabetes in lean young adults: classification based on immunological and genetic parameters. Diabetes 46:622-631.
17. Ellard S, Beards F, Allen LIS, Shepherd M, Ballantyne E, Harvey R, Hattersley AT. 2000. A high prevalence of glucokinase mutations in gestational diabetic subjects selected by clinical criteria. Diabetologia 43:250-253.
18. Ferre T, Pujol A, Riu E, Bosch F, Valera A. 1996. Correction of diabetic alterations by glucokinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:7225-7230.
19. Frayling TM, Evan JC, Bulman MP, Pearson E, Allen L, Owen K, Bingham C, Hannemann M, Shepherd M, Ellard S, Hattersley AT. 2001. B-cell genes and diabetes: molecular and clinical characterisation of mutations in transcription factors. Diabetes 50(Suppl 1):S94-S100.
20. Froguel P, Velho G, Cohen D, Passa P. 1991. Strategies for the collection of sib-pair data for genetic studies in type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus [Letter]. Diabetologia 34:685.
21. Froguel P, Vaxillaire M, Sun F, Velho G, Zouali H, Butel MO, Lesage S, Vionnet N, Clement K, Fougerousse F, Tanizawa Y, Weissenbach J, Beckmann JS, Lathrop GM, Passa P, Permutt MA, Cohen D. 1992. Close linkage of glucokinase locus on chromosome 7p to early-onset non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nature 356:162-164.
22. Froguel P, Zouali H, Vionnet N, Velho G, Vaxillaire M, Sun F, Lesage S, Stoffel M, Takeda J, Passa P, Permutt MA, Beckman JS, Bell GI, Cohen D. 1993. Familial hyperglycemia due to mutations in glucokinase. Definition of a subtype of diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 328:697-702.
23. Gidh-Jain M, Takeda J, Xu LZ, Lange AJ, Vionnet N, Stoffel M, Froguel P, Velho G, Sun F, Cohen D, Patel P, Lo YMD, Hattersley AT, Luthman H, Wedili A, St-Charles R, Harrison RW, Weber IT, Bell GI, Pilkis S. 1993. Glucokinase mutations associated with non-insulin dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus have decreased enzymatic activity: implications for structure/function relationships. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 90:1932-1936.
24. Glaser B, Kesavan P, Haymen M, Davies E, Cuesta A, Buchs A, Stanley CA, Thornton PS, Permutt MA, Matschinsky FM, Herold KC. 1998. Familial hyperinsulinism caused by an activating glucokinase mutation. N Engl J Med 338:226-230.
25. Glaser B, Thornton PS, Otonkoski T, Junien C. 2000. The genetics of neonatal hyperinsulinism. Arch Dis Child 82:79-86.
26. Gloyn AL, Ellard S, Shield JP, Temple IK, Mackay DJ, Polak M, Barrett T, Hattersley AT. 2002. Complete glucokinase deficiency is not a common cause of permanent neonatal diabetes. Diabetologia 45:290.
27. Gloyn AL, Noordam K, Willemsen M, Ellard S, Lam W, Campbell I, Midgley P, Shiota C, Buettger C, Magnuson MA, Matschinsky FM, Hattersley AT. 2003. Insights into the biochemical and genetic basis of glucokinase activation from naturally occuring hypoglycaemia mutations. Diabetes 52:2433-2440.
28. Gragnoli C, Cockburn BN, Chiaramonte F, Gorini A, Marietti G, Marozzi G, Signorini AM. 2001. Early-onset Type II diabetes mellitus in Italian families due to mutations in the genes encoding hepatic nuclear factor 1 alpha and glucokinase. Diabetologia 44:1326-1329.
29. Guazzarotti L, Fumelli P, Testa I, Pecora R, Panicari F, Bellanne-Chantelot C, Bartolotta E. 2001. Diagnosis of MODY in the offspring of parents with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 14(Suppl 1):611-617.
30. Guazzini B, Gaffi D, Mainieri D, Multari G, Cordera R, Bertolini S, Pozza G, Meschi F, Barbetti F. 1998. Three novel missense mutations in the glucokinase gene (G80S; E221K; G227C) in Italian subjects with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). Mutation in Brief #162. Online. Hum Mutat 12:136.
31. Hager J, Blanche H, Sun F, Vaxillaire NV, Poller W, Cohen D, Czernichow P, Velho G, Robert JJ, Cohen D, Czernichow P, Velho G, Robert JJ, Cohen N, Froguel P. 1994. Six mutations in the glucokinase gene identified in MODY by using a nonradioactive sensitive screening technique. Diabetes 43:730-733.
32. Hattersley AT, Turner RC, Permutt MA, Patel P, Tanizawa Y, Chiu KC, O'Rahilly S, Watkins PJ, Wainscoat JS. 1992. Linkage of type 2 diabetes to the glucokinase gene. Lancet 339: 1307-1310.
33. Hattersley AT, Beards F, Ballantyne E, Appleton M, Harvey R, Ellard S. 1998. Mutations in the glucokinase gene of the fetus result in reduced birth weight. Nat Genet 19:268-270.
34. Huopio H, Otonkoski T, Vauhkonen I, Reimann F, Ashcroft F, Laakso M. 2003. A new subtype of autosomal dominant diabetes attributable to a mutation in the gene for the sulphonylurea receptor 1. Lancet 361:301-307.
35. Jackerott M, Baudry A, Bucchini D, Jami J, Joshi RL. 2002. Improved metabolic disorders of insulin receptor-deficient mice by transgenic overexpression of glucokinase in the liver. Diabetologia 45:1292-1297.
36. Katagiri H, Asano T, Ishihara H, Inukai K, Anai M, Miyazaki J, Tsukuda K, Kikuchi M, Yazaki Y, Oka Y. 1992. Nonsense mutation of glucokinase gene in late-onset non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet 340(8831):1316-1317.
37. Kesavan P, Wang L, Davis E, Cuesta A, Sweet I, Niswender K, Magnuson MA, Matschinsky FM. 1997. Structural instability of mutant beta-cell glucokinase: implications for the molecular pathogenesis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (type-2). Biochem J 322:57-63.
38. Kousta E, Ellard S, Allen LI, Saker PJ, Huxtable SJ, Hattersley AT, McCarthy MI. 2001. Glucokinase mutations in a phenotypically selected multiethnic group of women with a history of gestational diabetes. Diabet Med 18:683-684.
39. Lehto M, Wipemo C, Ivarsson S-A, Lindgren C, Lipsanen-Nyman M, Weng J, Wibell L, Widen E, Tuomi T, Groop L. 1999. High frequency of mutations in MODY and mitochondrial genes in Scandinavian patients with familial early-onset diabetes. Diabetologia 42:1131-1137.
40. Liang Y, Najafi H, Smith RM, Zimmerman EC, Magnuson MA, Tal M, Matschinsky FM. 1992. Concordant glucose induction of glucokinase, glucose usage, and glucose-stimulated insulin release in pancreatic islets maintained in organ culture. Diabetes 41:792-806.
41. Liang Y, Kesavan P, Wang LQ, Niswender K, Tanizawa Y, Permutt MA, Magnuson MA, Matschinsky FM. 1995. Variable effects of maturity-onset-diabetes-of-youth (MODY)-associated glucokinase mutations on substrate interactions and stability of the enzyme. Biochem J 309:167-173.
42. Lynedjian PB. 1993 Mammalian glucokinase and its gene. Biochem J 293:1-13.
43. Magnuson MA. 1990. Glucokinase gene structure: functional implications of molecular genetic studies. Diabetes 39:523-527.
44. Mahalingam B, Cuesta-Munoz A, Davis EA, Matschinsky FM, Harrison RW, Weber IT. 1999. Structural model of human glucokinase in complex with glucose and ATP: implications for the mutants that cause hypo- and hyperglycemia. Diabetes 48:1698-1705.
45. Mantovani V, Salardi S, Cerreta V, Bastia D, Cenci M, Ragni L, Zucchini S, Parente R, Cicognani A. 2003. Identification of eight novel glucokinase mutations in Italian children with maturity-onset diabetes of the young. Hum Mutat 22:338.
46. Massa O, Meschi F, Cuesta-Munoz A, Caumo A, Cerutti F, Toni S, Cherubini V, Guazzarotti L, Sulli N, Matschinsky FM, Lorini R, Iafusco D, Barbetti F. 2001. High prevalence of glucokinase mutations in Italian children with MODY. Influence on glucose tolerance, first-phase insulin response, insulin sensitivity and BMI. Diabetes Study Group of the Italian Society of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (SIEDP). Diabetologia 44:898-905.
47. Matschinsky FM. 2002. Regulation of pancreatic beta-cell glucokinase: from basics to therapeutics. Diabetes 51 (Suppl 3):S394-S404.
48. Miller SP, Anand GR, Karschnia EJ, Bell GI, LaPorte DC, Lange AJ. 1999. Characterization of glucokinase mutations associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 (MODY-2): different glucokinase defects lead to a common phenotype. Diabetes 48:1645-1651.
49. Moises RS, Reis AF, Morel V, Chacra AR, Dib SA, Bellanne-Chantelot C, Velho G. 2001. Prevalence of maturity-onset diabetes of the young mutations in Brazilian families with autosomal-dominant early-onset type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 24:786-788.
50. Nakamura M, House DV, Winter WE. 1996. Novel mutations in the glucokinase (GCK) genes of a patient with atypical diabetes mellitus (ADM) of African Americans. Diabetes 45 (Suppl 2):77A.
51. Nam JH, Lee HC, Kim YH, Cha BS, Song YD, Lim SK, Kim KR, Huh KB. 2000. Identification of glucokinase mutation in subjects with post-renal transplantation diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 50:169-176.
52. Ng MC, Cockburn BN, Lindner TH, Yeung VT, Chow CC, So WY, Li JK, Lo YM, Lee ZS, Cockram CS, Critchley JA, Bell GI, Chan JC. 1999. Molecular genetics of diabetes mellitus in Chinese subjects: identification of mutations in glucokinase and hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha genes in patients with early-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus/MODY. Diabet Med 16:956-963.
53. Ng MC, Lee SC, Ko GT, Li JK, So WY, Hashim Y, Barnett AH, Mackay IR, Critchley JA, Cockram CS, Chan JC. 2001. Familial early-onset type 2 diabetes in Chinese patients: obesity and genetics have more significant roles than autoimmunity. Diabetes Care 24:663-671.
54. Niswender KD, Shiota M, Postic C, Cherrington AD, Magnuson MA. 1997. Effects of increased glucokinase gene copy number on glucose homeostasis and hepatic glucose metabolism. J Biol Chem 272:22570-22575.
55. Njolstad PR, Cockburn BN, Bell GI, Sovik O. 1998. A missense mutation, Val62Ala, in the glucokinase gene in a Norwegian family with maturity-onset diabetes of the young. Acta Paediatr 878:853-856.
56. Njolstad P, Sovik O, Cuesta-Munoz A, Bjorkhaug L, Massa O, Barbetti F, Undlien D, Shiota C, Magnuson M, Molven A, Matschinsky F, Bell G. 2001. Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus due to glucokinase deficiency: an inborn error of the glucose/insulin signaling pathway. N Engl J Med 344:1588-1592.
57. O'Doherty RM, Lehman DL, Telemaque-Potts S, Newgard CB. 1999. Metabolic impact of glucokinase overexpression in liver: lowering of blood glucose in fed rats is accompanied by hyperlipidemia. Diabetes 48:2022-2027.
58. Postic C, Shiota M, Niswender KD, Jetton TL, Chen Y, Moates JM, Shelton KD, Lindner J, Cherrington AD, Magnuson MA. 1999. Dual roles for glucokinase in glucose homeostasis as determined by liver and pancreatic beta cell-specific gene knock-outs using Cre recombinase. J Biol Chem 274:305-315.
59. Pruhova S, Ek J, Lebl J, Sumnik Z, Saudek F, Andel M, Pederson O, Hansen T. 2003. Genetic epidemiology of MODY in the Czech republic: new mutations in the MODY genes HNF-4a, GCK and HNF-1a. Diabetologia 46:291-295.
60. Saker PJ, Hattersley AT, Barrow B, Hammersley MS, McLellan J-A, Lo Y-MD, Olds RJ, Gillmer MD, Holman RR, Turner RC. 1996. High prevalence of a missense mutation of the glucokinase gene in gestational diabetic patients due to a founder-effect in a local population. Diabetologia 39:1325-1328.
61. Sakura H, Eto K, Kadowaki H, Simokawa K, Ueno H, Koda N, Fukushima Y, Akanuma Y, Yazaki Y, Kadowaki T. 1992. Structure of the human glucokinase gene and identification of a missense mutation in a Japanese patient with early-onset non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:1571-1573.
62. Shield JPH. 1996. Neonatal diabetes. In: Shield JPH, Baum JD, editors. Childhood Diabetes. London: Bailliere Tindall, vol 4, p 681-740.
63. Shimada F, Makino H, Hashimoto N, Taira M, Seino S, Bell GI, Kanatsuka A, Yoshida S. 1993. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus associated with a mutation of the glucokinase gene in a Japanese family. Diabetologia 36:433-437.
64. Spyer G, Hattersley AT, Mitchell K, Ayres S, Amiel S, Macleod K. 2000. Is glucokinase the hypothalamic glucose sensor? Diabet Med 17(Suppl 1):A77.
65. St. Charles R, Harrison RW, Bell GI, Pilkis SJ, Weber IT. 1994. Molecular model of human beta-cell glucokinase built by analogy to the crystal structure of yeast hexokinase B. Diabetes 43:784-791.
66. Stoffel M, Froguel P, Takeda J, Zouali H, Vionnet N, Nishi S, Weber IT, Harrison RW, Pilkis SJ, Lesage S, Vaxillaire M, Velho G, Sun F, Iris F, Passa P, Cohen D, Bell GI. 1992a. Human glucokinase gene: isolation, characterization, and identification of two missense mutations linked to early-onset non-insulin-dependent. In: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:7698-7702.
67. Stoffel M, Patel P, Lo YM, Hattersley AT, Lucassen AM, Page R, Bell JI, Bell GI, Turner RC, Wainscoat JS. 1992b. Missense glucokinase mutation in maturity-onset diabetes of the young and mutation screening in late-onset diabetes. Nat Genet 2:153-156.
68. Stoffel M, Bell K, Blackburn C. 1993. Identification of glucokinase mutations in subjects with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 42:937-940.
69. Stride A, Vaxillaire M, Tuomi T, Barbetti F, Njolstad PR, Hansen T, Costa A, Conget I, Pedersen O, Sovik O, Lorini R, Groop L, Froguel P, Hattersley AT. 2002. The genetic abnormality in the beta cell determines the response to an oral glucose load. Diabetologia 45:427-435.
70. Takeda J, Gidah-Jain M, Xu LZ, Froguel P, Velho G, Vaxillaire M, Cohen D, Shimada F, Hideichi M, Nishi S, Stoffel M, Vionnet N, Charles RS, Harrison RW, Weber IT, Bell GI, Pilkis SJ. 1993. Structure/function studies of human glucokinase: enzymatic properties of sequence polymorphism, mutations associated with diabetes and other site-directed mutants. J Biol Chem 268:15200-15204.
71. Thomson K, Gloyn AL, Collcough K, Batten M, Allen L, Beard F, Hattersley AT, Ellard S. 2003. Novel mutations in the glucokinase gene in UK subjects with Maturity-onset diabetes of the young, subtype GCK. Hum Mutat 22:422.
72. Vaxillaire M, Samson C, Cave H, Metz C, Froguel P, Polak M. 2002. Glucokinase gene mutations are not a common cause of permanent neonatal diabetes in France. Diabetologia 45: 454-455.
73. Velho G, Peterson KF, Perseghin G, Hwang J-H, Rothman DL, Pueyo ME, Cline GW, Froguel P, Shulman GI. 1996. Impaired hepatic glycogen synthesis in glucokinase-deficient (MODY 2) subjects. J Clin Invest 98:1755-1761.
74. Velho G, Blanche H, Vaxillaire M, Bellanne-Chantelot C, Pardini VC, Timsit J, Passa P, Robert JJ, Weber IT, Marotta D, Pilkis SJ, Lipkind GM, Bell GI, Froguel P. 1997. Identification of 14 new glucokinase mutations and description of the clinical profile of 42 MODY-2 families. Diabetologia 40:217-224.
75. Vionnet N, Stoffel M, Takeda J, Yasuda K, Bell GI, Zouali H, Lesage S, Velho G, Iris F, Passa P, Froguel P, Cohen D. 1992. Nonsense mutation in the glucokinase gene causes early-onset non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nature 356:721-722.
76. Weedon MN, Shield B, Knight BA, Metcalf BS, Voss LD, Wilkin T, Frayling TM, Hattersley AT. 2003. A common variant in the glucokinase beta-cell gene promoter increases fasting glucose levels and is associated with altered birth weight. Diabet Med 20 (Suppl 2):12, A44.
77. Ziemssen F, Bellanne-Chantelot C, Osterhoff M, Schatz H, Pfeiffer AF. 2002. To: Lindner T, Cockburn BN, Bell GI. (1999). Molecular genetics of MODY in Germany. Diabetologia 42: 121-123 [comment and author reply]. Diabetologia 45: 286-288.
78. Ziemssen F, Bellanne-Chantelot C, Osterhoff M, Schatz H, Pfeiffer AF. 2002. To: Lindner T, Cockburn BN, Bell GI. (1999). Molecular genetics of MODY in Germany. Diabetologia 42: 121-123 [comment and author reply]. Diabetologia 45: 286-288.
79. Zouali H, Vaxillaire M, Lesage S, Sun F, Velho G, Vionnet N, Chiu K, Passa P, Permutt A, Demenais F, Cohen D, Beckmann JS, Froguel P. 1993. Linkage analysis and molecular scanning of glucokinase gene in NIDDM families. Diabetes 42:1238-1245.