Dual ACE and Neutral Endopeptidase Inhibitors: Novel Therapy for Patients with Cardiovascular Disorders

Drugs

Volumn 63, Issue 20, 2003, Pages 2185-2202

  Tabrizchi, Reza ^a  

^a MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

7 (2 ACETYLTHIO 3 PHENYLPROPIONAMIDO) 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,12B OCTAHYDRO 6 OXOPYRIDO[2,1 A][2]BENZAZEPINE 4 CARBOXYLIC ACID; ANGIOTENSIN; ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BP 1137; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; CAPTOPRIL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENKEPHALINASE INHIBITOR; FASIDOTRILAT; GEMOPATRILAT; LISINOPRIL; N (2 MERCAPTOMETHYL 3 PHENYLBUTYRYL)ALANINE; NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE TYPE C; OMAPATRILAT; SAMPATRILAT; UK 81252; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; Z 13752A;

ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA; ARTHROPATHY; BLOOD VESSEL TONE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; COUGHING; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIARRHEA; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DYSPNEA; FLUID BALANCE; FLUSHING; HEADACHE; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL; PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RASH; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; VERTIGO;

ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; ANIMALS; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES; NEPRILYSIN; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM;

EID: 0142042450     PISSN: 00126667     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200363200-00003     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Kannel WB, Dawber TR, McGee DL. Perspective on systolic hypertension: the Framingham Study. Circulation 1980; 61: 1179-82
2. Sagie A, Larson MG, Levy D. The natural history of borderline isolated systolic hypertension. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1912-7
3. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension: final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA 1991; 265: 3255-64
4. Launer LJ, Masaki K, Petrovitch H, et al. The association between mid life blood pressure levels and late-life cognitive function. JAMA 1995; 274: 1846-51
5. Pearson TA, Blair SN, Daniels SR, et al. AHA Guidelines for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke: 2002 update: consensus panel guide to comprehensive risk reduction for adult patients without coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Circulation 2002; 106: 388-91
6. Materson BJ, Reda DJ, Cushman WC, et al. Single-drug therapy for hypertension in men: a comparison of six antihypertensive agents with placebo [published erratum appears in N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1689]. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 914-21
7. Moser M. Current recommendations for the treatment of hypertension: are they still valid? J Hypertens 2002; 20 Suppl. 1: S3-S10
8. Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P, et al. Randomised trial of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and beta-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet 2000; 356: 359-65
9. Brown MJ, Palmer CR, Castaigne A, et al. Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study: Intervention as a Goal in hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT). Lancet 2000; 356: 366-72
10. Niskanen L, Hedne T, Hansson L, et al. Reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive diabetic patients on first-line therapy with an ACE inhibitor compared with a diuretic/beta-blocker-based treatment regimen: a subanalysis of the Captopril Prevention Project. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 2091-6
11. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, et al. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1456-62
12. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 851-60
13. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, De Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 861-9
14. Parving H-H, Lehnert H, Bröchner-Mortensen J, et al. The effects of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 870-8
15. Epstein M. Recent landmark clinical trials: how do they modify the therapeutic paradigm? Am J Hypertens 2002; 15: 82S-4S
16. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS. BMJ 1998; 317: 703-13
17. Cody RJ. The clinical potential of renin inhibitors and angiotensin antagonists. Drugs 1994; 47: 586-98
18. Tschöpe C, Schultheiss H-P, Walther T. Multiple interactions between the renin-angiotensin and the kallikrein-kinin systems: role of ACE inhibition and AT1 receptor blockade. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2002; 39: 478-87
19. Cody RJ. The integrated effects of angiotensin II. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 9-11
20. Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L, et al. Effect of angiotensin- converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 611-6
21. Hansson L. Recent intervention trials in hypertension initiated in Sweden -HOT, CAPPP and others: Hypertension Optimal Treatment Study. Captopril Prevention Project. Clin Exp Hypertens 1999; 21: 507-15
22. Tatti P, Pahor M, Byington RP, et al. Outcome results of the Fosinopril Versus Amlodipine Cardiovascular Events Randomized Trial (FACET) in patients with hypertension and NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 597-603
23. Lindholm LH, Hansson L, Ekbom T, et al. Comparison of antihypertensive treatments in preventing cardiovascular events in elderly diabetic patients: results from the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2. STOP Hypertension-2 Study Group. J Hypertens 2000; 18: 1671-5
24. Levin ER, Gardner DG, Samsan WK. Natriuretic peptides. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 321-7
25. Seymour AA, Swerdel JN, Abba-Offei B. Antihypertensive activity during inhibition of neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin converting enzyme. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991; 17: 456-65
26. Richards AM, Crozier IG, Espiner EA, et al. Acute inhibition of endopeptidase 24.11 in essential hypertension: SCH 34826 enhances atrial natriuretic peptide and natriuresis without lowering blood pressure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992; 20: 735-41
27. Bevan EG, Connell JMC, Doyle J, et al. Candoxatril, a neutral endopeptidase inhibitor: efficacy and tolerability in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1992; 10: 607-13
28. Richards AM, Wittert GA, Crozier IG, et al. Chronic inhibition of endopeptidase 24.11 in essential hypertension: evidence for enhanced atrial natriuretic peptide and angiotensin II. J Hypertens 1993; 11: 407-16
29. Stergious GS, Hannah JA, Bevan EG, et al. Combined atriopeptidase inhibition and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 1994; 12: 1310-1
30. Favrat B, Burnier M, Nussberger J, et al. Neutral endopeptidase versus angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1995; 13: 797-804
31. Gros C, Noël N, Souque A, et al. Mixed inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1) and enkephalinase (EC 3.4.24.11): rational design properties and potential cardiovascular applications of glycopril and alatriopril. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 4210-4
32. Bralet J, Marie C, Mossiat C, et al. Effects of alatriopril, a mixed inhibitor of atriopeptidase and angiotensin I-converting enzyme, on cardiac hypertrophy and hormonal responses in rats with myocardial infarction: comparison with captopril. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994; 270: 8-14
33. Marie C, Mossiat C, Lecomte J-M, et al. Hemodynamic effects of acute and chronic treatment with aladotril, a mixed inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin I-converting enzyme, in conscious rats with myocardial infarction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 275: 1324-31
34. Marie C, Mossiat C, Gros C, et al. Effect of long-term therapy with fasidotril, a mixed inhibitor of neprilysin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), on survival rate after myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 1999; 41: 544-53
35. Wegmer M, Hirth-Dietrich C, Knorr A, et al. Cardiorenal consequences of dual angiotensin converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase 24.11 inhibition in transgenic rats with an extra renin gene. Hypertens Res 1996; 19: 151-9
36. Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Azizi M, et al. Antihypertensive effects of fasidotril, a dual inhibitor of neprilysin and angiotensin-converting enzyme, in rats and humans. Hypertension 2000; 35: 1148-53
37. Fournié-Zaluski MC, Gonzalez W, Turcaud S, et al. Dual inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase by the orally active inhibitor mixanpril: a potential therapeutic approach in hypertension. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91: 4072-6
38. Fournié-Zaluski MC, Coric P, Turcaud S, et al. New dual inhibitors of neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin-converting enzyme: rational design, bioavailability, and pharmacological responses in experimental hypertension. J Med Chem 1994; 37: 1070-83
39. Arbin V, Claperon N, Fournié-Zaluski M-C, et al. Acute effect of the dual angiotensin-converting enzyme neutral endopeptidase 24-11 inhibitor mixanpril on insulin sensitive obese Zucker rat. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 133: 495-502
40. Morazzoni G, Allievi I, Branca E, et al. In vitro and ex vivo characterization of Z13752A, a new -dual acting ACE/NEP inhibitor [abstract]. Eur J Pharmacol Sci 1998; 6: S35
41. Morazzoni G, Allievi I, Pauselli M, et al. Dual inhibition of ACE and NEP activities induced by i.v. and oral administration of Z13752A in spontaneously hypertensive rats [abstract]. Eur J Pharmacol Sci 1998; 6: S35
42. Pradella I, Brambilla N, Vezzola M, et al. Z13752A, a new potent dual ACE and NEP inhibitor produces antihypertensive effect in SHR rats and DOCA-salt hypertensive rats [abstract]. Eur J Pharmacol Sci 1998; 6: S36
43. Bani M, Colantoni A, Guillaume M, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess tolerability, pharmacokinetics and preliminary pharmacodynamics of single escalating doses of Z13752A, a novel dual inhibitor of the metalloproteases ACE and NEP, in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 50: 338-49
44. Hubner RA, Kubota E, Casley DJ, et al. In vitro and in vivo inhibition of rat neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin converting enzyme with the vasopeptidase inhibitor gemopatrilat. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 941-6
45. French JF, Flynn GA, Giroux EL, et al. Characterization of a dual inhibitor of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994; 268: 180-6
46. French JF, Anderson BA, Downs TR, et al. Dual inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase in rats with hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995; 26: 107-13
47. Gardiner SM, Kemp PA, Brunner-Ferber F, et al. Comparative effects of the dual metallopeptidase inhibitor, MDL 100,240 and enalaprilat on regional and on cardiac haemodynamics in conscious, hypertensive, transgenic ((mRen-2)-27) rats. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 122: 1694-701
48. Gardiner SM, Kemp PA, Brunner-Ferber F, et al. Effects of the dual metallopeptidase inhibitor, MDL 100,240, on regional haemodynamic responses to vasoactive peptides in conscious rats. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 122: 1687-93
49. Rossi GP, Bova S, Sacchetto A, et al. Comparative effects of the dual ACE-NEP inhibitor MDL 100,240 and ramipril on hypertension and cardiovascular disease in endogenous angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2002; 15: 181-8
50. Rossi GP, Cavallin M, Rizzoni D, et al. Dual ACE and NEP inhibitor MDL 100,240 prevents and regresses severe angiotensin II-dependent hypertension partially through bradykinin type 2 receptor. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 1451-9
51. Rousso P, Buclin T, Nussberger J, et al. Bioavailability of repeated oral administration of MDL 100,240, a dual inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 55: 749-54
52. Rousso P, Buclin T, Nussberger J, et al. Effects of MDL 100,240, a dual inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase on the vasopressor response to exogenous angiotensin I and angiotensin II challenges in healthy volunteers. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998; 31: 408-17
53. Rousso P, Buclin T, Nussberger J, et al. Effects of a dual inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase, MDL 100,240, on endocrine and renal functions in healthy volunteers. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 427-37
54. Wallis EJ, Ramsay LE, Hettiarachchi J. Combined inhibition of neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin-converting enzyme by sampatrilat in essential hypertension. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998; 64: 439-49
55. Norton GR, Woodiwiss AJ, Hartford C, et al. Sustained antihypertensive actions of a dual angiotensin-converting-enzyme neutral endopeptidase inhibitor, sampatrilat, in black hypertensive subjects. Am J Hypertens 1999; 12: 563-71
56. Robl JA, Sun CQ, Stevenson J, et al. Dual metalloprotease inhibitors: mercaptoacetyl-based fused heterocyclic dopeptide mimetics as inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase. J Med Chem 1997; 40: 1570-7
57. Trippodo NC, Robl JA, Asaad MM, et al. Effects of omapatrilat in low, normal, and high renin experimental hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1998; 11: 363-72
58. Garcia-Robles R, Villabla F, Gonzalez-Albarran O, et al. Effects of omapatrilat on blood pressure and the progression of renal failure in an experimental model of type II diabetes mellitus [abstract]. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 2000; 140: 36A
59. Backlund T, Palojoki E, Gronholm T, et al. Inhibition of cardiac and renal angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) by omapatrilat in normotensive rats [abstract]. Eur Heart J 2000; 21 Suppl.: 58
60. Taal MW, Nenov VD, Wong W, et al. Vasopeptidase inhibition affords greater renoprotection than angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition alone. J Am Nephrol 2001; 12: 2051-9
61. Trippodo NC, Fox M, Monticello TM, et al. Simultaneous inhibition of neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin converting enzyme by omapatrilat increased survival in heart failure hamsters greater than ACE inhibition [abstract]. Circulation 1998; 98 Suppl. I: 1781
62. Troughton RW, Rademaker MT, Powell JD, et al. Beneficial renal and hemodynamic effects of omapatrilat in mild and severe heart failure. Hypertension 2000; 36: 523-30
63. Chen HH, Lainchbury JG, Harty GJ, et al. Acute dual NEP/ACE inhibition by omapatrilat is superior to ACE inhibition alone in mediating favorable cardiorenal and humoral actions in early left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 1999; 101 Suppl. I: 1298-9
64. Holzgrefe HH, Arthur SR, Powell JR. Effect of vasopeptidase inhibition with omapatrilat in a canine model of tachycardia-induced heart failure [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35 Suppl. A: 234A
65. Christiansen DC, Chen HH, Lee SC, et al. Omapatrilat potentiates adrenomedullin in experimental heart failure [abstract]. Circulation 2000; 102 Suppl. I: 1719
66. 14C]omapatrilat, a sulfhydryl-containing vasopeptidase inhibitor in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2001; 29: 60-9
67. Delaney CL, Jemal M, Beierle FA, et al. Steady-state PK of omapatrilat in healthy subjects [abstract]. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999; 65: 133
68. Liao W, Vesterqvist O, Delaney CL, et al. Steady state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic of omapatrilat in normotensive subjects [abstract]. J Hypertens 1999; 17 Suppl. 3: S66
69. Hammett JL, Sica DA, Scicli G, et al. Omapatrilat increases key vascular/renal markers regardless of renal function [abstract]. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999; 65: 131
70. Vesterqvist O, Liao W, Manning JA, et al. Effects of BMS-186716, a new dual metalloprotease inhibitor, on pharmacodynamic markers of neutral endopeptidase (NEP) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in healthy men [abstract]. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997; 61: 230
71. Massien C, Azizi M, Guyene T-T, et al. Pharmacodynamic effects of dual neutral endopeptidase-angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition versus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999; 65: 448-59
72. Liao W, Delaney PA, Catanzariti A, et al. Omapatrilat is not a diuretic: single- and multiple-dose analysis of the urinary excretion of sodium [abstract]. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13 Pt 2: 133A
73. Liao W-C, Vesterqvist O, Manning J. Effects of age and gender on the pharmacodynamics of omapatrilat in healthy volunteers. Am J Geriatr Cardiol 2001; 10: 50-4
74. Ruddy M, Guthrie R, Papademetriou V, et al. The safety and 24-hour antihypertensive efficacy of the vasopeptidase inhibitor omapatrilat: a pilot study [abstract]. Am J Hypertens 1999; 12 Pt 2: 125A
75. Zusman R, Atlas S, Kochar M, et al. Efficacy and safety of omapatrilat, a vasopeptidase inhibitor [abstract]. Am J Hypertens 1999; 12 Pt 2: 125A
76. Aronoff S, Saini R, Guthrie R, et al. Neurohormonal effects of vasopeptidase inhibition with omapatrilat in hypertension [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35 Suppl. A: 252A-3A
77. Larochelle P, Smith DHG, Quellet JP, et al. Efficacy and safety of omapatrilat in subjects with isolated systolic hypertension [abstract]. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13 Pt 2: 143A-4A
78. Izzo Jr JL, Herman TS, Nash S, et al. Omapatrilat in elderly hypertensive patients: a placebo controlled trial [abstract]. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13 Pt 2: 59A-60A
79. Michell GF, Izzo Jr JL, Lacourcière YL, et al. Omapatrilat reduces pulse pressure and proximal aortic stiffness in patients with systolic hypertension [abstract]. Circulation 2002; 105: 2955
80. Asmar R, Fredebohm W, Senftleber I, et al. Omapatrilat compared with lisinopril in treatment of hypertension as assessed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring [abstract]. Hypertension 2000; 13 Pt 2: 143A
81. Ruilope LM, Palatini P, Grossman E, et al. Randomized double-blind comparison of omapatrilat with amlodipine in mild-moderate hypertension [abstract]. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13 Pt 2: 134A-5A
82. Ferrario C, Smith R, Yunis C, et al. Vasopeptidase inhibition, omapatrilat and angiotensin (1-7) [abstract]. J Hypertens 2000; 18 Suppl. 4: S27
83. Vesterqvist O, Campese VM, Liao W, et al. Omapatrilat increases plasma concentration of adrenomedullin in salt-sensitive hypertensives [abstract]. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13 Pt 2: 125A
84. Campese VM, Lasseter KC, Ferrario CM, et al. Omapatrilat versus lisinopril: efficacy and neurohormonal profile in salt-sensitive hypertension patients. Hypertension 2001; 38: 1342-8
85. Ferdinand KC, Saini RK, Lewin AJ, et al. Efficacy and safety on omapatrilat with hydrochlorothiazide for the treatment of hypertension in subjects nonresponsive to hydrochlorothiazide alone [abstract]. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13 (Pt 2): 138A-9A
86. Klapholz M, Thomas I, Eng C, et al. Omapatrilat, novel cardiovascular agent, improves hemodynamics in patients with heart failure [abstract]. Circulation 1998; 98 Suppl. 1: I105
87. Ikram H, McClean DR, Mehta S, et al. Long-term beneficial hemodynamic and neurohormonal effects of vasopeptidase inhibition with omapatrilat in heart failure [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33 Suppl. A: A185
88. McClean DR, Ikram H, Crozier I, et al. Long-term vasopeptidase inhibition with omapatrilat produces improvements in wave reflection and maximum vasodilator capacity in chronic heart failure [abstract]. Eur Heart J 2000; 21 Suppl.: 299
89. McClean DR, Ikram H, Garlick AH, et al. The clinical, cardiac, renal, arterial and neurohormonal effects of omapatrilat, a vasopeptidase inhibitor, in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 479-86
90. Kostis JB, Klapholz M, Vesterqvist O, et al. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, and endothelin response to omapatrilat in heart failure [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35 Suppl. A: 206A
91. Udelson JE, Antonopoulous G, Proulx G, et al. Comparison of long term dual vasopeptidase inhibition with omapatrilat to ACE inhibition with lisinopril on ventricular volume in patients with heart failure [abstract]. Circulation 2000; 102: 2607
92. Rouleau JL, Pfeffer MA, Stewart DJ, et al. Comparison of vasopeptidase inhibitor, omapatrilat, and lisinopril on exercise tolerance and morbidity in patients with heart failure: IMPRESS randomized trial. Lancet 2000; 356: 615-20
93. Kostis J, Rouleau JL, Pfeffer MA, et al. A comparison of the vasopeptidase inhibitor omapatrilat vs lisinopril in subjects with heart failure [abstract]. Eur Heart J 2000; 21 Suppl.: 344
94. Packer M, Califf RM, Konstam MA, et al. Comparison of omapaprilat and enalapril in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2002; 106: 920-6
95. Coats AJS. Omapatrilat: the story of Overture and Octave [editorial]. Int J Cardiol 2002; 86: 1-4
96. van Veldhuisen DJ, van Gilst WH. Vasopeptidase inhibition in heart failure [letter]. Lancet 2000; 356: 1526
97. Liao W, Delaney C, Smith R, et al. Supine mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) lowering and oral tolerance of BMS-18676, a new dual metalloprotease inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) in healthy male subjects [abstract]. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997; 61: 229
98. Uderman HD, Delaney CL, Catanzariti PA, et al. Coadministration of omapatrilat does not alter furosemide induced diuresis [abstract]. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13 (Pt 2): 135A-6A
99. Mangold B, Gielsdorf W, Norton J, et al. Omapatrilat does not affect the steady-state of warfarin [abstract]. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999; 65: 131
100. Prisant LM. Angioneurotic edema. J Clin Hypertens 2001; 3: 262-3
101. Messerli FH, Nussberger J. Vasopeptidase inhibition and angiooedema. Lancet 2000; 356: 608-9
102. Warner KK, Visconti JA, Tschampel MM. Angiotensin II receptor blockers in patients with ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema. Ann Pharmacother 2000; 34: 526-8
103. 9-bradykinin in patients with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema. Immunopharmacology 1999; 43: 293-302
104. Nussberger J, Cugno M, Amstutz C, et al. Plasma bradykinin in angio-oedema. Lancet 1998; 351: 1693-7
105. Sharma PK, Yium JJ. Angioedema associated with angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan. South Med J 1997; 90: 552-3
106. van Rijnsoever EW, Kwee-Zuiderwijk WJ, Feenstra J. Angioneurotic edema attributed to the use of losartan. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 2063-5
107. Chiu AG, Krowiak EJ, Deeb ZE. Angioedema associated with angiotensin II receptor antagonists: challenging our knowledge of angiotensin and its etiology. Laryngoscope 2001; 111: 1729-31
108. Howes LG, Tran D. Can angiotensin receptor antagonists be used safely in patients with previous ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema? Drug Saf 2002; 25: 73-6
109. Adam A, Cugno M, Molinaro G, et al. Aminopeptidase P in individuals with a history of angio-oedema on ACE inhibitors. Lancet 2002; 539: 2088-9